北美范文argument-精华

Prefer, demand for, typify, on a regular basis, replace..with, experience, usually, apply, the disparity between the two…, exceed, outweigh, distort the comparison between.., effectiveness, directly influence, occupied, reasonable,

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To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3) the city's schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program.

Perhaps exercise apparel happens to be fashionable at the moment, or inexpensive compared to other types of clothing.

Lacking such evidence it is equally possible that aside from exercising Plainesville residents have little interest in leading a healthy lifestyle. In fact, perhaps as a result of regular exercise they believe they are sufficiently fit and healthy and do not need a healthy diet.

Besides, even if the club's members would patronize a NW store these members might be insufficient in number to ensure a profit for the store, especially considering that this health club is the only one

inPlainesville.

Their habits and interests might change radically over time.

that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future

I would also need to know what competition NW might face in Plainesville.

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However, it is entirely possible that one or more other factors were instead responsible for the increase, especially since a considerable period of time has passed since Brookville adopted its restrictions. Property values are a function of supply and demand. Perhaps the demand for housing in the area has increased due to an influx of major employers.

fails to consider possible differences between Brookville and

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but that during the last three years MegalopoLis' large firms have had fewer and fewer job openings for these graduates.

after all, a law student's vocational goals can change over a three-year period.

Moreover, the goals of students at one law school do not necessarily reflect those of the overall pool of graduates that might seek employment with Megalopolis law firms.

4

the author cites certain statistics about the number and working hours of the firms’ agents, and the number and sales prices of homes sold by the two firms.

However, the author overlooks the possibility that last year's sales volume amounted to an aberration, and that in most other years Adams has actually sold fewer properties than Fitch. Moreover, the disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality of the two firms. Perhaps Adams serves a denser geographic area, or an area where turnover in home-ownership is higher for reasons unrelated to Adams' effectiveness. Or perhaps sales volume is higher at Adams simply because it employs more agents, and each Adams agent actually sells fewer homes on average than each Fitch agent does.

However, this disparity is explainable by other plausible factors, such as changing economic conditions

during that ten-year period, or a difference in the desirability of the two properties. Without establishing that all other factors affecting the speed of a sale were essentially the same for the two homes, the author cannot rely on this limited anecdotal evidence to support her claim.

We would also need more information about the comparative attractiveness of the author's two homes, and the extent to which the residential real-estate market changed during the decade between the sale of these two homes.

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A lack of interest among ..residents in a local jazz club

Out-of-town visitors

Be interested in going out to hear live jazz

Actually pose competition for

7

To begin with, the argument unfairly assumes that last year's increase in the number of factories was due to the city council's decisions--rather than to some other phenomenon-and that this increase poses environmental problems for Clearview.

Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that the council actually opposed the increase but lacked adequate authority to prevent it, or that the new factories do not in fact harm Clearview's environment.

increasing awareness among Clearview residents of respiratory problems

the increase might due to an influx of people with pre-existing such problems, or to more effective cigarette marketing.

the editorial provides no clear evidence that Green would be effective in reversing that trend let alone more effective than Braun.

The mere fact that Green is a member of the Good Earth Coalition hardly suffices to prove her willingness and ability to help solve Clearview's environmental problems

Another candidate

Additional measures

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the argument rests on the assumption that Mesa's snack foods appeal to this age group

typify nationwide preferences among this age group

to earn a profit from its Mesa operation

Even if the memo's author can substantiate the foregoing assumptions, the author overlooks the possibility that last year's 20% increase in Mesa's profits was an aberration, and that in most other years Mesa has not been profitable.

I would need more information about Mesa's profitability over a longer time period, and about the extent to

which Mesa's salsa accounts for any such pofitability.

9

The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that those numbers are insignificant, in which case terminating the procedure is unlikely to have any effect on the grade average of Omega students or their success in getting jobs after graduation.

The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure--rather than some other phenomenon. The dean ignores a host of other possible explanations for

the increase--such as a trend at Omega toward higher admission standards, or higher quality instruction or facilities.

does not prepare students for the job market as effectively as

career services are inadequate

improving its public relations or career-counseling services

To better assess the argument I would need to analyze 15-year trends in (l) the percentage of Omega students participating in the evaluation procedure, (2) Omega's admission standards and quality of education, and (3) Omega's emphasis on job training and career preparation. I would also need to know what other means are available to Omega for enabling its graduates to find better jobs.

10

to a significant degree

other prices have risen commensurably

the costs associated with producing and delivering milk have increased as well over the last ten years

depending on the extent to which demand increases as a result of lower milk prices

would effect both the supply of milk and the demand for milk in Batavia

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the total amount of recycled materials has also declined

Moreover, the argument overlooks the strong possibility that the recycling habits of West Egg residents are not the only factor affecting how quickly the landfill will reach capacity. Other such factors might indude population and demographic shifts, the habits of people from outside West Egg whose trash also feeds the landfill, and the availability of altemative disposal methods such as burning.

However, it is likely these residents have no practical choice but to send some refuse to the landfill. The greater the amount, the less likely higher trash charges would have any effect on how quickly the landffil reaches capacity.

this trend will not reverse itself anytime soon

12

However, the author overlooks other possible causes, such as inadequate equipment maintenance or worker training, or the inherent hazards of Alta's manufacturing processes.

It is entirely possible that Alta's workers would use that extra hour to engage in some other fatiguing activity. depending on the total number of workers at each company. Second, perhaps accident rates at the two companies last year were aberrations,

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decreased the number of copies it stocks

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are well-stocked with low-fat food products

fails to assure me that the survey results accurately reflect the desires of most consumers, or that the results accurately predict consumer behavior.

future food buying habits from the survey

Moreover, common sense informs me that consumers do not necessarily make food-purchase decisions in strict accordance with their expressed desires.

the fact that low-fat foods are in abundant supply in food stores does not necessarily indicate an increasing demand for low-fat dairy products or a diminishing demand for high-fat dairy products.

buying other types of low-fat foods

because actual demand has not met the demand anticipated by the stores

OD can always raise the price of its dairy products to offset declining sales, and given a sufficient demand OD might still turn a profit, despite the general consumer trend. Besides, profit is a function of not just revenue but also expenses. Perhaps OD expenses will decline by a greater amount than its revenue; if so, then OD profits will increase despite falling revenues.

To better assess the soundness of this advice it would be helpful to know the following: (1) the demographic profile of the survey's respondents; (2) the extent to which consumer desires regarding food intake accord with their subsequent behavior; (3) the extent of OD loyalty among its regular retail customers who might continue to prefer OD products over low-fat products even at higher prices; and (4) the extent to which OD might be able to reduce expenses to offset any revenue loss resulting from diminishing sales of OD products.

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placed a high priority on education; or perhaps Lucria has always had more funds than Impecunia to spend on its programs, including education

take seriously the claim that

require a greater measure of health care

have no more discretionary income to participate in a lottery after spending $50 on other forms of gambling I would need more information comparing Lucria's level of health care and education expenditures before

and after the lottery was established.

The author must also provide clearer evidence of the willingness and ability of Impecunia residents to participate broadly in a lottery.

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For that matter, perhaps EZ does not use its entire current fleet for this purpose

be even more satisfied with ABC's services.

must provide specific evidence that Walnut Grove would benefit from an additional trash collection each week, and that the use of additional trucks would improve service to Walnut Grove. To better assess the strength of the recommendation I would need more information about the demographic profile of the survey's respondents. It would also be helpful to obtain opinions from municipalities and individuals that have some experience with both EZ and ABC.

