词汇学2

浅析英文姓名

摘要：姓氏是经济社会发展的产物，是文明社会出现的标志。不同的姓氏文化反映出各种民族的灿烂文化和古老文明。作为一种文明的社会现象和人类文化组成的重要部分，姓氏要表现的是社会事实，因此它的发展与演变脱离不开赖以生存的社会文化土壤，因此笔者试图通过姓氏文化来看中西方文化的异同。

关键词：姓氏；文化；汉语姓名；英语姓名

[中图分类号]：H31 [文献标识码]：A

[文章编号]：1002-2139（2012）-23--01

一、中英姓名文化的差异

1、汉语姓名

中国姓氏文化从其内涵大体分为四类：一是名字担负着父母对孩子的期望和父母的情趣爱好；二是名字中包含之消灾免病、逢凶化吉、弥补命运缺憾的意义；三是生活的地域和时代以及出生时的重量也会反映在名字当中；最后是伦理、道德以及宗族观念在中国人的名字中也有体现。

2、英语姓氏

英语姓名中的教名一般是牧师或父母取的，中间名多是以亲朋好友及父母的某个名为己名，这样可以表明亲朋好友与孩子的关系。同中国一样，英语国家的人们也存在崇拜英雄的情节，取名的时候人们也有用圣贤的名字。另外一点同中国传统文化不同的是，英语国家里的人们会用一些有影响力的政治人物的名字或祖父母的名字给孩子起名，这样做是为了向政治人物或他们的祖父母表达敬意。下面主要详细讲英语姓名的来源。

二、英语姓名的来源

英语姓名的一般结构为：教名+中间名+姓。如William Jefferson Clinton. 但在很多场，中间往往略去不写，如George Bush，而且许多人更喜欢用昵称取代正式教名，如Bill Clinton。上述教名和自取名又称个人名。作为一种社会现象英语姓氏产生于中世纪，从各个侧面生动地展现了英国当时社会的全貌，是研究英国经济、社会、文化和历史的活化石。

1、姓名与民族

“英国人”包括英格兰人、苏格兰人、威尔士人或爱尔兰人。英语国家中父名加“son”一词表明亲密血缘关系的家族，如Dickson，Jackson，Johnson等。爱尔兰人也有他们自己的表示亲密血缘关系的形式。其中一种是在父名前加“O’”（前缀O’源于爱尔兰语，意为某人的后裔），如O’Henry，O’Neill，O’Dell等。

2、姓名与祖先的社会地位以及从事的职业

中世纪的英国教会、王室和贵族是封建社会的三大支柱。姓氏与王室、贵族和教会有着直接或间接的关系。与王室有关的姓氏，如King（国王），Queen（女王），Prince（王子），Constable（王室总管）等。与封建贵族有关的姓氏，如Baron（男爵），Duke（公爵），Knight （爵士），Earl（子爵），Squire（乡绅），Chamberlain等。与教会有关的姓氏，如Pope（教皇），Cardinal（红衣主教），Bishop（主教），Priest（牧师），Sexton（教堂司事）等。当然，姓氏还与从事简单的手工业、贸易或行业生产相关。如Smith（铁匠）在中世纪英国所有的手工业中是最为重要的职业，因此Smith是使用最为频繁的英文姓氏，石匠：Stone，Mason，Carver，Wall，Carrier等。木匠：Board，Carpenter，Wright等。油漆工：Painter，Whiter，等。玻璃匠：Glassman，Glazyer等。房屋修盖匠：Thatcher，Cover，Pitcher等。牧羊人：Shepherd，Crapper，Comber，Steeper，Bower等。小手工业者和小商贩：Cook，Barber，

Butcher，Spicer，Baker，Glover，Tanner，Gardener，Hunter，Forester，Chapman 等。

3、姓名与《圣经》、古希腊罗马神话

（1）源自《圣经》里的神灵和圣徒

人类的始祖Adam和Eve；方舟的传代Noah；可爱的天使Angela；奉献给上帝的祭品：Elizabeth；受祝福的人Benedict；基督教徒Christian；还有《新约》四部福音的作者Matthew，Luke 和John。Philip，Bartholomew，Thomas，Paul。

（2）源自古希腊罗马神话中的英雄

众神之中仪表最美，主管青春、医药、音乐的太阳神Apollo；代表贞洁、健康的月亮女神和处女保护神Diana；智慧女神Athene；英勇善战的骁将Achilles；盗取天火给人类的Prometheus等。

4、姓名与道德和伦理规范等的关系

与中国相同的是英语国家的姓氏还受到传统的伦理规范、道德观念的影响。如，英语中部分姓名的意义涉及到诸如勇敢、智慧、道德等品质，反映出中世纪英国人的伦理规范和道德观念对姓氏文化的影响。

表示诚实概念的姓名有：Trued，Trueman；表示忠诚概念的姓名有：Leaty，Loyal；体现勇敢、坚韧和冒险的姓名有：Bolden，Hardy，Savage，Wild；表达美与善的姓名有：Goodfellow，Justement，Faithful；表达智慧的姓名有：Wiser，Sage，Wish.

5、姓名与生活居所

Wick原来是“村”的意思，有时软化成Wich：Greenwich。Sandwich原是滨海的小村，因为是英国中世纪封建贵族的封地，所以称为家族的姓氏。Wick有时又变为前缀：Wickline，Wickliffe等。

6、姓名和历史对姓氏的影响

在古代，英国频频遭到外族人的入侵，如，日耳曼人等欧洲大陆的侵扰，这就导致了英国不可避免地带有外族人名。如Anderson，Johnson，Jackson，Nelson等来自斯堪的纳维亚语；William，Robert，John，Roger，Mary是当时颇为流行的诺曼底人使用的教名。

三、总结

人名是特殊的名字，蕴含着一个民族的社会意识、历史文化、风俗习惯等各方面不同的文化背景和文化传统。不同文化背景中的姓名具有不同的文化内涵，其取法、使用和演变都受一定文化因素的影响和制约。相较与中国的宗法血缘观念以及家族本位的价值取向，英语民族的姓名及命名行为体现着西方文化个体本位的价值取向，浸染着宗教的精神。

参考文献：

[1]、杜学增. 中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2003.

[2]、张明娟. 汉英命名方式的国俗差异[J]. 西安外国语学院学报. 2004.

[3]、吴琳. 汉英姓氏对比分析[J]. 语言研究，2002.

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