Sensor-Based Intelligent Appliances

Abstract

The paper discusses features of a new generation of intelligent sensing agents and sensor-based appliances for distributed heterogeneous real-time pervasive computing applications.

1.Introduction

Since its emergence, some forty years go, computing industry has passed through a rapid sequence of technological phases: central computing/mainframe (1950s-1980s), personal computer/PC (1980s-...),computer networks (1990s -...). A fourth era is emerging now, when computers become pervasive, i.e. a technology more noticeable by its absence than its presence, [1]-[9].

The first mass-produced pervasive computing devices are starting to appear. The Clarion AutoPC [4] provides an efficient, reliable and secure integrated communications, computing, navigation, car control and entertainment system. The NCR Microwave Oven/Home Banking Terminal [5] and the Electrolux Internet Connected Screen Fridge [6], allow effortless home management. A good example scenario is given in [2].Opening the fridge to take out a soda, you may notice that there is only one left. The "smart" fridge recorded that and adds an action item on your shopping list. The next day, as you drive home from work, the GPS-enabled AutoPC in your car, previously informed by your fridge that purchases need to be made, signals that you are near a supermarket. As you cruise the isles of the supermarket, wearing your augmented-reality goggles and your wearable computer [7], a soda supply triggers an object recognition program and an alarm reminds you to buy soda. The same could be done by your pocket

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) when sensing the presence of the soda supply.

Another pervasive computing example is given in [8]: "Your intelligent car develops an engine problem,but instead of flashing you a warning light it sends a message directly to the manufacturer over a wireless connection to the network. The manufacturer's systems diagnose the problem and transmit a fix back to the electronics complex in your car. In fact, that corrective fix is transmitted to all models everywhere in the world, without ever having to notify the owners. .... Instant information on performance is captured and sent immediately into product development and manufacturing. "

Electric servo systems are a good example of pervasive technology, [1]. The average North American home contains two dozen or more electric motors. A multitude of sensors is gathering the information needed to control them. As all these are buried inside many appliances (vacuum cleaners,microwave ovens, refrigerators, VCRs, etc.) we have difficulty identifying them and we actually don't care where and how many they are as long as they are doing their job. In the future, the same will be true with computers, most of which will be hidden in information appliances . These new appliances are "smart devices" embedded with microprocessors that allow users to plug into intelligent networks and gain direct, simple, and secure access to both relevant information and services. These devices are as simple to use as calculators, telephones or kitchen toasters.Pervasive Computing envisions the "networked home"where domestic devices can interact seamlessly with each other and with in-home and external networks. Using the existing home infrastructure based on open industry standards, a person will be able to integrate the home network with external networks to easily manage home devices, both locally and remotely.

Recent progress in computer, integrated circuit, and communications technologies allow the use of complex

Real-Time Head Pose Recovery for Model-Based Video-Coding

M.D. Cordea (1), E.M. Petriu (1), N.D. Georganas (1), D.C. Petriu (2) and T. Whalen (3)

(1)

School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Canada,(2) Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada (3)

CRC - Communications Research Center, Ottawa, Canada

International Workshop on Virtual and Intelligent Measurement Systems 29-30 April 2000, Annapolis, MD, USA

Copyright ? 2000 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All right reserved.

Sensor-Based Intelligent Appliances

Emil M. Petriu (1), Nicolas D. Georganas (1), Dorina C. Petriu (2), and Dimitrios Makrakis (1)

(1) School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (2) Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

algorithms from various domains (such as signal and image processing, system identification, modelling, control, and AI). It becomes also possible to implement user friendly virtual environments for the development of an ever growing diversity of real-time intelligent sensing applications ranging from Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) to smart homes and offices, [10]-[13].

Early digital and computer-based instrumentation architectures and communications standards as HP-IB (IEEE 488) represented embryonic smart sensing solutions supporting the first generation of computer based industrial applications. Microprocessor controlled sensors and virtual instrumentation integration environments such as LabView together with wireless and internet communications allowed to develop a large variety of embedded industrial applications.