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Perhaps not enough time has passed to determine the effectiveness of this change in reducing the accident rate--especially if the new speed limit remains untested during a season of the year in which better driving conditions prevail.

Additionally, the editorial refers only to the overall accident rate countywide. Perhaps the accident rate on the county's major roads has decreased while on minor roads not subject to the speed-limit reduction it has increased.

It is entirely possible that the lower speed limit does in fact serve to reduce the accident rate, while some other factor, such as unseasonably poor weather, reduced law enforcement measures, or even an influx of teenage drivers to the area, has served to increase the accident rate.

It is entirely possible that the 55-mph speed limit actually serves to increase the accident rate on Butler's high ways, but that others factors, such as stricter law enforcement measures or improved driver education, have served to decrease the accident rate to a greater extent.

It is possible that an increasingly large percentage of accidents are going unreported in that county.

I would need more statistical information about the accident rate on Prunty's major roads, collected over a

longer time period.

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has far more fans in Megalopolis than any other city

would not suffice to ensure similar success elsewhere

20

the author assumes that all other conditions in Balmer that might affect the rate of moped-pedestrian accidents will remain unchanged after the restrictions are enacted

might purchase mopeds instead

will necessarily have the desired effect

Perhaps last year Torseau experienced unusually fair weather, during which moped accidents are less likely. Perhaps last year some of Torseau's moped rental outlets purchased new mopeds that are safer to drive. Perhaps Balmer's ability to enforce moped-rental restrictions does not meet Torseau's ability; if not, then the mere enactment of similar restrictions in Balmer is no guarantee of a similar result. Or perhaps the demand for mopeds in Torseau is always greater than in Balmer.

decreased by a greater percentage

comparing the supply of and demand for moped rentals on the two islands

21

Perhaps the supply problems Sartorian experienced years earlier were attributable not to its supplier at the time but rather to factors beyond any supplier's control and which might render the alpaca supply unreliable today as well.

Perhaps that competitor stopped making alpaca coats due to diminishing consumer demand for them. Or, perhaps other clothing manufacturers are now beginning to fill the market void by producing similar coats. Turn a profit from selling its alpaca coats

Also, the fact that clothing prices have been steadily increasing for five years suggests that consumers might have less disposable income for purchasing items such as alpaca coats, espedally if consumers' income has not kept pace with escalating prices.

is a function of revenue and expenses relating to all of Sartorian's products

and if so whether new competitors entering the alpaca coat market would thwart Sartorian's efforts to profit from any pent-up demand for these coats

22

One such assumption is that area demand for new housing will support additional home construction in the foreseeable future. Yet lacking finn evidence that this will be the case,it is entirely possible that the area's population will stabilize, or even decrease, and that the firm will have trouble selling its new homes at profitable levels.

Perhaps the population increase has been and will continue to be the result of an influx of retired people who regardless of their income level are interested in smaller, less expensive homes and condominiums, or even rental housing.

shift focus to more expensive homes

Hiring additional workers adds to the expense of building a home, and of course the cost of materials will no doubt increase with the value of the homes that are built. Furthermore, in all likelihood the firm would not be able to build a greater number of expensive homes than cheaper homes.

it is entirely possible that the firm would have trouble selling these homes quickly and at profitable price levels.

without a detailed cost-benefit analysis

Steel City's demographic trends and about the income of area residents interested in buying new homes in the foreseeable future. I would also need a detailed analysis comparing the costs and revenues associated with the proposed course of action with the costs and revenues associated with the construction and sale of the firm's less expensive homes.

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the actual level of consumption might nevertheless be very low

Perhaps the vast majority of these patrons would remain loyal to their favorite restaurant.

Thirdly, the nationwide study showing clear trends among two-income families toward dining out and eating healthily does not necessarily apply to Bay City. It is quite possible that Bay City's two-income families do not follow these general trends.

For all we know Bay City might boast a variety of health-oriented restaurants that do not specialize in seafood. For that matter, perhaps Bay City's existing restaurants are responding to the trends by providing more healthful dishes. Moreover, perhaps either or both of these trends will soon reverse themselves--at least in Bay City--for whatever reason.

Thus it is entirely possible that the restaurant's costs of obtaining high-quality, healthful seafood, or of promoting the new restaurant, might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. Without weighing revenue against expenses the argument's conclusion is premature at best.

and that a sufficient number of people who order fish at Bay City restaurants will be able and willing to at least try the new restaurant.

that these trends will continue in the foreseeable future in Bay City.

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are not skilled to work in the medical equipment industry

have difficulty finding enough suitable employees in Grandview

It is entirely possible that this low average wage is attributable to a high percentage of jobs requiring low-level skills.

However, the president ignores the possibility that other cities under consideration would be willing to make similar concessions, or provide other equally attractive financial incentives.

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stimulate the town's economy and boost tax revenues

has confused cause with effect respecting the recent developments in Ocean View

Perhaps Ocean View's construction of a new golf course and hotel was a response to previous increases in tourism and business development increases that have simply continued during the most recent two years. fails to account for other possible causes of the trends in Ocean View during the last two years. The increase in tourism might have been due to improving economic conditions nationwide, or to unusually pleasant weather in the region.

The mayor has not accounted for the possibility that increased tourism will begin to drive residents away during tourist season, or that new business development will result in the town's losing its appeal as a place to visit or to live.

affect the economic impact of

lack the sort of natural environment that would attract more tourists and new businesses to the town--regardless of its new golf course and hotel. For that matter, perhaps Hopewell already contains several resort hotels and golf courses that are not utilized to their capacity. If so, building yet another golf course and

hotel might amount to a misallocation of the town's resources--and actually harm the town's overall economy.

what events prior to construction might have prompted that decision

I would also need to thoroughly compare HopeweU with Ocean View--especially in terms of their appeal to

tourists and businesses—to determine whether the same course of action that appears to have boosted Ocean View's economy would also boost Hopewell's economy.

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his predecessor is to be credited

it was the improved quality of the band's musical instruments that should be credited for the awards.

Even if Schade is to be credited for the band's awards, it is possible that the skills that Schade possesses and which resulted in the band's winning these awards are not the same skills required for the district position. If they are, then I would agree that Schade might possess valuable administrative skills that would serve the district well.

the improvements were the result of another administrator's efforts

Even if all the evidence shows that Schade is well-qualified, perhaps one or more other individuals would be even more suitable for the job.

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those defectors might have gone to work for Sparks because the city where Sparks is located is a preferable place to live, or because Sparks offers other job incentives that Automate does not.

then salary could not have been a factor in their decision to defect to Sparks.

t establishes a clear causal relationship between the advertised salaries and the defection of some Automate employees to Sparks

Perhaps only a very small percentage of Automate's worker's have defected; if so, the president's proposed salary increases might amount to an overreaction. Or, perhaps the defectors were among Automate's least valuable employees; for that matter, perhaps Automate's most valuable employees are the ones who are most loyal and would not leave Automate even if they were offered a higher salary elsewhere.

from other sources besides

Or, perhaps Sparks is advertising high salaries now simply to gain a foothold into the state's labor market, and that once Sparks is established in the state it will offer lower salaries for new jobs.

because Sparks offered them higher salaries for similar work rather than for some other reason

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participants' regular and punctual attendance

Or perhaps the participants are relatively healthy and therefore less likely to be absent from school than the average student.

are therefore hungry for breakfast

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Perhaps Thomas is a comparatively lenient grader; or perhaps the classes she teaches are requirements for every science student.

