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原文：
Dedicated to the single screw compressor machine updated the Introduction
Abstract: This paper describes four areas from the existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introduction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the production of reference works.
First, introduce the layout of machine tools
Decide the size of the compressor displacement of the stars round, screw diameter, mesh size and the size of the center distance, so different in diameter screw, machine tool spindle and the rotary center are also different. To meet the processing of different diameter screw, single screw Currently the layout of machine tools in general there are several options.
The first is: machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed
Machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed, can not adjust the center distance. Processing of several of the screw diameter on the center distance required several different specifications of the machine.
Advantages: simple structure of the machine.
Disadvantage: each machine can only process a specification of the screw, when the market on a certain specification requirements when the screw compressor, resulting in a machine, other machine idle.
The second: the machine tool spindle box for rotary
Processing screw machine according to the size of the diameter at the processing before a point of rotating spindle box. Spindle box that the machine can turn on a machine at the above-mentioned article on the use of the improvements, with the first structure of a machine tool is basically the same.
Advantages: the structure of machine tool easy to adapt to a variety of specifications of the processing screw.
One disadvantage: after the rotating spindle box and the tool spindle turning center line distance between the center line of accurate measurement difficult.
2 disadvantage: after the rotating spindle spindle box and the front surface of the rotary cutter centerline distance between the reduction of the larger diameter of the screw processing is limited.
The third: the machine tool spindle box for horizontal mobile
Box at the bottom of the spindle and the base there is arranged between the rectangular sliding rail, spindle box perpendicular to the direction of movement of spindle centerline and perpendicular to the centerline of the tool rotation. Through the power of the spindle box spline shaft to the base of the tool feed mechanism.
Screw diameter, according to the size of the processing in the processing of the previous round by hand to the body put into the screw spindle box moved to the appropriate location, and then screw the spindle box on a fixed base. Spindle box available from the mobile Grating detection, position error ± 0.005mm.
Horizontal spindle box can be used as a mobile machine can process diameter φ95 ~ φ385mm any kind between the screw specifications.
Φ95 ~ φ385mm processing because of the diameter of the screw, causing the front surface and the tool spindle rotation the distance between the center line of the margin is too large, the actual application in the design specifications of the machine into two, a φ95 ~ φ205mm machine screw diameter Another φ180 ~ φ385mm machine screw diameter.
Advantages: a variety of tools to adapt to the specifications of the processing screw, each screw specifications need not be provided with the appropriate machine tools.
Disadvantage: the structure of machine tools and machine tool assembly of the two kinds of more complex machine tools, machine tools than the cost of two kinds of machine tools before the high.
Second, introduce the structure of machine tool spindle
The level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration, low efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly.
Currently available single-screw machine spindle structure of the program has the following two.
The first is: bearing radial clearance is not adjustable spindle structure
Before spindle bearing out the use of one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings and thrust ball bearing combination of both, the main use of double row cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of two ball bearings to bear axial thrust cutting force.
After the general adoption of the spindle bearings out one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings or a ball bearing to the heart.
Main advantages of this structure: the main axis of the processing and assembly of simple, low cost.
One disadvantage: because the main axis of the radial bearing clearance can not be adjusted so poor precision spindle. Although the use of bearings and shaft diameter fit to eliminate the radial bearing clearance, but each bearing diameter and radial clearance is not a fixed value, so it is difficult to design and processing to the quasi-axial-radial and bearings with bore tolerances.
2 disadvantage: it is very difficult to buy in the market of domestically produced or imported, C, D or P4, P5 class thrust ball bearings, machine tool manufacturing plant commonly used alternative to the use of ordinary class bearings, which also affected the accuracy of the enhance spindle.
Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools.
The second: the radial bearing clearance adjustable spindle structure
Before the adoption of a spindle bearing P4 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings and a P4-class double row ball bearing thrust to the combination of heart. The use of the spindle hole of the double row tapered cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of double row ball bearing thrust to the heart to bear part of the axial and radial cutting force cutting force.