The advent of pervasive computing marks an urgent need for a new generation of intelligent sensing agents and sensor-based appliances as well as for related resource management environments to be used in a broader selection of applications involving loosely coupled, event-driven, heterogeneous intelligent sensing agents and appliances.

The aim of this paper is to discuss development scenarios for intelligent sensor environments able to support a new generation of intelligent sensing agents and sensor-based appliances for distributed heterogeneous real-time pervasive computing applications.

2. Sensor-based intelligent appliances

While the smart networked home is a very good showcase for information appliances, the development of intelligent sensing agents and sensor-based appliances will spread the pervasive technology ideas to other areas of human activity such as mining and manufacturing, security industry, transportation, training and health etc. It is not exaggerate to claim that this technology, when integrated with the emerging global information infrastructure, will have a profound impact on our personal and professional activities, and will open business opportunities, of a similar or even higher scale than what we are experiencing presently with the Internet.

As their perception ability grows, the information appliances are evolving into sensor-based intelligent appliances representing the next evolutionary stage for the pervasive computing paradigm. These appliances will provide a seamless intelligent connection of the perception to action, [14].

These new developments point to a new type of intelligent control based on a multisensory perception of the state of the controlled process and its environment [14], [15]. The use of multiple sensors is beneficial in improving the accuracy, the cost and robustness of the perception process. World models, built and maintained from information gathered by a multitude of sensors, provide a common abstract representation of the state of the environment. At the perception level, the world model is analyzed to infer relationships between different objects.

Sensor architectures integrating both proprioceptors (sensors monitoring the internal state of information appliances) and exteroceptors (sensors monitoring the state of the environment outside the information appliance) using sensor-models and world-models will provide superior modularity, interchangeability ("plug and play") and transparence. All these will eventually allow for easier sensor fusion and knowledge extraction.

3. Intelligent sensing agents

Intelligent sensing agents will be developed as autonomous robot agents carrying out task-directed active investigation of specific environment parameters. Reliable communication modalities will allow them to cooperate in order to monitor the multi-parameter state of large systems.

Intelligent task-directed information gathering features will allow for a more elastic and efficient use of the inherently limited sensing and processing capabilities of each agent. Each task a sensing agent has to carry out determines the nature and the level of the information that is actually needed. Sensing agents should be able of selective environment perception that focuses on parameters important for the specific task at hand and avoid wasting effort to process irrelevant data. A task-specific decision making process will guide the incremental refinement of the environment model.

Each intelligent sensing agent should be able to learn/adapt and be able to deal with multiple redundant communication carriers (intranet, internet, power lines, wireless, infrared, etc.).

Some of the specific objectives for the development of these intelligent sensing agents are:

(i) design of a model-based multi-sensor fusion system able to integrate a variety of sensors that cover all four phases in the environment perception process: far away, near to, touching, and manipulation,

(ii) study of new task-directed sensor fusion and learning methods for an active perception which will allow the robot to gather information by interaction with the environment (iii) design of redundant multi-carrier communication systems for the sensing agents.

4. Human-computer "symbiont" sensing

systems

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a well-established field of computer science and engineering, [16]-[18]. The advent of the embedded computing systems led to a system integration approach to HCI design which is quite well summarized by the following quote from [18]:

"Instead of workstations, computers may be in the form of embedded computational machines, such

as parts of spacecraft cockpits or microwave ovens. Because the techniques for designing these interfaces bear so much relationship to the techniques for designing workstations interfaces, they can be profitably treated together."

As the era of pervasive computing commences, portable wireless PDAs or wearable computers will be widely used, [7] and [19].

There are applications such as remote sensing, environment monitoring, and telerobotics for hazardous operating environments requiring very complex investigation processes.