Perhaps last year was an aberration, and in other years Thomas did not attract much grant money.

based on this particular criterion

if she is not granted the proposed raise and promotion

it is entirely possible that Thomas is quite content in her current position and at her current salary level. Thomas is in fact an effective teacher--perhaps by citing student or peer evaluations

listing scientific journals that have published the results of her work.

the degree to which Thomas is content in her current position and at her current salary, and whether any other University would be willing to offer her a more attractive employment package.

141

at least without an agreed-upon definition of that term

would carry grave environmental consequences by any reasonable definition

142

The author must also account for all other possible factors leading to heart disease, such as genetic propensity, amount of exercise, and so forth.

The author overlooks the possibility that other foods are also high in iron, and that the study's participants ate these other foods as well as, or instead of, red meat.

the size and makeup of the study's sample

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many able workers have faced serious long-term economic hardship--due to their inability to find other suitable employment

are not suitable for job-seekers

Perhaps the vast majority of these jobs involve food serving, clerical assistance, cleaning and maintenance, and other tasks requiring a low level of skill and experience. At the same time, perhaps most downsized job-seekers are highly educated middle-managers looking for the same type of work elsewhere. In short, lacking evidence that the newly created jobs match the skills, experience, and interests of the downsized corporate employees, the editorial's author cannot convincingly refute the article's claim.

the term "many" is far too vague to allow for any meaningful conclusions; if "many" amounts to an insignificant percentage of downsized employees, then the finding is of little use in refuting the article's claim.

Moreover, the workers to whom this finding refers are not necessarily downsized corporate employees.

most of those job-seekers are able to fill the sorts of new jobs that have been created since 1992, and that these new positions are suitable for those job-seekers given their work experience, areas of interest, and former salaries.

144

as it stands the argument leaves open the possibility that the total number of donors decreased last year while the average amount given by each donor increased

squander or misuse donated money

145

are statistically reliable

Perhaps the study's subjects were unrepresentative of the overall population in terms of other traits and habits that might affect body weight.

It is entirely possible that some other medical condition, or some other trait or habit, that causes snoring also causes weight gain.

tend to gain weight as a result

Thus the speaker should determine the cause of sleep apnea and modify the advice so that it targets that cause.

would have considerable merit

146

would visit their school library more frequently and, in turn, would read more

irst, the author unfairly assumes that since the number of library visits per student is declining the amount

of reading on the part of students must also be declining.

It also ignores the possibility that more and more students are obtaining reading material elsewhere--for example, from public libraries or from the Internet.

a variety of other factors might account for the decline. As noted above, perhaps students are becoming less

dependent on the school library for obtaining reading material and information.

Perhaps increasing the number of computer terminals or the number of staff members would reverse the current trend. Or perhaps increasing the number of books and periodicals, or enhancing their variety, would be effective.

these improvements alone would suffice.

In fact, a more comfortable library might actually discourage students from reading by creating a social rather than work atmosphere.

147

the author cannot rely on it to predict the success of Whirlwind's new games

they are typical of video-game enthusiasts in that age group

Yet it is entirely possible that the decline was due to factors such as imprudent pricing and distribution strategies or poor management, and that these problems have not been remedied.

it was the agency's inability to attract interest among the key demographic group that caused the decline.

Since the author has not dearly identified the cause of the decline

Or perhaps Whirlwind's competitors are now introducing similar games at lower prices or with additional features that render them more attractive to video-game enthusiasts than Whirlwind's new games. Unless the author can rule out such possibilities, I simply cannot be swayed by the prediction that Whirlwind is about to experience a dramatic increase in sales.

Perhaps video-game sales are highly seasonal and Whirlwind will need to wait longer than two months to see the dramatic increase it expects. If so, the author must modify the prediction accordingly.

I would need to know (1) what caused the two-year sales decline to begin with, and whether Whirlwind's new

strategy eliminates that cause

148

The longer the time period between the collection of these statistics and the election, the greater the possibility that the tendency has changed over this time span, and the less justifiable the author's reliance on these statistics to support the claim that Monroetown residents oppose Brown's proposal.

However, if the survey occurred long after the election, then the conflict can readily be explained by changing opinions and demographics over time.

The national tendency

149

even though aircraft and auto mechanics serve similar functions, aircraft repair and maintenance is far more involved than car repair and maintenance

However, it is entirely possible that their performance level is already very high and that the seminar will afford little or no improvement. Perhaps Get-Away's mechanics have already attended a similar seminar, or perhaps they meet higher standards than the ones imposed on auto-racing mechanics.

However, it is possible that some other factor, such as improved diagnostic technology or more stringent inspection requirements, was the reason for the improved performance.

Admittedly, if a low performance level results in accidents, customer satisfaction and profits will in all probability decrease. Otherwise, however, improved mechanic performance will in all likelihood have no bearing on customer satisfaction

show a strong causal nexus between improved mechanic performance and profit

the cost of the seminar compared to its expected benefits

150

are not typical of the world in general

provide data about amphibian population changes and pollution at diverse geographical locations

151

since the bridge is 20 years old it is unfair to assign blame for recent traffic problems and deterioration to Durant or to anyone else involved in the initial bridge building project. Given this time span it seems reasonable that these problems are due to ordinary wear and tear rather than to a design defect.

For example, perhaps growth in the area's population, and therefore increased bridge traffic, has been greater than could have been anticipated 20 years ago.

yet provides no evidence that the two bridges are similar in ways that are relevant to the argument. Even assuming weather conditions are generally the same at both locations, a variety of other factors might explain why the River Bridge problems have not occurred at the Derby Bridge.

or perhaps the comparatively long span of the Derby Bridge places less structural stress on any given point. It is quite possible, for example, that it was the only feasible plan, and that Durant had no choice. Moreover, common sense tells me that deterioration and traffic problems are consequences of poor planning and engineering, and therefore more likely caused by negligence of engineers and planners than by politicians. the age of the Derby bridge and about how heavily that bridge is used compared to the River bridge

152

thereby enhancing the area's attractiveness to tourists.

would happily pay for beach access, in which case Tria's beaches would continue to be no less crowded than they are now.

Perhaps the same course of action would be ineffective on Tria due to geological differences between the two islands.

lacking evidence that conditions on the two islands are relevantly similar, the author cannot convince me on the basis of Batia's experience that the proposed course of action would be effective in attaining Tria's goals. Tria's tourist appeal has little to do with the beach and nearby buildings

153

This evidence would support the editorial's conclusion only if teenagers and younger children react similarly to television.

In addition, we are not informed how many parents were surveyed but did not respond.

Moreover, the survey is relevant only to the extent that teenagers watch television during prime time. 154

on a daily basis

First of all, the excerpt provides no information about the number of respondents or their occupational or residential profiles. The fewer respondents, the less reliable the study's results. Also, the narrower the spectrum of occupations and geographic areas represented among respondents, the more likely that one of these two phenomena, rather than exercise, played the key role in the subjects' longevity. Moreover, once a subject dies it would be impossible for that subject to respond to the annual survey. Unless a sufficient number of subjects from diverse geographic areas and occupations responded accurately and on a regular basis, and unless accurate responses were made on behalf of deceased subjects, I simply cannot accept the editorial's conclusion.