Spindle bearings generally used after a P5 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings.
Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to reduce or eliminate Bearing radial clearance purposes.
Main structure of such advantages: high precision spindle. At the front spindle diameter φ230mm noodle on the end measuring spindle Beat value of 0.010mm. Φ230mm cylindrical spindle at the front end on the radial axis measurement value of Beat 0.005mm. The second structure of the spindle of a precision spindle accuracy than the first about 50% improve.
Main disadvantage of this structure:
The principal axis of the more complicated process, the spindle assembly also has the experience necessary to make the workers to operate the spindle achieve the desired numerical accuracy.
Third, the depth of the tool feed control
Required different processing screw diameter spiral groove depth is also different from the depth of the spiral groove mm from dozens to more than 100 millimeters range around the tool into the institutions required to feed the thousands of ring rotation in order to achieve a screw machining .
Feed because of the tool in the tool rotating at the same time achieve motion feed, so on a number of general machine tools used in mechanical, electrical control method of depth of cut does not apply to single-screw machine.
Single screw machine tools give agencies into the following different methods can be feed to control the depth of purpose.
The first is: friction clutch and electrical switches to control the depth of the tool feed.
Its principle is to control depth of cut increases the tool cutter feed mechanism increases the load torque so that the tool feeding mechanism of the friction transmission chain slipping clutch, a mechanical linkage concurrent silent trigger electrical switches, optical signal prompted operator, when manual operator to disconnect the tool into the power sector.
The advantages of this control method are: the control method is simple and spare parts processing and operational power from the impact of a sudden.
Disadvantage are: processing of different diameter screw to adjust the clutch friction discs pressed the preload spring.
Material because of the density of each screw, and the hardness of the existence of subtle differences in the degree of cutting tools sharp differences exist, thus the accuracy of this control method was not too accurate, may lead to screw spiral groove depth tolerance is too large.
The second: use of an electromagnetic clutch, encoder control tool into the mix to the depth of Tool feed system, equipped with electromagnetic clutch and a tool for detecting the number of rotating ring gear and a gun encoder.
It is a tool of control principle hand screw surface encoder to start counting switch, then start counting counting device, when the rotary tool to pre-set number of laps when the cutting depth is reached, the electromagnetic clutch automatic off open to the power tool into the concurrent silent, optical signal parts prompted the operator has finished processing.
The detection device through the digital display shows the number of feed circles or feed. Torn off and the electromagnetic clutch, the tool does not only into the rotation with the vertical shaft to the sport.
The advantages of this control method are: the depth of the spiral groove screw tolerance control more accurate, because of several significant table shows the depth of processing, or want a few laps and the depth of processing or circle the number of operations is also very intuitive and user-friendly.
Disadvantage are: electrical control of machine tools at the same time more complex parts of this control method at the processing plant, if a sudden power failure, the prior data set will be lost.
If you add in the electrical control of the battery to power at the early-dimensional detection devices to maintain the job, the problem can be resolved.
Four, the control gear drive space
Single screw machine screw in the processing, due to the spiral groove in the rotary tool and the workpiece rotation to complete the synthesis process. Just cut into the workpiece when the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going on a greater resistance knife, cutting tool at the workpiece to be cut when the role of the spiral groove, the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going up against a smaller knife and even by the spiral groove thrust workpiece.
Because there is a box-hole processing machine tool, gear and other processing error, the tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, large amount of so-called open.
Detect drive way too much space is a fixed power input shaft and output shaft rotation shaking, in the case of the transmission structure of conventional design and manufacture of machine tools, the transmission output shaft angle space at more than ten degrees to the dozens of degrees. Transmission gap caused by too large spiral screw groove surface then there is obvious marks, thus affecting the machining accuracy of the screw.
Upon completion of the assembly machine tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, in fact are subject to various errors gear, creating a backlash of the gear is too large.