Many of these applications cannot be fully automated. Human operator expertise is still needed to carry out tasks requiring a higher level of intelligence. In such cases, human operators and intelligent sensing systems are called to work together as symbionts, each contributing the best of their specific abilities. A proper control of these operations cannot be accomplished without some telepresence capability allowing the human operator to experience the feeling that he/she is virtually immersed in the working environment.

Appropriate geometric-, force-, and touch-domain human-feedback devices will have to be developed in addition to the currently available visual and sound HCI devices.

In order to find efficient solutions to the complex perception tasks, these "symbiont" intelligent sensing agents will have to combine their intrinsic reactive-behavior with higher-order world model representations of the immersive virtual reality systems.

5. Management of heterogeneous functions

for a large diversity of intelligent sensors and appliances

Pervasive computing environments involve both human-machine and machine-machine interaction and cooperation paradigms. The discussion will concentrate on machine-machine aspects.

We are all familiar with human-to-human communication and cooperation, which require a common language and an underlying system of shared knowledge and common values. In order to achieve a similar degree of machine-machine interaction and cooperation, a framework should be developed to allow for the management of heterogeneous functions and knowledge for a large diversity of pervasive computing devices.

Such a framework should address the communication needs of pervasive devices at a higher level than the classical communication network protocols and even distributed computing frameworks such as CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) which provide mainly distribution transparency. Heterogeneous pervasive computing devices cannot realistically be expected to talk exactly the same language. However, these devices will share domain-specific knowledge, which may be expressed by each of them in different format/dialect. Accordingly, the proposed management framework should define a domain specific semantic for common knowledge and functions. This framework is expected to act as a universal translator between different dialects.

In order to provide a flexible extensible open framework, methods should be developed to allow different devices to exchange the grammars describing their own dialects and to learn to understand each other. This way, the devices will be able to advertise their own functions, search and discover providers of required services, and express their needs in a collaborative environment.

6. Networking technologies for pervasive

intelligent sensing agents and appliances.

As a very large number of devices will be connected through the wireless and wire-line global networks infrastructure, existing technologies will be rendered inefficient; new solutions have to be invented.

Bandwidth and resource limitations of the wireless medium require that information content is “compressed” as much as possible, in order to “consume” the least amount of resource possible. However, such low redundancy makes the information vulnerable, especially in an error-prone environment such as wireless channels and networks.

The nature of pervasive computing and services devices require that the developed architectures should distributed rather than centralized.

Personal Area Network (IEEE 802.15) and existing Local and Wide Area Network (e.g. IEEE 802.11), Internet Protocols (Mobile IP, IPv6, RTP/RTCP, RSVP, XTP etc.) are already available. However, it is expected that the size and complexity of the problem would require the development of new technologies and standards when developing a new Distributed Networks Architectures

(DNA) suitable for the support of pervasive computing at a large scale.

The development should address wired and wireless networking issues looking for the development of cost-effective solutions for environments where deployment of advanced networking infrastructure could be unjustifiably costly. The following appear to be of an immediate interest:

?Service admission control and connection establishment policies, as well as resource allocation and resource adaptation algorithms for the support of pervasive devices.

?Quality of Service capable, error-resilient and resource allocation-efficient multiple-access

protocols for the efficient transportation of sensor

traffic.

?“Intelligent networking” infrastructure and definition of suitable architectures of distributed nature.

?Cost -effective network solutions for environments where there is no advanced networking infrastructure deployment.

Acknowledgment

This work was funded in part by Communications and Information Technology Ontario (CITO) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada.