Thirdly, the editorial fails to indicate how many or what percentage of the respondents engaged in vigorous

outdoor exercise on a daily basis.

Since the study excluded women, it is entirely possible that a different exercise regime would maximize female longevity.

155

The latter allows for interaction between parent and child,

156

Perhaps these new employees were hired for production, editorial, or personnel positions that have nothing to do with customer relations and that have only an indirect and negligible impact on sales. Without providing evidence that these new employees directly influence Mega's customer relations and sales, I cannot accept the argument that the Dickens seminar was responsible for any of Mega's sales or customer-relations improvements subsequent to the seminar.

Perhaps the improvement in sales was the result of increasing product demand, new pricing policies, decreased competition, or any one of a myriad of other possible developments.

157

In essence the author attempts to argue for one position by attacking his opponents based on potentially irrelevant considerations. We are not informed about the environmentalists’ specific reasons for their position. Besides, although they do not live in the town they might operate business or own property in the area; thus, their opposition might be based on economic grounds entirely relevant to the argument.

It is entirely possible that the resort might have the opposite effect, by drawing business away from local merchants, especially if the resort includes facilities such as apparel shops, restaurants, and grocery stores.

Besides, we are not in informed how far from town the resort would be located or how tourists would reach the resort. It is possible, for example, that the resort would be situated where visitors would take a route that does not pass through the town.

In fact, a profitable ski resort might very well draw business away from local merchants.

158

it is entirely possible that the five sites studied are characterized by certain environmental conditions that are not typical of most sites in the state and which render nearby residents either more or less susceptible to rashes and other health problems.

Common sense informs me that a serious health problem might become apparent only after a long period of exposure to the environmental cause of the problem.

the length of time

To better assess the argument I would need more information comparing the health of the 300 people studied before and after continual exposure to the environmental conditions associated with the trash sites. 159

However, the argument depends on certain dubious assumptions about climate, electric costs, and the cited statistics.

Yet this is probably not the case, especially since the passage explicitly characterizes Claria as vast and widely diverse geographically. It is entirely possible that only fans are used in certain regions because the climate in these regions is comparatively cold year-round, and that electric heating costs are so high that they result in the highest overall electric costs in the country. If this is the case, implementing the proponent's suggestion would result in higher electric costs for citizens in these regions. Or perhaps people who run both fans and air conditioners live in regions where there is less need for artificial cooling. This would explain why total electric costs in these regions are comparatively low. If this is the case, then implementing the proponent's suggestion might still result in higher electric costs for citizens in other regions.

these people pay the least per unit of electricity

warm season

climatic conditions are similar in all regions. The proponent must also show that rates charged for electricity are similar in all regions.

need more statistical information about the study's time span

160

Common sense and experience tells us this is not the case, and that a variety of other factors, such as motivation and natural ability, also play major roles. Thus the compounds might very well turn out to be largely ineffective.

161

The longer…the less reliable/likely..

Not as readily available as

Experience informs me that this is likely, because mystery novels are in greater supply and are cheaper for libraries to acquire than literary classics.

what portion of the people surveyed actually responded

162

However, it is entirely possible that Asians suffering from these problems do not complain about them or otherwise admit them. For that matter, perhaps Asian medical doctors view certain symptoms which North Americans would consider signs of fatigue and depression as signs of some other problem.

Common sense informs me that any one of a myriad of other differences---environmental, dietary, and genetic--might explain why North Americans suffer from these problems to a greater extent than Asians do. It is entirely possible that these same properties are found in other forms, and therefore that North Americans need not increase soy consumption to help prevent fatigue and depression.

I would also need to know what other foods contain the same properties as soy--to determine what

alternatives, if any, are available for preventing fatigue and depression.

163

the new building would be larger the total cooling and heating costs might actually be greater than they are now.

However, this fact in itself is irrelevant to whether the town would save money by replacing the building.

Besides, the editorial ignores other, potentially less expensive, solutions to the current comfort problem--for example, adding an annex to the current structure.

provide a detailed analysis comparing the cost of cooling and heating the current hall to the anticipated cost of cooling and heating the new hall

choose between two competing objectives

164

a famous architect might charge a substantial fee for the project, in which case the funds raised by charging

tourists and through alumni donations might be offset to the point of rendering the entire project unfeasible financially.

Besides, perhaps the appeal of this architect's buildings lies primarily in their exteriors, in which case tourists would be able to appreciate the new building's salient architectural features without paying for a tour.

in fact, the appeal of the campus' predominant architectural styles might be one of the key attractions for students and alumni dollars.

I would need detailed and realistic financial projections, accounting for the architect's fees, to determine the

project's financial feasibility.

In either case,

In the final analysis,

By the same token,同理

In all likelihood,

165

the author might be ignoring an important distinction between "naturally occurring" chemicals and those not occurring naturally.

It is entirely possibly that other chemicals might also cause these symptoms, and that one or more of these other chemicals actually caused the symptoms.

A final problem with the argument involves the testing procedure itself. The author provides no information

about the number of recalled cans tested or the selection method used. Unless the number of cans is a sufficiently large sample and is statistically representative of all the recalled cans, the study's results are not statistically reliable.

We would also need to know what other chemicals in the recalled tuna might pose any health risk at all. 166

Admittedly, people who already have a serious blood pressure problem would probably be well advised to use Cold-Away instead. However, only those people are susceptible to this side effect.

I would need better evidence comparing the effectiveness of the two products--perhaps through clinical

studies or reliable surveys of the general population.

167

provides an effective short-term cure for

Perhaps the subjects were simply making up for sleep they lost the previous week when they discontinued their regular medication. Or perhaps the subjects were finally becoming accustomed to the lavender-scented pillows, which actually disturbed sleep initially.

Remain constant

Be statistically sufficient

more information about whether the researchers conducted the experiment in a controlled environment. 168

Also, weight training is known to improve muscular strength, coordination, and flexibility, which in turn might reduce the likelihood of accidental falls and other injuries.

Or perhaps French people are less susceptible to bone loss than other people are--due perhaps to cultural dietary habits or genetic predisposition. For that matter, perhaps women are genetically less disposed to lose bone mass than men are.

twice the recommended dosage provides the optimal reduction of risk.

169

work for different employers

Thus it is entirely possible that jobs in the areas where the study's faculty resided are higher-paying, offer better benefits, or otherwise contribute to the happiness of employees' spouses--college faculty--more so than a typical staff position at Pierce.

do not have as many job options as the kind of faculty Pierce hopes to attract

as well as its statistical reliability

170

Perhaps regional culinary tastes shifted during the last five years, and perhaps Atlantic oysters have a distinct taste, texture, size, or other quality that has made them more popular among California consumers.

Perhaps after five years of favoring Atlantic oysters, consumer oyster tastes and habits have become so well entrenched that consumers will continue to favor Atlantic oysters and will happily pay a premium for them.

Moreover, in my observation consumers often act unpredictably and irrationally, and therefore any prediction about consumer preferences is dubious at best. Besides, it is entirely possible that Gulf oyster producers will be unwilling to employ the new bacteria-killing process;

Profit is a factor of not only revenue but also costs. It is entirely possible that the costs of employing this new process for killing bacteria, or other costs associated with producing Gulf oysters, will offset additional revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possible occurrences, such as unfavorable regional weather or economic conditions, might prevent the Gulf oyster producers from being as profitable in the foreseeable future as the argument predicts.

profits for Gulf oyster producers will increase as an end result

171

The key instead is the extent to which Bargain Brand profits have diminished since other companies lowered their cereal prices.