Machine tools in the mechanical transmission gear are used regardless of the accuracy of a few of the class, the designers take into account the gear manufacturing error, processing error box center distance, temperature, lubricating oil film thickness, the assembly error and other factors, machine design must ensure that transmission gear A certain amount of backlash, backlash decide the size of the gear tooth thickness tolerance size.
Single-screw machine has the Main Drive from other machine tool structure specificity. In order to reduce transmission or reasonable gap single-screw machine tools currently used by the following two ways.
The first is: the installation at the output shaft brake
Tool at the output shaft rotating the location of cylindrical symmetry with radial brake, brake stand up to the tool front-end of the cylindrical rotary output shaft, brake for spring preload.
The working principle of the brake is generated by the friction brake to increase the output shaft damping, reducing the sensitivity of the rotation axis.
Are: brake and easy does not change the structure of the original machine tool structure, the method of indirect reduction to achieve the purpose of drive space, in practical applications there is a certain effect.
One disadvantage: the pre-spring brake tool because of the cylindrical output shaft to exert a greater radial force, in fact increases the load machine torque, resulting in increased motor power at the same time gears, bearings to accelerate wear and tear.
Disadvantage 2: pre-spring brake because of the output shaft of the cylindrical tool to exert a greater radial force on the possible geometry of the tool output shaft a negative impact on accuracy.
Conclusion:This article describes four areas from existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introduction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the production of reference works.
译文：
对压缩机单螺杆专用加工机床的介绍
本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。
一、介绍机床的布局
压缩机排气量的大小决定了星轮、螺杆直径的大小和啮合中心距的大小，因此螺杆直径的不同，机床的主轴与刀具的回转中心也不同。为满足加工不同直径的螺杆，目前国内单螺杆加工机床的布局大致有以下几种方案。
第一种：机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式。
机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式，中心距不可调整。加工几种直径的螺杆就需要几种中心距规格不同的机床。
优点：机床的结构简单。
缺点：每种机床只能加工一种规格的螺杆，当市场上某种规格的压缩机螺杆需要量大时，造成一台机床加工，其他机床闲置。
第二种：机床的主轴箱为可回转式。
机床可根据加工螺杆直径的大小在加工前把主轴箱旋转一个角度。这种主轴箱能够回转的机床是对上述第一种机床在使用方法上的改进，与第一种机床的结构基本相同。
优点：机床的结构简单，能适应多种规格螺杆的加工。
缺点1：主轴箱旋转后主轴回转中心线与刀具回转中心线间的距离不易精确测量。
缺点2：主轴箱旋转后主轴前端面与刀具的回转中心线间的距离减少，因此加工较大直径的螺杆受到限制。
第三种：机床的主轴箱为横向移动式。
主轴箱底部与底座之间布置有矩形滑动导轨，主轴箱移动的方向垂直于主轴回转中心线并垂直于刀具回转中心线。主轴箱的动力通过花键轴传给底座内的刀具进给机构。
根据加工螺杆直径的大小，在加工前用手轮丝杠进给机构把主轴箱移动到适当位置，然后用螺钉将主轴箱固定在底座上。主轴箱的移动距离可用光栅尺检测，位置误差±0.005mm。
采用主轴箱可横向移动的一个机床就可以加工直径φ95～φ385mm之间任何一种规格的螺杆。
由于加工φ95～φ385mm直径的螺杆，造成主轴前端面与刀具回转中心线间的距离差值过大，因此在实际应用时设计成两种规格的机床，一个机床加工φ95～φ205mm直径的螺杆，另一个机床加工φ180～φ385mm直径的螺杆。
优点：机床能适应多种规格螺杆的加工，每种规格的螺杆不需要配备相应的加工机床。
缺点：机床的结构和机床的装配较前二种机床复杂，机床的造价也较前二种机床高。二、介绍机床的主轴结构
机床主轴箱的水平主轴和底座上的立式的主轴精度的高低决定了被加工螺杆的精度，同时螺杆在压缩机中以几千转的速度高速旋转时，精度较差的螺杆会使压缩机产生发热、振动、效率低、磨损快等现象。
国内目前现有的单螺杆加工机床主轴结构大致有以下两种方案。
第一种：轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构。
主轴前轴承采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承和两个推力球轴承组合，该主轴使用双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用两个推力球轴承承受轴向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承或采用1个向心球轴承。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴的加工和装配简单，造价较低。