References

1.J. Birnbaum, "Pervasive Information Systems",

Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No.2, Feb. 1997,

pp. 40-41

2. A.C. Huang, B. Ling, S. Ponnekanti, and A. Fox.

"Pervasive Computing: What Is It Good For?" Workshop on Mobile Data Management (MobiDE) in conjunction

with ACM MobiCom 99

3.M.L.Dertouzos, "The Future of Computing", Scientific

American, 52, Aug. 1999, pp.52-55; also "MIT Oxygen

Project"

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea14355246.html,/anniv/press/oxygen040799

4.Clarion Corp., "Auto PC ,"

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea14355246.html,/walkthrough/communication/,

1999

5.NCR Corp., "NCR Microwave Oven / Home Banking,"

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea14355246.html,/news/news/technology/story/14949 .html, 1999

6.Electrolux Inc., "Electrolux screen Fridge",

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea14355246.html,/news/news/email/explode-

infobeat/technology/story/%17894.html, 1999

7. S. Mann, "Wearable Computing; A first Step Toward

Personal Imaging", IEEE Computer, 30 (2), Feb. 1997 8.L. Gerstner, "Pervasive Computing" , Keynote -CeBIT 98,

http://195.27.241.3/news/news1/ns-3975.html 9.IBM, "What is Pervasive Computing", http://www-

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea14355246.html,/pvc/pervasive.html

10.M. Hardwick, D.L. Spooner, T. Rando, K.C. Morris, "Data

Protocols for the Industrial Virtual Enterprise," IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan-Feb. 1997, pp. 20-29.

11.R. Itschner, C. Pommerell, M. Rutishausser, "Glass: Remote

Monitoring of Embedded Systems in Power Engineering,"

IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 2, no. 3, May-June. 1998, pp.

46-52.

12.P. Dabke, "Enterprise Integration via CORBA-Based

Information Agents", IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 3, no. 5, Sept-Oct. 1999, pp. 49-57.

13. C.M. Pancerella, N.M. Berry, "Adding Intelligent Agents to

Existing EI Frameworks," IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 3,

no. 5, Sept-Oct. 1999, pp. 60-61.

14. A. Brooks, L.A. Stein, "Building Brains for Bodies",

Autonomous Robots, Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 7-25, 1994.

15. B.V. Dasarathy, "Sensor Fusion Potential Exploitation –

Innovative Architectures and Illustrative Applications," Proc.

IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 24-38, Jan. 1997.

16.Human-Computer Interaction Resources:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea14355246.html,/Science/Computer_Science/Human _Computer_Interaction__HCI_/

17.R.W. Picard, "Human-Computer Coupling," Proc. IEEE, Vol.

86, No. 8, pp. 1803-1807, Aug. 1998.

18.Human-Computer Interaction Bibliography:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea14355246.html,/

19.S. Mann, "Humanistic Computing: "WearComp" as a New

Framework and Application for Intelligent Signal Processing,"

Proc. IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 11, pp. 2123-2151, Nov. 1998.