The fact that the other companies offer the "top brands" is strong evidence that these companies can survive

a prolonged price war and ultimately prevail over Bargain Brand.

Yet the memo provides no evidence that Bargain Brand is likely to be profitable in other markets. Common sense suggests the contrary--that Bargain Brand is unlikely to succeed in markets in which it has no previous experience or exposure.

we would need more information about the extent of competition and other barriers to entry in those other markets.

172

First, the fact that the Mozart School is known for its intensive practice and training regimen for even the youngest students suggests that the school might be suitable for certain child proteges, but perhaps not for children for whom a more balanced education would be more prudent. For that matter, many older students with other interests and activities would no doubt find the intensity and time commitment that the Mozart program requires unfeasible or undesirable.

Thirdly, although the fact that many famous performers and highly-paid performers are among the school's graduates might be relevant to students with the requisite natural talent and motivation to attain these lofty goals, for others this feature would not be relevant.

Other prospective students might not aspire to make music their eventual vocation at all.

173

Or perhaps the news magazine business is seasonal, or cyclical, and those particular issues would have sold more poorly regardless of the cover story.

focusing only on domestic news

the publisher overlooks the possibility that if other news magazines de-emphasize international coverage due to increasing bureau costs, Newsbeat might turn out to be the only magazine covering international news, which in turn might actually stimulate sales.

174

Tend to be content with

If a disproportionate number of the survey's respondents were newer students, then the survey results would distort the student body's opinion as a group.

Quality of instruction

And, if the particular alumni who are in a position to make the largest contributions recognize faculty morale

as important, an increase in donations by these individuals might very well offset a deadline in smaller donations by other alumni.

First, the administration provides no reason why morale would improve, as opposed to remaining at its current level, if the status quo is simply maintained. Second, the administration cannot logically determine how the morale of the student body would be affected under a co-educational policy until it implements that policy and takes into account the morale of the new male students along with that of all female students. Be less inclined to

175

The author bases this recommendation on three facts: during the last two years several Centerville car accidents have involved teenage drivers; Centerville parents are too busy to teach driving to their children;

and the two private driver-education courses in the area are expensive.

it is equally likely that the other drivers were at fault, or that no driver was at fault. Moreover, it is entirely possible that the teenage drivers had in fact taken the high school's driving course, or that they were not local high school students in the first place.

It is entirely possible, for instance, that the rate of accidents involving teenagers has been steadily declining, and that this decline is due to the availability of the two private driving courses.

the argument fails to substantiate its assumption that a significant percentage of Centerville's parents cannot afford private driving instruction for their teenage children

the affordability of the two private driving courses and about the effectiveness of a mandatory school-sponsored course compared to that of the two private courses

176

Consumer tastes in foods like margarine, as well as concerns about health matters such as cholesterol level, vary widely from country to country.

Since the memo provides no evidence that tastes and health concerns of Alta consumers are representative of those of people generally

the costs involved in manufacturing and distributing

the revenue from sales of Venadial would significantly outweigh the costs of producing and distributing the product.

177

Pay local taxes

Is open to any person

being a local taxpayer is a necessary condition for understanding these issues

It is possible, for instance, that these business people have no connection with Elm City whatsoever, or that these business people have been members of Elm City's civic club for longer than ten years.

178

cutting expenses

Whether this is the case will depend, of course, on the amount earned per brush and the rate at which workers can produce brushes. It will also depend on the extent to which NBC workers are content with their current income level.

the president's argument depends on the additional assumption that producing brushes more quickly can be accomplished without sacrificing quality.

Yet common sense informs me that, if the production process otherwise remains the same, quicker production is likely to reduce quality--and in any event certainly not increase it. And a decline in quality might serve to diminish the value of NBC's brushes in the marketplace.

offset those production gains

minimize the extent of this offset

the president provides no evidence that the result would be a net gain in production.

To strengthen the argument, NBC should conduct a survey or other study to demonstrate not only its workers' willingness to work more quickly but also their ability to maintain quality at a quicker pace.

179

Increasing fees

various features of sth

It is entirely possible that other conditions in the cafeteria are instead responsible. Second, the memo assumes that complaints by only three Cedar employees constitutes a statistically significant number which warrants replacing Good-T aste with another food provider.

Yet the recommendation is based on what food provider would best satisfy Cedar's employees, not what provider would reduce Cedar's costs. In other words, this evidence is not directly relevant to the reasons for the author's recommendation. Even if expense were a legitimate factor, it is possible that Discount is even more expensive than Good-T aste.

Without a more detailed comparison between the offerings of the two companies, it is unfair to conclude that one would meet the needs of Cedar's employees better than the other would.

In all likelihood, however, the author's tastes do not represent the collective tastes of Cedar employees;

accordingly, the author's report is patently insufficient to demonstrate that Cedar's employees would be more satisfied with Discount than with Good-T aste.

we would need more information comparing the two companies' menus to determine which is more varied and caters to those with special dietary needs.

180

would benefit greatly from improved employee productivity if every employee takes the 3-week Easy-Read seminar at a cost of $500 per employee

Perhaps the type of reading on which the course focuses is not the type in which Acme Publishing employees often engage at work. Moreover, since Acme is a publishing company its employees are likely to be excellent readers already, and therefore might stand to gain far less from the course than employees of other types of companies.

Perhaps both individuals were outstanding readers before taking the course, and gained nothing from it.

Regarding the individual whose career advanced after taking the course, any one of a myriad of other factors might explain that advancement. And the individual who was able to read a long report very quickly after the course did not necessarily absorb a great deal of the material.

This decline, along with the substantial fee for the course, might very well outweigh the course's benefits.

Without a complete cost-benefit analysis, it is unfair to conclude that Acme would benefit greatly should all its employees take the course.

the extent to which the course would disrupt Acme's operations. Specific information that would be useful would include the proximity of the seminar to Acme, the hours involved, and the percentage of Acme employees enrolled simultaneously.

181

improve if the daily school schedule were to begin and end one hour later.

Just as likely, students will adjust to the new schedule by falling asleep one hour later. Moreover, by staying up one hour later at night students might very well engage in the sort of late-night social or even delinquent

activities that would disrupt their productivity at school.

Conversely, it is entirely possible that those students whose academic performance could stand the greatest improvement would be unmotivated to become better students regardless of how much they sleep each night.

182

now serve margarine but not butter

Yet it is entirely possible that a significant percentage of HPH customers do not order pancakes, or prefer fruit or another topping instead. The greater this percentage, the less meaningful any statistic about the level of customer satisfaction among all of HPH's Southwestern customers as an indicator of preference for butter or margarine.

Perhaps many such customers express their displeasure simply by not returning to the restaurant. The greater the percentage of such customers, the weaker the argument's evidence as a sign of customer satisfaction with the change.