缺点1：由于主轴轴承的径向游隙不可调整，所以主轴精度较差。虽然可以利用轴承的内径和轴径的过盈配合来消除轴承的径向游隙，但每个轴承的内径和径向游隙不是一个固定值，因此设计和加工时很难给准轴径与轴承内径的配合公差。
缺点2：在市场上很难买到国产或进口的C、D级或P4、P5级的推力球轴承，机床生产厂常用普通级轴承替代使用，此举也影响了主轴精度的提高。
轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构适用于一般精度的普通机床，不适用于对主轴精度要求较高的机床。
第二种：轴承径向游隙可调的主轴结构。
主轴前轴承采用一个P4级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承和1个P4级的双列向心推力球轴承组合。该主轴使用圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用双列向心推力球轴承承受轴向切削力和部分径向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个P5级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承。
圆锥孔双列圆柱滚子轴承的内圈和配合轴径均为1：12圆锥，用圆螺母锁紧轴承则使轴承在轴向产生一个位移并使轴承的内圈膨胀，从而达到减少或消除轴承径向游隙的目的。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴精度较高。在主轴前端面φ230mm直径上测量主轴的端面跳动值为0.010mm。在主轴前端φ230mm外圆上测量主轴的径向跳动值为0.005mm。第二种结构的主轴精度比第一种主轴精度提高50%左右。
这种主轴结构的缺点：
主轴的加工工艺较复杂，主轴的装配也需要有经验的工人操作才能使主轴精度达到理想数值。
三、刀具进给深度的控制
不同直径的螺杆需要加工螺旋槽的深度也不同，螺旋槽的深度从几十毫米到一百多毫米不等，刀具进给机构大约需要旋转进刀几千圈才能完成一个螺杆零件的加工。
由于刀具进给机构在刀具旋转的同时还要完成进刀动作，所以一些在普通机床上常用的机械、电气控制切深的方法都不适用于单螺杆加工机床。
单螺杆加工机床的刀具进给机构采用以下不同的方法都可以达到控制进刀深度的目的。
第一种：摩擦离合器和电气开关控制刀具进给深度。
它的控制原理是刀具切深增大时刀具进给机构的负载扭距增大，使刀具进给机构传动链中的摩擦离合器打滑，一个机械连杆机构触发电气开关并发出声、光信号提示操作者，此时操作者人工操作断开刀具进给机构的动力。
这种控制方法的优点是：控制方法简单及零件加工和操作不受突然断电的影响。
缺点是：加工不同直径的螺杆需要调整摩擦离合器压紧碟簧的预紧力。
由于每个螺杆材质的密度、硬度存在细微差异及刀具锋利程度也存在差异，因此使这种控制方法的精度不太准确，可能导致螺杆螺旋槽的深度公差过大。
第二种：用电磁离合器、编码器组合控制刀具进给深度。
刀具进给系统中，装有电磁离合器及一对用于检测刀具转动圈数的测速齿轮和一个编码器。
结论：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。
英语专业学生推荐阅读书目
英语专业基础阶段推荐课外阅读书目 以下读物指简写本、改写本及原著科普读物 Charles Darwin (by Carla Greene) 查尔斯?达尔文 John F. Kennedy (by Charles P. Graves) 约翰?肯尼迪 King Arthur and His Knights (by William Kottmeyer) 亚瑟王和他的骑士One Million Pound (by Mark Twain) 百万英镑 Robin Hood (adapted by Michael West) 罗宾汉 Rip Van Winkle (adapted by Michael West) 里普?范?温格尔Stories from the Sands of Africa (adapted by Michael West) 非洲沙漠的故事Tales from the Arabian Nights (adapted by Michael West) 天方夜谭 The Canterbury Tales (adapted by Michael West) 坎特伯雷故事集 The House of a Thousand Lanterns (by Victoria Holt) 千灯府 The Legends of Ancient Rome 古罗马的传说 The Mystery of the Island (by Jules Verne) 神秘的海岛 The Seventh Key 第七把钥匙 Three Men on the Bummel (by K. Jerome) 三人出游记 Tom Jones (by Henry Fielding) 汤姆?琼斯 Airport (by Arthur Hailey) 航空港 Around the World in Eighty Days (by Jules Verne) 环绕世界八十天 A Separate Peace (by John Knowles) 独自和解 Daisy Miller (by H. James) 黛丝?密勒 Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (by R. L. Stevenson) 化身博士 Flowers for Mrs. Harris (by Paul Gallico) 献给哈里斯夫人的鲜花Frankenstein (by Mary Shelly) 弗兰肯斯特 Hatter’s Castle (by A. J. Cronin) 帽商的城堡 Little Tom (by B. Bell & D. Bell) 小汤姆 Lucky Jim (by Kingsley Amis) 幸运的吉姆 The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland (by Lewis Carrol) 艾丽斯漫游记 The Black Tulip (by Alexandre Dumas) 黑郁金香 The Life of Abraham Lincoln (by Stegan Lorant) 林肯传 The Mill on the Floss (by George Eliot) 弗洛斯河上的磨坊The Prince and the Pauper (by Mark Twain) 王子和贫儿 The Red Badge of Courage (by Stephen Crane) 红色英勇勋章 The Scapegoat (by Daphne Du Maurier) 替罪羊 The Sign of Indra 印达拉神像 Thirty-nine Steps (by John Buchan) 三十九级台阶 Three Men in a Boat (by J. K. Jerome) 三人同舟 Tom Brown’s Schooldays (by Thomas Hughes) 汤姆?布朗的求学时代Witch (by George Mackay Brown) 女巫 Aesop’s Fables 伊索寓言Anderson’s Fairy Tales 安徒生通话选Compell’s Kingdom (by Hammond Innes) 坎伯尔王国 Frontiers of Science 科学的新领域Grimm’s Fairy Tales 格林通话选 Hotel (by Arthur Hailey) 旅馆 Jamaica Inn (by Daphne Du Maurier) 牙买加旅店
英语专业学生课外阅读推荐书目及电影
