冶金英语自学指导书.doc

《冶金专业英语》自学指导书

课程编码及适用专业

课程名称：冶金专业英语

课程名称：Subject-based English-- English for Metallurgy Engineering

课程编码：

总学时：60 面授学时：24 自学学时：36

适用专业：非英语专业函授本科冶金工程

一．课程性质

本课程为冶金工程专业课（必修课），通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握钢铁冶金专业的基本英语词汇，能够阅读冶金及相关行业的英文文献，及时掌握国外相关领域的发展动态和新技术。提高翻译技巧和分析难句的能力，正确、通顺、快速地把冶金专业的英文资料译成中文，初步掌握把汉语专业文章译成英文的能力，初步的英语听说能力。

二．本课程的地位和特点

科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。随着科技的发展与全球经济一体化的逐步深入，科技英语越来越彰显出其重要性，因此世界上许多国家都设立了科技英语研究机构，并在大学中设立了相关专业。

《冶金专业英语》则是冶金工程专业的一门专业基础课，旨在培养冶金专业学生阅读科技文献和专业书刊资料的能力。

本课程具有以下特点：

1．冶金专业英语不像普通英语那样具有感性形象思维，不具感情色彩，其目的是使读者容易理解而不产生太多的想象。也不经常运用比喻、排比、夸张等修辞手段，而是要准确表达客观规律，按逻辑思维清晰地描述问题。

2. 冶金专业英语的词汇意义比较专一、稳定，特别是大量的专业名词其词义很固定、专一。即使是象do, take, make这样的多意义普通动词，在科技英语中它们的词义亦比较固定，其表达方式也比较容易理解。

3. 冶金专业英语主要是一种书面语言，它要求严谨、简洁，不要求在文中堆积华丽的词藻，也不要求考虑朗读和吟诵。

4．冶金专业英语词汇具有国际性。

5. 多使用正式规范的书面动词来替代具有同样意义的口语化的动词或动词短语。

6．在语法结构上，本课程大量使用被动语态。冶金专业英语使用被动语态可以使描述减少主观色彩，增强客观性，而且通过隐去人称主语而使句子尽可能简洁。

7.大量使用名词或名词短语。

8.大量使用非谓语动词短语及分词短语。

9. 用It作形式主语，替代后面that所引导的作为主句真正主语的从句。

10. 常用It作形式主语替代句子后面作真正主语的动词不定式短语。

11. 多用介词词组来表示用什么方法、数据、资料、什么材料、根据什么标准等。

12. 常见包含两个及两个以上从句的长句。

三．学习目的和要求

教育部制定的大学本科专业英语的教学大纲规定, 通过专业英语的学习, 主要是让学生具备"以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力" .根据此规定,通过本课程的教学要求学生: 1, 掌握常见冶金专业英语词汇; 2, 熟悉科技英语的语法,句法特点; 3, 能读懂难度适中的专业文章的英语原文; 4, 会撰写科技论文的英文题目,摘要. 本课程采用的教学方法本课程的教学方法以课堂讲授为主, 学生进行口头与书面练习为辅. 主要包括以下几个方

面的内容: 1, 词汇:专业英语词汇量大,但许多是由公共英语词汇转化,引申,派生或合成的, 因此词汇教学着重与构词法及常见前缀,后缀的含义. 2, 语法与句法:专业英语是一种英语语体,在语法与句法方面有其固有的特点.为了让学生掌握其特点, 主要通过课文教学使他们具备该方面的感性认识, 再通过附录二的教学达到理性的飞跃. 1 3, 阅读与翻译: 要以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息, 必须在有足够词汇量(包括专业英语词汇)并熟悉科技英语语法与句法的基础上,透彻地理解原文,然后用明白流畅的中文表达出来(因为用英语获取的信息,不仅要自己理解,更重要的是能与同行交流或传授给他人) .阅读与翻译能力的提高,同样需要感性积累与理性总结.专业英语句子较长, 且定语从句,状语,动词非谓语形式多,为帮助学生理解课文,提高翻译能力,对于比较复杂的句子,在本课程前半部分,直接由教师讲解句子结构,在后半部分,先由学生分析,再由教师补充.附录二与附录三的教学,对于本课程而言不可或缺. 科技论文题目,摘要的写作:主要通过附录的教学来达到该教学要求.