Since the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of servers reporting or customers w,-ho have not complained to servers, this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful. Also, the speaker omits any mention of reports from servers about customers who have complained. Since the anecdotal evidence is one-sided, it is inadequate to assess overall customer satisfaction with the change.

the speaker unfairly assumes that customers in other regions will respond similarly to it. Perhaps South-westerners are generally less concerned than other people about whether they eat margarine or butter. Or perhaps South-westerners actually prefer margarine to butter, in contrast to prevailing tastes elsewhere. Or perhaps South-westerners have relatively few choices when it comes to pancake restaurants. To better assess it I would need to know: (1) how long the change has been in effect in the Southwest, (2) what percentage of HPH servers and managers have received customer complaints about the change, and (3) the number of such complaints as a percentage of the total number of HPH customers who order meals calling for either butter or margarine. To strengthen the argument, the speaker must provide clear evidence--perhaps by way of a reliable survey--that HPH customers in other regions are likely to be happy with the change and continue to patronize HPH after the change.

183

the total number of expected hires exceeds the total number of expected layoffs

Thirdly, the argument rests on the dubious assumption that all conditions relevant to a company's decision to hire or lay off employees will remain unchanged in the near future. While this might be the case, it is equally possible that unexpected changes in general economic conditions will result in more layoffs among major U.S. corporations next year than these firms now anticipate.

might allay the worries of employees

184

the speaker ignores the possibility that replacing less popular books with more copies of popular new novels will undermine the library's primary function as a repository of a wide variety of books for free public access.

New books are available at bookstores, whereas older, less popular ones are not.

Secondly, the speaker unfairly implies that the library has only two options: to maintain the status quo or to follow the proposed plan. Some other alternative---one that would appease protesters while preserving community support--might provide an optimal long-term solution. For example, perhaps the library can remove books that have not been borrowed for three years or for five years, rather than for one year.

Although this alternate plan would free up less shelf space than the current plan, it would nevertheless make room for the most popular new books.

First, this statistic is scant evidence that the community at large would support the plan; it is entirely possible that many opponents have simply not voiced their opposition. Second, the thirty protesters might very well be in a position to influence many other people; or they might be among the library's most significant financial patrons. In either event, ignoring these protesters might result in the ultimate loss of community or financial support the library needs to thrive, or even survive.

I would also need to know the extent of influence among the thirty protesters, and the extent of support for

the plan among the vast majority of community members who have not voiced their opinions about it. 185

It is equally possible that tenants on these floors compensate for lower flow by either taking longer showers or by opening their shower valves further than they would otherwise.

have been absent from the building

consequences that in turn might adversely affect the owner's net operating income

In the third place, in order to reasonably conclude that low-flow heads will reduce total water usage in the building the owner must assume that other water uses will remain constant in the future. However, this will not necessarily be the case. Perhaps the water supplier will raise rates, or perhaps current tenants will be replaced by other tenants who use more water.

186

the director cites an auto-industry telephone survey ostensibly showing that older workers are generally less productive under close supervision than otherwise

The director provides no evidence that the number of respondents is statistically significant or that the respondents were representative of auto workers in general. Lacking information about the randomness and size of the survey's sample, the director cannot to make a convincing argument based on that survey.

Yet the director ignores the possibility that a young, inexperienced worker is less likely to be forthright about the value of supervision--for fear of retaliation by that supervisor. For that matter, younger workers might not have enough experience working without supervision to determine when they are most productive.

Lacking evidence that the respondents' reports were both truthful and meaningful, the director cannot confidently draw and conclusions about worker productivity from them.

Perhaps PPC employs certain unique equipment or processes that require close worker supervision—even for older, more experienced workers. For that matter, perhaps youth or inexperience is an advantage in working productively at PPC, whereas in the auto industry either is a disadvantage.

It is possible that older workers command a higher wage than younger workers do. If so, these higher wages might offset production gains and payroll savings accruing from reduced supervision.

I would need a detailed cost-benefit analysis that accounts not only for gains in productivity but also for the

possible impact of hiring only older workers on total payroll costs.

187

However, it is entirely possible that environmental or other dietary factors are instead responsible for the lower incidence. For example, perhaps other substances common in the U.S. diet today, and which promote depression, were not part of our ancestors' diets.

However, it is entirely possible that in those societies people generally do not report depression.

Or perhaps omega-3 is also found in other foods as well.

There might be a myriad of alternative ways to prevent depression; moreover, experience and common sense informs me that this is indeed the case.

and that the incidence of depression is in fact lower in those societies

we would need more information about alternative methods of preventing depression and alternative

sources of omega-3

188

The women in the study might have a higher-than-average pain threshold; conversely, the men in the study might have a lower-than-average pain threshold.

due to their unusually stoical nature or their experience with painful medical procedures.

Perhaps some of the women took other medications as well to help relieve the pain. For that matter, some of the men might have taken certain foods or medications that counteracted the effects of KO.

the men and women in the study are representative of men and women generally--in terms of their dental profile, experience in handling pain, and willingness to recognize and report pain.

I would need to know how effective KO is compared to other medications in reducing pain for men.

189

experience and common sense inform us that while in college students often change their minds about their best career direction.

It is entirely possible that exploring diverse options during the first year or two of college is a better way to prepare for one's future by providing the sort of well-rounded education that one might need for career flexibility.

190

would boost ticket sales and attendance

As a threshold matter, the author unfairly equates the number of ticket purchasers with the number of tickets purchased. The author ignores the possibility that the average number of tickets sold to each purchaser is increasing and, as a result, the total number of tickets is not declining--or perhaps even increasing.

Even if the actual number of tickets sold in advance has been declining, the author concludes too hastily that unpredictable weather cannot be the reason for the decline. Perhaps concert attendees during the past few years have now learned from their experience with bad concert weather not to purchase advance tickets again.

For example, perhaps during the last few years Glenville has begun its promotional efforts unusually late. Or perhaps the number of oudets where tickets are available in advance has declined.

The author unfairly assumes that people who purchase recordings are the same group that would be inclined to attend live concerts.

must then consider and eliminate all other possible explanations for the decline

the musical tastes of the Glenville residents who are most inclined to attend live concerts

191

Next, the professor reasons that with more free time faculty could engage in extensive research, which in turn would enhance the college's reputation.

it is entirely possible that Xanadu's distance learning courses would not command as high a fee as its traditional courses

The availability of distance-learning courses might actually diminish Xanadu's overall reputation for quality education. Without addressing this issue the professor cannot justifiably conclude that the distance-learning alternative would achieve both goals.

other courses might not be as adaptable

First, it is possible that the time needed for faculty to adapt their courses for distance learning would equal or even exceed the time they would save by not teaching traditional classes. Second, even if a net time savings does result, the professor provides no evidence that Xanadu faculty would actually use this extra free time for research, or that additional research would in fact enhance Xanadu's reputation.

The professor must also convince us that the two courses in the trial project were representative of Xanadu's other courses—in terms of the ease with which the faculty could adapt their courses to distance learning.

Finally, to better assess the argument we would need a detailed analysis comparing loss in tuition from traditional-course enrollment with expected gains in tuition from distance-learning enrollment.

192

Specifically, until the residents of both communities are apprised of the change and learn how to respond appropriately, confusion will continue—and perhaps even increase in the short term. Thus some measure of community awareness and responsiveness might also be required for the elimination of confusion.

The editorial fails to consider that eliminating duplicative jobs would decrease the aggregate number of current municipal employees unless enough new jobs are created to offset the decrease, and that new jobs would in turn add to administrative costs.

Perhaps Hamden's business tax rates, labor pool, or even climate are more attractive than the newly merged Roseville's would be.

would be equally attractive to business investments

193

if the state board of education required that homework be assigned to high school students no more than twice per week academic performance would improve

Perhaps Sanlee teachers are stricter graders then Marlee teachers. Or perhaps Sanlee teachers are less effective than Marlee teachers, and therefore Sanlee students would perform more poorly regardless of homework schedule. Or perhaps fewer Sanlee students than Marlee students actually do their assigned homework.