英语专业学生课外阅读参考书目 I. British Literature 英国文学 1. Author’s Name Names of Works Chinese Name of Works 2. Kingsley Amis Lucky Jim 《幸运的吉姆》 3. Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》 4. Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre 《简?爱》 5. Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》 6. Samuel Butler The Way of All Flesh 《如此人生》 7. Lewis Carroll Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 《爱丽斯漫游奇境记》 8. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim 《黑暗的心》、《吉姆老爷》 9. Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 10. Charles Dickens David Copperfield 《大卫?科波菲尔德》 11. Daphne Du Maurier Rebecca 《蝴蝶梦》 12. E. M. Forster A Passage to India 《印度之行》 13. John Fowles The French Lieutenant's Woman 《法国中尉的女人》 14. John Galsworthy The Man of Property 《有产业的人》 15. William Golding Lord of the Flies 《蝇王》 16. Thomas Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles 《苔丝》 17. James Joyce A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 《一个青年艺术家的画像》 18. D. H. Lawrence Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》 19. George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-four 《1984》 20. Salman Rushdie Midnight Children 《午夜的孩子》 21. Sir Walter Scott Ivanhoe 《艾凡赫》 22. Robert Louis Stevenson Treasure Island 《金银岛》 23. Johnathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》 24. William M. Thackeray Vanity Fair 《名利场》 25. H. G. Wells The Invisible Man 《隐形人》 26. Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse 《达罗卫夫人》、《到灯塔去》 27. William Shakespeare Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 II. American Literature 美国文学 28. Benjamin Franklin The autobiography 《自传》 29. Sherwood Anderson Winesburg, Ohio 《小镇畸人》 30. Kate Chopin The Awakening 《觉醒》 31. Stephen Crane The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》 32. Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie 《嘉丽妹妹》 33. Ralph Ellison Invisible Man 《看不见的人》 34. William Faulkner The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》 35. F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby 《伟大的盖茨比》 36. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter 《红字》 37. Joseph Heller Catch-22 《第22条军规》
机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
英语专业学生必读的经典书目
英语专业学生必读书目 一、英文书籍30种 1. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales 2. John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress 3. Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe 4. Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels 5. Charles and Mary Lamb, Tales from Shakespeare 6. Charles Dickens, A Tale of two Cities 7. William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair 8. Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice 9. Charlotte Bront?, Jane Eyre 10. Emily Bront?, Wuthering Heights 11. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), The Mill on the Floss 12. Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island 13. Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim 14. Henry James, The Portrait of a Lady 15. Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’Urbervilles 16. E. M. Forster, A Passage to India 17. George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion 18. David Herbert Lawrence, Sons and Lovers 19. Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse 20. Herman Melville, Moby Dick, or the Whale 21. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 22. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter 23. Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 24. Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie 25. Jack London, The Call of the Wild 26. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby 27. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 28. William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury 29. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath
英语专业必读书目
项目班自主学习推荐书目Semester 1 1.Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 2.Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett, The Secret Garden 3.Daphne Du Maurier, Rebecca 4.Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels 5.Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island 6.Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe 7. E.B. White, Charlotte’s Web 8.Lyman Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 9.Sue Monk Kidd, The Secret Life of Bees 10.Louisa May Alcott, Little Women (注：1-6 英国，7-10 美国) Semester 2 1.Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre 2.Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights 3.William Golding, Lord of the Flies 4.Kingsley Amis, Lucky Jim 5. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby 6.Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 7.Jack London, The Call of the Wild 8.J. D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye 9.L. M. Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f57495463.html,es Franklin, My Brilliant Career （注：1-4 英国，5-8 美国，9加拿大，10 澳大利亚）Semester 3 1.Margaret Drabble, The Waterfall 2.Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray 3.Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice 4.Agatha Christie, Murder on the Orient Express 5.Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage 6.Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter 7.John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath 8.Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 9.Stephen Leacock, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town 10.Randolph Stow, To the Islands （注：1-4 英国，5-8 美国，9加拿大，10 澳大利亚）
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides common information management systems, design resources can be organized in connection with design activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated into many subtasks forming a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assign certain resources to its task nodes．As a result of decomposition.al1 design resources and activities could be managed via this system. KEY WORDS：Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decomposition, Information Management System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for advanced design methods, more and more design tool appeared to support new design methods and forms. Design in a web environment with multi-partners being involved requires a more powerful and efficient management system .Design partners can be located everywhere over the net with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discusses a task management system (TMS) which manages design activities and resources by breaking down design objectives and re-organizing design resources in connection with the activities. Comparing with common information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and document management system, TMS can manage the whole design process. It has two tiers which make it much more f1exible in structure. The 1ower tier consists of traditional common IMSS and the upper one fulfills