掌握冶金工程的基本专业英语词汇，能够阅读冶金及相关行业的英文文献，及时掌握国外相关领域的发展动态和新技术。提高翻译技巧和分析难句的能力，正确、通顺、快速地把冶金专业的英文资料译成中文，初步掌握把汉语专业文章译成英文的能力和英语听说能力。

四．本课程的学习方法

本课程的教学方法以课堂讲授为主, 学生课后自学为辅. 主要包括以下几个方面的内容:

1, 词汇:专业英语词汇量大,但许多是由公共英语词汇转化,引申,派生或合成的, 因此词汇教学着重与构词法及常见前缀,后缀的含义.

2, 语法与句法:专业英语是一种英语语体,在语法与句法方面有其固有的特点.为了让学生掌握其特点, 主要通过课文教学使他们具备该方面的感性认识, 再通过附录二的教学达到理性的飞跃.

3, 阅读与翻译: 要以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息, 必须在有足够词汇量(包括专业英语词汇)并熟悉科技英语语法与句法的基础上,透彻地理解原文,然后用明白流畅的中文表达出来(因为用英语获取的信息,不仅要自己理解,更重要的是能与同行交流或传授给他人) .阅读与翻译能力的提高,同样需要感性积累与理性总结.专业英语句子较长, 且定语从句,状语,动词非谓语形式多,为帮助学生理解课文,提高翻译能力,对于比较复杂的句子,在本课程前半部分,直接由教师讲解句子结构,在后半部分,先由学生分析,再由教师补充.附录二的教学,对于本课程而言不可或缺. 科技论文题目,摘要的写作:主要通过附录的教学来达到该教学要求.

五．自学内容与指导

Unit 1 From the History of Ironmaking and Steelmaking Lead in

Before the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, produces in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought iron.

Key words and expressions

Abraham Dardy, Nilson, Henry Bessemer, Victorian, Sidney Thomas, Percy Gilchrist, L-D, the L-D process

Phrases’ Usage

In terms of, serve as, result in, benefit, eliminate

Unit 2 Raw materials for the production of iron

Lead in----The raw materials for the production of iron in the blast furnace can be grouped as follows: Iron-bearing materials, fuels and fluxes.

Key words and expressions---Raw iron-bearing materials, fuel, flux, sinter, pellet, oxide, sulphide, sulfur, carbonate, magnetite, hematite, limonite, ilmenite

Phrases’ Usage---Pelletize, ignite, storage, stick, strength

Unit 3 The Blast Furnace Plant

Lead in---A complete balst furnace plant consequently comprises many components.The most important of these are: the blast furnace, bunkers, charging equipment, the cast house, hot blast stoves, top gas removal and cleaning equipment.

Key words and expressions---External, undertake, belt, skip, distribute, bell-less, seal, ratating chute, liquid, float, separate, skimmer, pool, dam, runner, iron runner

Phrases’ Usage---Adjacent to sth., by means of, facilities, (be) refferred to as, deliver sth. To sb.

Unit 4 Hot Blast Stove

Lead in---Each hot blast stove is a large exchanger to preheat blast furnace air.

Key words and expressions---Checker mass/chamber, checker brick, on blast, coke oven, back draft, equal to

Phrases’ Usage---equal

Unit 5 New Developments in Iron Making

Lead in---Dring the past century, many efforts were made to develop processes for producing iron for steelmaking that could serve as alternatives to the conventional blast furnace. Direct reduction technology is commonly classed into two types: gas reduction process, and reduction process with solid reducing agents.