单音词,复音词,同义词

古漢語通論（三） 單音詞，複音詞，同義詞 我們研究古代漢語的時候，需要了解單音詞和複音詞的關係，複音詞和同義詞的關係，因為這有助於我們更徹底地了解古代漢語。 我們隨便把一篇古文翻譯成為現代漢語，就會發現譯文比原文長了許多。這主要是因為古代漢語的詞彙以單音詞為主，而現代漢語的詞彙以複音詞（主要是雙音詞）為主。例如“蹇叔之子與師”（《左傳》僖公三十二年）這一個句子中，“子”字在現代一般總說成“兒子”，“與師”更非譯成兩個複音詞“參加軍隊”不可。 古代單音詞和現代複音詞的對比，主要有三種情況：第一種情況是換了完全不同的詞，例如“與”變成“參加”，“師”變成“軍隊”；第二種情況是加上詞尾詞頭，如“虎”變成“老虎”，“杯”變成“杯子”，“石”變成“石頭”；第三種情況是利用兩個同義詞作為詞素，構成一個複音詞，例如“兒”和“子”是同義詞，合起來成為複音詞“兒子”。 最值得注意的是第三種情況。有許多古代的單音詞，作為詞來看，可以認為已經死去了；但是作為詞素來看，它們還留存在現代漢語裏。舉例來說，古代漢語有單音詞“慮”字。《論語·衛靈公》：“人無遠慮，必有近憂”；《詩經·小雅·無雨》：“弗慮弗圖”。但是，在現代漢語裏，“慮”字只作為詞素留存在“顧慮”、“考慮”等雙音詞裏，或者只出現在“深謀遠慮”，“深思熟慮”等成語裏，而不能作為單詞自由運用了。 漢語大部分的雙音詞都是經過同義詞臨時組合的階段的。這就是說，在最初的時候，只是兩個同義詞的並列，還沒有凝結成為一個整體，一個單詞。這可以從兩方面證明：第一，最初某些同義詞的組合沒有固定的形式，幾個同義詞可以自由組合，甚至可以顛倒。例如“險”“阻”“隘”（注：“隘”單用時，是狹的意思，同“險”“阻”的區别較大。）是同義詞，在上古常常單用，又可以互相組合。《左傳》僖公二十二年，既有“隘而不列”，“阻而鼓之”，又有“不以阻隘也”，“阻隘可也”。後兩句“阻”和“隘”雖然連在一起，但顯然還是兩個詞。在《史記·孫子吳起列傳》中有：“馬陵道陝（狹），而旁多阻隘”，“阻”和“隘”組合得緊一些。又《史記·淮陰侯列傳》：“恐吾至阻險而還”，是“阻”和“險”相結合。同時我們還可以看到，《左傳》成公十三年有“險阻”（逾越險阻），《離騷》中有“險隘”（路幽昧以險隘）。這說明三個同義詞組合時，各自的獨立性還很強，沒有組成新的單一的詞，還是自由組合的情況。第二，古人對於這一類同義詞，常常加以區别。例如“婚姻”很早就

Intelligent Vehicle

Intelligent Vehicle Our society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines. One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion . when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。In developed countries, travelers today have access to signifi- cant amounts of information about travel conditions, whether they are driving their own vehicle or riding on public transit systems. As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system,

Intelligent Transportation Systems

Intelligent Transportation Systems Introduction Intelligent Transportation Systems is the forefront of transportation technology in the world, it is in a better road facilities on the basis of IT, data communication technology, electronics and sensor technology, global positioning technology, geographic information systems technology, computer processing technology and systems engineering technology, organically integrated used in ground transportation management system, and built up a wide range, all-round play a role in real-time, accurate, efficient, intelligent traffic management systems. This system the general operation of the process: collected from a variety of road traffic and service information to focus on traffic management dispatch center, transfer to the highway transportation system users, travelers can choose real-time mode of transportation and transportation routes; traffic management departments can use it for traffic control and incident handling; the transport sector to keep abreast of the operation of vehicles, reasonable scheduling, so that transport infrastructure can play the greatest performance, improve service quality, so that society can efficiently use the transportation facilities and energy, resulting in huge social and economic benefits. The developed countries since the 1980s, noted that although the modern road network extending in all directions, but with the economic development, traffic congestion, worsening obstruction, traffic pollution and accidents in prison also increased significantly, and the road network capacity can not meet the needs of traffic growth. For the factory to solve these problems, the countries to direct attention away from building more roads, expanding the scale of the road network transferred to the use of high technology to transform the existing transportation systems and their management system to solve many problems. In this regard, the United States, Japan and four European developed countries doing very well, In order to solve the traffic problems facing the race to put a lot of money and manpower to begin