Yet the speaker does not indicate whether this fact applies to Sanlee and Marlee students generally, or just to math and science students.

is also found among most other academic subjects

to better assess the argument we would need to know whether the reported disparity in academic performance between Sanlee and Marlee students involved only math and science students or all students.

194

Just because photographs show a person writing with his or her left hand does not necessarily mean that the person is left-handed; many people are ambidextrous--using either hand to write or using one hand to write while using the other hand for other tasks. Besides, the 1,000 executives from the study are not necessarily representative of the overall population of prominent business executives. Moreover, many prominent executives might have risen to their status not by way of their achievements or business acumen but through other means--such as familial relationships.

the author's conclusion that all left-handed people should pursue business careers unfairly assumes that all left-handed people are similar in terms of their talents, interests, and motivations. Common sense informs me that the best vocational choice for any person depends on a variety of factors.

would be well advised to pursue business careers

is the only way to succeed in business

It is entirely possible that right-handed people have certain natural ways of thinking which lend themselves better to other business approaches.

195

A myriad of other factors, including management and marketing problems, or shifting demand among book

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Free-ingoing of People, Not Good For China Do you know what is “Immigration Wave”? Have you heard about “Ireland’s Great Famine”? It’s one of the greatest event of immigration in history that a big movement of people into America from Europe because of the poor agriculture and economic crisis happened in 1840s. 1Movement of population can not be avoided. However, free migration is not good for every country, especially China, as it has limited resources but with overpopulated problem and illegal immigrants influencing public security is another problem, too. In the first place, the contradiction between people and resources even environment will be exacerbated because of the flood of ingoing people. China, a country with large area and tremendous capacity of resources, is the most populous nation in the world at the same time. It was predicted that the population of China will rise to 1.46 billion by 2020. 2 If all foreigners entering China are allowed, it will not only weaken the carrying capacity of the environment but also cause a lack of resources relatively. In addition, illegal immigrants, as a part of the ingoing people, will threaten the public security if all foreigners are allowed to enter China. Most of the illegal immigrants come to China for living, some of whom can do nothing but the unlawful jobs, and some of whom may even not have one. As a result, they will not create any value for the society and more importantly, the society problems on welfare, economy even crime will be unavoidable because of their unlawful identity. It may be claimed that free-ingoing of people do good to China because it will

Argument写作模板

In this argument, the arguer concludes that . The arguer bases the argument on . The arguer claims despite this that, . This argument is unconvincing because the arguer ignores several possible reasons other than for these discrepancies. First of all, the survey only . It is possible that . For example, perhaps . A survey that covers only is hardly convincing that.原因Secondly, it is entirely possible that . If . Ignoring further weakens the argument. Simply does not necessarily mean that .时间Furthermore, it is possible that . Failing to address this possibility further weakens the argument.地点In summary, this argument is based on a very narrow study of only . To strengthen the argument, the arguer needs to directly before jumping to the conclusion that . must supply clear and direct evidence other than other factors that ------ was responsible for must also provide evidence that unadvised imprudent indiscreet unconvincing unpersuasive be not convincing unsubstantiated unsound( unwarranted无根据的) ignore fail to overlook base on rely on(upon) dependent on according to It is possible(probable) that It is possible for sb to do sth there are some possibilities that there is some possibilities that It is likely that sb is likely to do sth be less inclined to do be bound to be certain to do definitely be sure of for certain must be mean to be equivalent to+n represent the same as A does not necessarily indicate that B take into account consider think about account for(对…做出解释) moreover what’s more besides, furthermore make sure that(确认) however，whereas（然而，反之）nonetheless(尽管如此；但是)， support strengthen reinforce bolster(支持) prove testify attest(证明)

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Argument 12 12、Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by 30 percent. Potential employers, looking at this dramatic rise in grades, believe that grades at Omega are inflated and do not accurately reflect student achievement; as a result, Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should terminate student evaluation of professors. In this memo Omega University's dean points out that Omega graduates are less successful in getting jobs than Alpha University graduates, despite the fact that during the past 15 years the overall grade average of Omega students has risen by 30%. The dean also points out that during the past 15 years Omega has encouraged its students, by way of a particular procedure, to evaluate the effectiveness of their professors. The dean reasons that this procedure explains the grade-average increase, which in turn has created a perception among employers that Omega graduates are less qualified for jobs. On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes that to enable Omega graduates to find better jobs Omega must terminate its professor-evaluation procedure. This argument contains several logical flaws, which render it unconvincing. A threshold problem with the argument involves the voluntary nature of the evaluation procedure. The dean provides no evidence about the or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that those numbers are insignificant, in which case terminating the procedure is unlikely to have any effect on the grade average of Omega students or their success in getting jobs after graduation. The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure--rather than some other phenomenon. The dean ignores a host of other possible explanations for the increase--such as a trend at Omega toward higher or higher quality instruction or facilities. Without ruling out all other possible explanations for the grade-average increase, the dean cannot convince me that by terminating the evaluation procedure Omega would curb its perceived grade inflation let alone help its graduates get jobs. Even if the evaluation procedure has resulted in grade inflation at Omega, the dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. The dean overlooks a myriad of other possible reasons for Omega's comparatively poor job-placement record. Perhaps Omega's career services are inadequate; or perhaps Omega's curriculum does not prepare students for the job market as effectively as Alpha's. In short, without accounting for other factors that might contribute to Omega graduates' comparative lack of success in getting jobs, the dean cannot justify the claim that if Omega curbs its grade inflation employers will be more likely to hire Omega graduates. 这段话的内容太重复了这个描述不够清晰 直接说有调查错误 就好了 the survey cited by the author is not reliable. 这篇文章的数据有很多问题，比如30%和average 这个因果关系的 梳理很好这两个原因列举 的很好 划线部分是 让步攻击部分， 即使上面这个逻辑 错误不存在，那么 后面这个也有问题

gre写作issue与argument的异同

gre写作issue与argument的异同 在gre写作考试中会有issue和argument。那么，各位对gre 作文issue、gre作文argument有没有进行过了解呢?下面就和大家分享gre写作issue与argument的异同,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 gre写作issue与argument的异同 考生想要在gre写作中取得好成绩，就需要同时写出两篇不错的*来，这对于不少英语基础一般，写作水平也普通的同学来说并不容易做到。不过，如果大家能够充分了解gre作文issue 和argument的异同点，并进行足够的练习，高分作文也还是很有把握的。下面就为大家全面解析gre写作两篇作文的异同之处，帮助大家练好写作思路确保作文高分。 gre写作两篇作文相同点 虽然gre作文argument和issue有很多不同之处，但在一些基本的规范和要求上还是有共通之处的： 1. *基本要求相同 gre两篇作文的考试时间都是30分钟。考生需要在30分钟内完成从审题到构思到最后成文的整个流程。而两篇*的文体风