Key words and expressions---Take the plce of, be classified as, carbon monoxide, direct reduced iron(DRI), go into production, gas reformer, bustle pipe, charge solid, gravity feed, seal legs, scrubber, reformer tube, rotary kiln furnace, lime shell, melter gasfier, iron bath reactor Phrases’ Usage---be exposed to, together with

Unit 6 Raw Materials of Steelmaking

Lead in---The hot metal tapped from the blast furnace is the principle raw materials used for steelmaking. Besides hot metal, further charge materials are: steel scrap, sponge iron, slag formers, alloying agents and oxidizing agents.

New words and expressions---alloying agent, slag former, process scrap, eoxidation, sheared end, tramp element, imput, BOF(basic oxygen furnace), account for, participate, rejected material, finished article, dressing plant, loose scrap, quantity, process scrap, consist of/in

Unit 7 Principles of Modern Steelmaking

Lead in---Currently, there are two major steelmaking processes, the more popular being the oxygen processes based on hot metal from a blast furnace and scrap,and the less popular being the electric arc process which is suitable for making steel from high-quality industrial scrap or from pre-reduced pellets.

Key words and expressions---Refining, slagging, desiliconization, dephosphorization, remainder, dioxide, oxidize, accelerate, sulphide, gaseous, atmosphere, volume

Phrases’ Usage---Be concerned with, as a whole, the greater…the greater…

Unit 8 The LD Practice

Lead in---Oxygen top-blowing converter

Key words and expressions---Magnesite, standby, standby lance, mechanism, sequence, tray, crane, dump, charge, tilt, vertical, jet, penetrate, circulation, evolution, free running slag, splash, basicity, tapinghole, pouring ladle, filing, tap-to-tap time, heat, duration of a heat, inspection, the

LD practice, pear-shaped converter, oxygen lance, sample analysis, on the contrary, pouring ladle, oxygen jet

Phrases’ Usage---Be similar to, upon, result in

Unit 9 Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking Processes

Lead in---The electric arc furnace operates as a batch melting process producing batches of molten steel known "heats". The electric arc furnace operating cycle is called the tap-to-tap cycle and is made up of the following operations: Furnace charging Melting Refining De-slagging Tapping Furnace turn-around Modern operations aim for a tap-to-tap time of less than 60 minutes.

Key words and expressions---Die steel, stainless steel, Bessemer process, foundry, capacity, ferroalloy, bank, slop, bore, bath, melting phase, compound, teeming crane, erosion, water cooled conducting collar, the electric arc furnace, oxidizing stage, melting phase, high-grade alloy steel, controlled condition, plain carbon steel

Phrases’ Usage---Give rise to

Unit 10 Secondary Refining

Lead in---Secondary refining technology for steel has assumed greater significance with the end users demanding zero defect products and very close tolerance in specifications. Besides, cleanliness in steel affects downstream process efficiency and end productreliability.

Key words and expressions---Secondary refining, microcleanliness, porous lance, deoxidizer, caster, vacuum pump, vacuum roof, mechanical property, clean steel, vacuum treatment, electromegnetic stirring, finkle process, induction furnace, vacuum chamber, metallurgical reaction, RH process, circulation leg, mobile induction heater, steam ejector, the vacuum degassing station

Phrases’Usage---Be divided into, corresponding, with the aid of, in some instances, have an effect on/upon, carry out,

Unit 11 Continuous Casting of Steel

Lead in---In the continuous casting of steel the surface quality of the cast product is highly dependent upon the horizontal heat transfer between the steel shell and the mould.

Key words and expressions---continuous casting, block, ingot casting, cold working, primary mill, bloom, slab, bottom plate, locomotive, soaking pit, preheating furnace, segregation, strand, bow-type, installation, casting bay, stopper rod, slide gate, chain links, tundish, mould set, dummy bar, roller, segment, cut-off station, octagonal

Phrases’Usage---Invariably, subsequent, discard, in accordance with, likewise, impetus, otherwise

Unit 12 Steels of Types

Lead in---Steel grades can be subdivided according to chemical composition and service properties. According to chemical composition there are plain steels and alloy steels.