单音词、复音词和同义词

单音词、复音词和同义词 【教学大纲】古代汉语是以单音词为主，现代汉语是以双音词为主，故不可将古代汉语中的单音词误认为双音词中的一个词素。复音词中要注意偏义复词和单纯联绵词。要注意辨析古汉语中的同义词，可以从含义差别、使用范围、使用条件等方面辨析。要求学生掌握古代汉语单音词、复音词、同义词的特点，以提高阅读古文的水平。 一、字和词的区别。 用现代语言学的观点来看，字是书写符号，是组成词的要素，而 词则是最小的能够独立活动的有意义成分，两者之间不能划等号。 在古汉语中，有些字的本身就是词，如“上” “天”“香”“祸” “山”“牛”“热”“乐”等，因为它们都具有作为一个词的条件：是 最小的成分，都有意义，都能独立活动。有些字本身不能成为词，必须与别的字结合在一起才能构成词，如“葡萄” “苜蓿”“蟋蟀”等连 绵词。有些字在有的情况下是词，有的情况下仅仅是字，如“犹”和“豫”都是词。“犹”有“像 , 一样”的意思，“豫”有事先的意思，它们都能够独立运用，具备词的条件，但在“犹豫”一词里，它们各自不能独立活动，不表示任何意义，仅仅起记录音节的作用。 二、单音词概说 （一）概念

由一个音节构成的词称为单音词，一般是用一个字记录，如“学”“而”“时”“习”等。 （二）古代汉语词汇中，单音词占着绝对的优势 1.古代汉语的词汇以单音词为主，而现代汉语的词汇以复音词为 主。 例一： 韩厥梦子与谓己曰：“旦辟左右。”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛定其右。 《齐晋鞌 之战》（教材 32 页） 这段文字共计83 个字， 73 个词，其中单音词64 个，复音词 9个，分别是韩厥 3 次、子与 1 次、齐侯 1 次、邴夏 1 次、綦毋张 1 次、 君子 2 次，复音词占 88%。 例二： 秦国轻而无礼必败。 这句话译为现代汉语为“秦国军队轻浮而且没有礼节必定失败” ，字数增加 1 倍。 从以上两例可以看出，古代汉语的词汇以单音词为主，而现代汉 语的词汇以复音词为主。 2.古汉语词汇中单音词占绝对的优势，并不是偶然的，而是有着深刻

每日词汇(12.12)-intelligent聪明的,智能的-每日英语课堂.doc

intelligent [in'telid nt] a. 聪明的,智能的 例句与用法: Though very intelligent, she is nevertheless rather modest. 她很聪明, 倒也很谦虚. Though unprepossessingto look at he is highly intelligent. 他虽然相貌平平, 但却很有才气. Maybe the earth has been visited by intelligent creatures from outer space. 也许太空的智慧生物已经访问过地球。 My teacher is as kind as (she is) intelligent. 我的老师不但善良而且聪慧。 Man can be incredibly intelligent at the point of danger. 人类在危险时就会异常机智。 He is an intelligent boy, but he is very unsure of himself.

他是个聪明的孩子，却封自己很没有信心。Someone as intelligent as you should go far. 像你这样聪明的人一定很有作为。 The student gave an intelligent answer. 这个学生给出了一个聪明的回答。 词形变化: 副词:intelligently 形容词:intelligential 推荐：每日词汇(10.28):compensate 补偿, 报酬每日词汇(11.6):complain 抱怨;诉苦;抗议 每日词汇(11.13):fling 投；扔；丢

IB(Intelligent Building)常用缩写

ACS（Access Control System）出入控制系统（门禁） APH，AP (Air Patch)无线自动交换机 ANSI（American National Standards Institute）美国国家标准学会AM ( Amplitude Modulation)调幅 AI （Analogue in）模拟量输入 AO （Analogue out）模拟量输出 ALU （Analogue Lines Unit）模拟用户线单元（电话交换机模拟分机板） ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数据用户线 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式 ATT，ATTEN （Attenuation）衰减 ATU（Analogue Trunk Unit）模拟中继单元（电话交换模拟进线板）AWG (The American Wire Gauge System)美国线规 Background Sound 背景音响(公共广播) BISI (Building Intelligent System Integration) 建筑物智能系统集成BMS ((Building Management System) 建筑物管理系统 BMCS ((Building Management & Control System) 建筑物管理与控制系统 BA,BAS(Building Automation System) 建筑物自动化系统、建筑设备自动化系统