格也基本相同，都是属于议论文性质的写作。因此，很多考生比较惧怕的描述类*就不会有所涉及了。同时，虽然gre考试本身并没有做出任何字数方面的限制和要求，但根据历年来的高分范文总结，一般作文字数在400-500字左右是比较稳妥的，这一点ISSUE和ARGUMENT两篇作文也没有太大区别。 2. *评分标准相同 除了规范要求外，gre两篇作文在评分标准上也是基本相同的。大致都可以分为*整体结构、逻辑思维能力、对于词句语法的运用以及论据素材的使用这几个方面。当然，由于两篇*本身具体写作要求的区别，可能在一些评分细节上还存在不同。 3. 官方复习资源相同 无论是ISSUE作文还是ARGUMENT作文，两篇gre作文的复习资源也是基本相同的。除了官方公布的作文练习题外，高分范文、黄金词句和论据素材都是帮助考生练习写作能力锻炼作文水平需要用到的复习必备材料。 gre写作两篇作文不同点 说完了相似之处，接下来为大家介绍一下两篇作文的不同之处： 1. 写作具体要求区别

新GRE写作Argument范文

新GRE写作Argument范文 来源：互联网 新对于国内考生比较难的一个问题就是中国人的思维与西方人不同，所以的方式也不太一样。因此，大家可以通过参考一些优秀的新GRE的范文来提高自己的写作水平。 Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products. "Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Painesville, which has many such residents. Painesville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Painesville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age." following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deer haven Acres to all homeowners in Deer haven Acres.

北美营养品评鉴指南范文

北美营养品评鉴指南 北美（美国和加拿大）市场上保健品牌多达上千种。从1998年开始，加拿大的相关机构对这些保健品进行了比较研究，以后每隔两三年

就会更新评比一次，迄今为止共进行了4次，所有结果都会集结出版于专著《Comparative Guide to Nutritional Supplements》中，其中第3版（2003年）有中文版《营养补品的比较指导》。最新的第4次结果于2007年出版，在亚马逊网上书店可以买到。中文版在中国有繁体和简体两种翻版。 缘起：评比缘起于1998年，加拿大卫生部长要求为加拿大政府管理保健品提供一个参考框架，确保普通民众能够享受安全、有效和高品质的营养补充品。 研究时间跨度：1999年公布第一次结果，2001年公布第二次结果，2003年公布第三次结果，2007年公布第四次结果。 研究范围：北美（美国和加拿大）市场上的保健品，在2003年进行第三次评比时，比较了1000多个保健品牌，而2007年比较了1500多种品牌。 研究执行人：Lyle Mac William ，生物化学家，曾任加拿大国会议员，现任加拿大多个政府部门和多家公司的科学顾问。 专家团队：美国和加拿大7位著名的医学和营养学家，他们都是本领域的权威人士，出版过一部或多部对每日营养摄取量作出特殊推荐的著作。其中有些人在中国知名度很高。例如，《维生素圣典》的作者Earl Mindell （艾尔·敏德尔）医学博士，《别人不懂营养学的医生害了你》的作者Ray Strand （雷·D·斯全德）医学博士。在2007年第4次比较中，专家团队增加到13位。

以下辑录的是第三次和第四次比较研究的结果： 第三次比较研究（2003年正式出版） 理论研究：各种衰老和退化性疾病成因探讨，着重于氧化压力和自由基的负面作用； 建立先进营养补品的品质标准：引用正式发表的数百份营养补品作用的最新研究成果，分门别类专章探讨出理想的营养补充品的14条品质标准（中文正版P30-69页）； 比较程序： 1. 专家们各自提出每日营养摄取量，然后综合算出一个平均数作为比较标准。确认39种营养素纳入比较标准，其中17种营养素和类似物质，14种矿物质，其他营养素8种。 2. 根据综合比较标准检验市面上各种保健品牌有代表性的产品的营养素含量，进行数据和图解比较。 3. 根据上述14条品质标准，对每一种产品进行定量评价，如果达到这些标准的100%就是最理想的营养品质。不同的分数说明与理想品质的接近程度。并按一到五颗星分级标示。 比较结果： 3 / 3

新GRE 北美范文精析 Issue 36 范文精析

36 Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear. I agree with the speaker's broad assertion that money spent on research is generally money well invested. However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to embrace research whose results are "controversial," while ignoring certain compelling reasons why some types of research might be unjustifiable. My points of contention with the speaker involves the fundamental objectives and nature of research, as discussed below. I concede that the speaker is on the correct philosophical side of this issue. After all, research is the exploration of the unknown for true answers to our questions, and for lasting solutions to our enduring problems. Research is also the chief means by which we humans attempt to satisfy our insatiable appetite for knowledge, and our craving to understand ourselves and the world around us. Yet, in the very notion of research also lies my first point of contention with the speaker, who illogically presumes that we can know the results of research before we invest in it. To the contrary, if research is to be of any value it must explore uncharted and unpredictable territory. In fact, query whether research whose benefits are immediate and predictable can break any new ground, or whether it can be considered "research" at all. While we must invest in research irrespective of whether the results might be controversial, at the same time we should be circumspect about research whose objectives are too vague and whose potential benefits are too speculative. After all, expensive research always carries significant opportunity costs--in terms of how the money might be spent toward addressing society's more immediate problems that do not require research. One apt illustration of this point involves the so-called "Star Wars" defense initiative, championed by the Reagan administration during the 1980s. In retrospect, this initiative was ill-conceived and largely a waste of taxpayer dollars; and few would dispute that the exorbitant amount of money devoted to the initiative could have gone a long way toward addressing pressing social problems of the day--by establishing after-school programs for delinquent latchkey kids, by enhancing AIDS awareness and education, and so forth. As it turns out, at the end of the Star Wars debacle we were left with rampant gang violence, an AIDS epidemic, and an unprecedented federal budget deficit. The speaker's assertion is troubling in two other aspects as well. First, no amount of research can completely solve the enduring problem of war, poverty, and violence, for the reason that they stem from certain aspects of human nature--such as aggression and greed. Although human genome research might eventually enable us to engineer away those undesirable aspects of our nature, in the meantime it is up to our economists, diplomats, social reformers, and jurists--not our research laboratories--to mitigate these problems. Secondly, for every new research breakthrough that helps reduce human suffering is another that serves primarily to add to that suffering. For example, while some might argue that physics researchers who harnessed the power of the atom have provided us with an alternative source of energy and invaluable "peace-keepers," this argument flies in the face of the hundreds of thousands of innocent people murdered and maimed by atomic blasts, and by nuclear meltdowns. And, in fulfilling the promise of "better living through chemistry" research has given us chemical weapons for human slaughter. In short, so-called "advances" that scientific research has brought about often amount to net losses for humanity. In sum, the speaker's assertion that we should invest in research whose results are 整体评价： 1. 文章整理的论述比较通畅 2. 但是这篇文章的结构存在一些瑕疵，如开头段过长，涵盖了过多的细节，容易和后面的内容雷同 money well invested 用的 很好，很地道这里的论述有些过于细 致，可以放到让步段去详细解释 ing 用词很地道 这段话的精髓就是后面 例子的列举，有效地 证明了盲目投入的 恶果这段话是想说明不要不急后果的投入，中心句可以说的更直白 一点 Ignoring reasonable speculation of research will impede social progress, even bringing more social issues. 这个as well 用的不好，前后内容不是并列的 这段内容说的有些笼统 虽然两个点都有所 涉及，但是没有说 明白第一，这个可以说实验 的结论不完全取决于实验本身 第二，这个可以说下定义，解释说明实验的影 响对不同的人群有不同的影响not 这里少了一个重要的否定词 大家要注意，我们对题目内容的改写一定要准确