Key words and expressions---Plain carcbon steel, tensile strength, percentage, hardenability, formability, weldability, ferrite, pearlite, forging, toughness, quench, martensite, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, gear, shaft, impact resistance

Phrases’Usage---Subdivide, notably, a function of, impair, be subject to, upgrade, spring, ultimate, retain, cutting-edge, impact, according to, in additio

Unit 13 Pyrometallurgical Extraction of Copper from Sulphide Ores

Lead in---Ommitted.

Key words and expressions---Pyrometallurgical, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, bornite, roast, affinity, matte, multi-hearch, reverberatory, flash-furnace, smelter, horizontal converter, autogenous, poling, pitch, tough pitch copper, pole, over-pole, phosphoeous, lithium, eletro-refining, fire-refining Phrases’ Usage---Present, in the form of, be seperated from, combine, result in/from, be sufficient to, evolve, in conjunction with

Unit 14 Production of Aluminium

Lead in---In most countries aluminium is used in five areas: building and aonstriction; containers and packaging; transportation; electrical conductors; machinery and equipment.

Key words and expressions---Packaging, container, titania, reserve, distinct, digest, soda, residue, reverse, conductor, cryolite, slurry, tank, filter, socket, crust, tension, dilute, assist, crane, robot

Unit 15 Metal Forming Processes

Lead in---Metal forming is plastic working of materials.in metal forming,an initially simple part, a billet or a sheet blank,for example , is plastically deformed between tools to obtain the desired linal configuration. thus, a simple part geometry is transformed into a complex one, sine tools"store"the desired geometry and impart pressure on the deforming material through the tool-material interface. metal forming processes usually in one or a few stokes of a press or hammer. as a result , metal forming offers potential savings in energy and materical, especially in medium and large produciton quantities, where tool costs can be easily amortized. in addition , for a given weight, parts prouduced by metal forming exhibit better mechanical and metallurgical properties and reliability than do those manufactured by casting and machining.

Key words and expressions---Poeder metallurgy, cavity, die casting, die forging, squeeze, lead, rolling mile, workpiece, squirt, extrude, procrdure, strip, soldering, riveting, fusion welding Phrases’ Usage---Be termed as, in detail, decorate, a wide range of, be grouped into

Unit 16 Rolling

Lead in--- Steel rolling is a continuous or stepwise forming with the aid of more than two rotating rolls.

Key words and expressions---Stepwise, pressure, prior to, deformation, finishing area, rolling-stock, ratating rolls, socking pits, train, roughing trains, intermediate, finishing shop, stacking, retrieve, marking, bundling, packing, pickling, deep-drawing, flat, annealing, surface finish, breaking down, semis, semi-finished, bloom, slab, billet, flat product, profile, sectional steel, circular, rectangular, octagonal, profiled section, wide-flanged beams, reinforce, rib, accessories, track, hollow, oval, carry out

Phrases’ Usage---With the aid of, prior, apply, deform, reinforce, classify

Unit 17 Tube and Wire Rod Making

Lead in ---Finished products produced by rolling are so diverse that it is difficult to give a general description, but a large works might produce steel tubes and steel wires in the following way:tube-making, the drawing of wires and rods.

Key words and expressions---Steel tubes, steel wires, forming roll, steel bar, electric induction, hydraulic press, annealing, heat furnace, indentation, seamless tube, coils of steel strip, torch cutter, hypodermic needle, steel rod, tapered, tapped, slotted

Phrases’ Usage---Feed, curl, rotate, accumulate

Unit 18 The Heat Treatment of Steel

Lead in ---The heat treatment behavior of several plain carbon steels and low alloy steels is investigated. In this study the effect of quenching and tempering, iso-thermal annealing and

continuous cooling treatments on the formation and decomposition of martensite and other phases of steel are investigated. The tempering experiments demonstrate the kinetics of the decomposition of martensite into a microstructure that yields a softer but tougher material while the iso-thermal and continuous cooling experiments demonstrate the kinetics of the decomposition of austenite. This experiment makes extensive use of the Fe-Fe3C equilibrium phase diagram and the ITT curves for steel. The results of the heat treatments are evaluated using the Rockwell hardness tests and analysis of the microstructures of each specimen.