Bluetooth 蓝牙技术（一种近距离无线网络技术） CATV (Cable Television)电缆（有线）电视 Call center 呼叫中心 CA，CAS（Communication Automation System）通信自动化系统CRT (cathode Ray Tube)阴极射线管显示器，监视器 CPU (Central Process Unit)中央处理器 Channel通道、链路、线路、电路 CCD (Charge Coupled Devices) 电荷偶合器件（摄像机） CCTV(Closed Circuit Television)闭路电视监视系统 CATV(Common Antenna TV)共用天线电视 CNS(Communication Network System)通信网络系统 CD(Compact Disc)光盘 CDMA（Code Division Multiplex Access）码多分址（数字式窄带无线通信系统） CAD(Computer Aided Design)计算机辅助设计 Coax Cable 同轴电缆 Console 话务台 CSU(High C Bus Servers Unit) 高速C总线服务单元 Data数据 DBMS(Data Base System)数据库软件

Intelligent Car

Intelligent Car In the wake of the computer and information revolutions, motor vehicles are undergoing the most dramatic changes in their capabilities and how they interact with drivers since the early years of the century. In 1908, Henry Ford's Model T exemplified major breakthroughs in automotive design. Not only did its interchangeable parts inaugurate easy and economical mass production, but its "user-friendly" operation allowed almost anyone to drive. Nearly 90 years later, the motor vehicle is resembling less and less Ford's simple machine and quickly becoming a complex "mobile computer", capable of acting as a navigator, a safeguard, and even, a second driver. These new capabilities will not only change how we drive; intelligent vehicles could also enhance transportation services, save lives, and bolster the competitiveness of U.S. industries. However, intelligent vehicles aren't quite here. Instead, the components that make vehicles smarter -- new information, safety, and automation technologies -- are arriving on the market as piecemeal accessories, offered either as optional equipment by new vehicle manufacturers or as speciality components by after-market suppliers. These technologies are being developed and marketed to increase driver safety, performance, and convenience. These individual technologies, however, have yet to be integrated to create a fully intelligent vehicle that works cooperatively with the driver. The automotive industry is already aware of and addressing potential problems associated with the uncoordinated influx of technology. But their progress is hampered by technical and economic obstacles, uncertain consumer interest, and insufficient standards and guidelines. Also, neither original vehicle manufacturers or government regulators (unless safety problems are clearly proven) have control over after-market products, especially their use in trucks and buses. However, without a "human-centered" design approach for the intelligent vehicle that attempts to integrate and

Intelligent Machines

Intelligent Machines DOLORES With the unprecedented development of modern technology, the soaring application of intelligent machines should never be neglected. Consequently, distinct views emerge through the accelerating variety and prevalence of intelligent machines: some people believe that intelligent machines run into a conflict with humanity, others assert that intelligent machines not only improve working efficiency but also challenge obsolete perspectives. To begin with, a part of people suggest that, with the replacement of people by machines, what we lose is humanity. Fundamental courtesy, respect and tolerance no longer encounter on a daily basis. For instance, recently in the USA, an emerging profession dedicates to offering embrace. An interview of Evan Carp, the founder of “Embrace Mate” in New Jersey suggests that her reception of the customers with different genders, ages and backgrounds share one feature in common: they contacts with intelligent machines all day long so that are tired of the abuse of them. Consumers have a smaller range of contact with the outside world: They seldom chat with colleges, friends and even family members, they consider themselves totally an island instead. In addition, two recent survey shows approximately 40% United States adults say they are lonely because of intelligent machines. In contrast, tracing back to 80’s of the last century when intelligent machines were not prosperous as today, only 20% of the adults would feel this way. Further more, partial group points out that intelligent machines are blessed with superiority in both low-skill, repetitive jobs and high-speed jobs. There is no doubt that it works more efficiently than our human beings. Tracing back to 1996, the supercomputer Deep Blue challenged Chess World Champion Garry Kasparov for the first time, but lost 2-4. In recent years, a chess AI AlphaGo fighted against World Chess Champion, professional Weiqi player Li Shishi and finally won at 4:1. It is universally acknowledged that chess competition has limited motion in 64 squares, nonetheless, the rule of Weiqi allows choice in 361 points. This phenomenon indicates that advanced intelligent machines have reached and is going to beyond the peak of human intelligence. Last but not least, several people state that intelligent machines challenge our dated notions, this pushes people toward unimagined possibilities. In the Silicon Valley of the USA at NASA's Ames Research Center, has a prestigious University: Singularity University. Its name comes from the United States the Futurist Ray Kuziweier on "singularity year" prophecy. In his view, with accelerated progression of biogenetics, nanotechnology and robotic geometry, around 2045, intelligent machines will come to a "singularity", crossing that threshold, intelligent machines will far exceed human intelligence. Humans need to reexamine their relationship with intelligent machines and revolutionize the understanding of life forms, to transcend their physical limits that we cannot imagine. In the final analysis, intelligent machines can be a double-edged sword. As far as I am concerned, intelligent machines originated on artificial exploration, it has reached the climax of human intelligence. If one day intelligent machines accomplish "the student becomes the master", it

智慧语言模式(巧妙回应术)(Intelligent language model (clever response technique))

智慧语言模式(巧妙回应术)（Intelligent language model (clever response technique)） As the saying goes: "a word to make, but also to master of Zen Buddhism is often a word epiphany, let a person be able to escape. Life is full of nine in ten. A strong man tries himself in trouble, but a weak man sink in difficulty. Why do some people become weak and choose to sink into it? Are they not born with the ability to succeed? No, it isn't！ Buddhism says, is "already there", that is to say, everyone has enough resources. NLP coach's premise is also based on this, coach NLP technology believes that everyone has all the resources that make him happy! The coach is an expert on the subject he has, and he has all the answers to the question So why do many people still feel unhappy today, tired, helpless, angry, helpless, or even disgusted with life? From a psychological point of view, it is caused by some limited beliefs of human beings. What is the limiting belief? The belief that a person is thinking is a limited belief, and the reason for failing to achieve the goal is often because of the limited beliefs that he or she does not have. If you want a better life, you must change these beliefs first. Based on the above idea, coach NLP technology is mainly through the unique language model, for the parties to see their own introspection, thinking of the blind, to get rid of obstacles of faith, limit their successful expansion of it, and then volunteered to take action to make their own progress, so as

Intelligent transportation system

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Although ITS may refer to all modes of transport, EU Directive 2010/40/EU of 7 July 2010 on the framework for the deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems in the field of road transport and for interfaces with other modes of transport defines ITS as systems in which information and communication technologies are applied in the field of road transport, including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport. Recent governmental activity in the area of ITS –specifically in the United States – is further motivated by an increasing focus on homeland security. Many of the proposed ITS systems also involve surveillance of the roadways, which is a priority of homeland security.[1] Funding of many systems comes either directly through homeland security organizations or with their approval. Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid mass evacuation of people in urban centers after large casualty events such as a result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels the need for homeland security systems. Other parts of the developing world, such as China, remain largely rural but are rapidly urbanizing and industrializing. In these areas a motorized infrastructure is being developed alongside motorization of the population. Great disparity of wealth means that only a fraction of the population can motorize, and therefore the highly dense multimodal transportation system for the poor is cross-cut by the highly motorized transportation system for the rich. The urban infrastructure is being rapidly developed, providing an opportunity to build new systems that incorporate ITS at early stages. [edit] Intelligent transport technologies [edit] Wireless communications V arious forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for intelligent transportation systems. Radio modem communication on UHF and VHF frequencies are widely used for short and long range communication within ITS. Short-range communications (less than 500 yards) can be accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols, specifically WA VE or the Dedicated Short Range Communications standard being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America and the United States Department of Transportation. Theoretically, the range of these protocols can be extended using Mobile ad-hoc networks or Mesh networking. Longer range communications have been proposed using infrastructure networks such as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or 3G. Long-range communications using these