Key words and expressions---Stretch, ductility, tempering, annealing, case hardening, tensile, knitting needle, sandpaper, pliers, tough, springy, quench, snap off, hardened structure, pearlitic structure, remove, hardened, piece, restore, represent, relieve, strain, thoroughly, clay, pack, withdraw, charcoal, cracking, case, cyaniding, immerse, cyanide, nitriding, ammonia, decompose, nitride, impart, nitrocarburizing, diffuse, crankshaft, gear, piston, grind, throughput

Phrases’ Usage---At hand, in connection with, be prefearable to, impart

自学进度表

自考英语二怎么学

自考英语二怎么学 自考英语二怎么学 1 英语(二)词汇记忆方法 英语二词汇要求达到3800词，词组750.有的同学问是不是就只要背下册书的词汇就行了，回答是不够的，肯定是不够的，因为词汇没有说只考下册，上册也要背。但是有人说我短期内怎么记住这些大量的词汇呢?大家词汇学习第一个应该是有一定的时间，因为有的同学说一个星期或者两个星期教给你方法能够记住几千，他这个方法有点儿像变魔术，不太现实，我觉得词汇是一个积累。因为从心理学角度来讲学词汇有两个方向，一个方向是要把词汇学习的时候印象深刻，一个词能够像串葡萄似的串出一串来，比如同义词、反义词、近义词，应该把有关联的词相互记忆。第二，词汇一定得重复，从心理学角度学词必须这样。 2 英语(二)学习重点 英语是一种语言，任何语言都是由词和句子构成的，所以光会了词，不会把这些词组成句子是不行的，因此怎么组成句子呢?得知道组成句子的规则，还有一些习惯用法，你必须要了解这种语言的文化，所以说学英语光学词是不行的，因此是除了学词以外还得学词的用法以及文化，习惯用法就是一种文化，死背根本记不住。为什么记不住?背的这个词应该是灵活的，怎么灵活呢?这个词首先要知道词性是什么，做个句子，学了一个词不会做句子造一个短语，还要大声的念，李阳疯狂英语为什么风靡全国，就是要把词大声地念出来，这样从耳朵里能够听进去的，对大脑的刺激比眼睛里看见的要强得多，所以学习词汇的一个技巧要大声念，要组一个词或者组一个短语，这样记忆比光看两遍、写几遍要好得多。

3 英语(二)考前冲刺方法 最好的方法应该是做冲刺的题目，所谓冲刺的题目就是要做一些题目跟考试的真题一样的，每一部分都是给自己做测试，做模拟题，比如要设定时间是2个半小时，考试是2个半小时，你就要用2个 半小时做模拟卷然后做考试题，因为考试的真题都有答案，最后对 一下答案看得多少分。 4 英语(二)考试如何安排考场时间 考试时间安排，总有最后的翻译题来不及做的这种情况，所以我跟大家讲主观性题目，我刚才说了有30%，一定要留出足够的时间，至少三分之一的时间来做。有一部分比较难的，就像完形填空，那 个只有10分，但是有大部分同学在那儿花的时间太多了，完形填空 一段文章是比较难的，把10个空填进去，如果耗费了很多时间不值得。因为完形填空一般的同学语法知识比较差的话，做不好这道题。但是像第一个题目词汇结构题，如果有一定的语法知识这道题应该 是可以拿到分的。再有阅读理解题，也是30分，有的同学最后来不 及把文章仔细看，就随便乱选了很容易选错，所以把三分之一的时 间一定要留给阅读理解，还有三分之一的时间留给主观性题目就是 翻译题。 注意事项 备考英语(二)最大的资本就是课本，考生最少要留一个月时间，把课文从头到尾复习一遍，力求吃透课本知识。 重复学习法当感到知识已经掌握得的差不多的时候，再重复学一次。这一次也许会获得更深的印象和更多的体会。 换位思考法在自学中，不要老是把你自己当成是“学生”，处于被动地位，而要不断的把自己摆放到“先生”的位置上，采取主动，产生不同的想法来。

自考英语二历年试题真题及答案

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