英语专业一年级必读书目
英语专业一年级学生必读书目 外语教学与研究出版社 1. 书虫系列· 牛津英汉双语读物曼斯菲尔德著出版日期：2004-02-27 “书虫”是外语教学与研究出版社和牛津大学出版社共同奉献给广大英语学习者的一大精品。书虫在英语中大概是颇可爱的形象，试想想如痴如醉沉迷于书卷，孜孜水倦地咀嚼着字母的那么一只“书虫”…… 如今这只“书虫”漂洋过海，轻盈地落在了中国英语学习者的掌中。“书虫”首先将给你自信，即使你目前只有几百词汇，却可以不大费劲地阅览世界名作了。书虫还会用它细细的鸣叫声不停地提醒你：要坚持不懈地读下去，要广泛而丰富地读下去。待到读完丛书系列中的最后一本，你也许会突然发现：你已经如蛹变蝶一样，振翅欲翔了！ 2. 外研社·DK英汉对照百科读物出版日期：2002-08-15 这是第一套专门为非英语国家学习者编写的非小说类读物。这些缤纷多彩的读物揭示了我们周围世界的各个侧面：历史、地理、科技、体育……还有许许多多其他的事情。它们还为我们展示了现在和过去人们各种各样的生活方式。外研社·DK英汉对照百科读物为您提供了从中获取知识及享受阅读之乐的材料，使您体会到学习英语的真正意义所在。书中插图会帮助您理解与书的主题相关的特殊词汇：奥林匹克运动、时光之旅、特洛伊战争等等。选择您感兴趣的主题，在提高英语水平的同时学到知识，实在是一举两得的事情。本套丛书按语言难度分为5个级别：入门级、初级A、初级B、中级、中高级、词汇量分别为300词、600词、800词、1300词和2000词，非常适合中学生、大学生和剑桥考试参加者使用。丛书的编排也颇具特色，书中图文穿插，彩色印刷，逼真的视觉效果将使您拥有更加美妙的阅读感受。希望本丛书能令您读得开心！ 3. 英语习语与英美文化(跨文化交际丛书) 平洪张国扬编出版日期： 2000-01-01 习语是语言发展的结晶，是语言使用者长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的定型词组或短句。英语是世界上词汇最丰富的语言之一，英语习语更显得纷繁浩瀚，渗透着浓郁的西方文化气息，交织着其他民族的影响，犹如一幅色彩斑斓的画卷，展示出英语民族语言文化的发展和演变。本书从探索语言与文化、习语与语言的关系入手，分析英语习语与英语民族的历史发展、地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、寓言神话、文学艺术等几个主要文化侧面的关系。 本书从文化的角度探讨英语习语的起源与发展，广泛收集各类习语，按各个文化侧面进行分类，每条习语辅以简洁准确的例句，使读者既能学到文化，又能学到语言，并能从大量的语言材料中看到语言与文化的密切关系，通过加深对英语民族文化的了解来提高跨文化的语言交际能力。
英语专业翻译类论文参考文献
参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.
川大英语专业文学博士生阅读书目
四川大学英语专业文学方向博士生阅读书目* American Literature and Criticism: *Major works of classical writers Aldridge, John W. After the Lost Generation. McGraw-Hill,Inc., 1951/1958. Baker, Houston A., Jr. Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984. Bell, Bernard. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Rev. ed. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 2004. Bercovitch, Sacvan, ed. The Cambridge History of American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994-2005. V ol.1: 1590-1820. V ol.2: Prose Writing, 1820-1865. V ol.3: Prose Writing,1860-1920. V ol.4: Nineteenth-Century Poetry, 1790-1920. V ol.5: Poetry and Criticism, 1910-1950. V ol.6: Prose Writing, 1910-1950. V ol.7: Prose Writing, 1940-1990. V ol.8: Poetry and Criticism, 1940-1995. ——，& Myra Jehlen, eds. Ideology and Classic American Literature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Bigsby, C.W.E.,Modern American Drama, 1945-2000. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern American Novel. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1992. Chase, Richard. The American Novel and Its Tradition. New York: Double Day，1957. Chenetier, Marc. Beyond Suspicion: New American Fiction Since 1960. Liverpool: Liverpoor University Press,1996. Christian, Barbara. Black Women Novelists: The Development of a Tradition, 1892-1976. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. Cowley, Malcolm. Exile’s Return. New York: Viking, 1934/1963. Elliott, Emory. Columbia Literary History of the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. -------. The Columbia History of the American Novel. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.(外语教学与研究出版社，2005) Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. 1988. ------, ed. Black Literature and Literary Theory. New York & London: Routledge, 1984. *英国文学部分待补。
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英语专业一、二学年课外英语阅读书目推荐 一年级第一学期书目 1. 中国文化（从以下选一至两本）（必读） 中国文化史K203/240:2 吕思勉著北京大学出版社2010 中国文化英语教程H31/1519 叶朗，朱良志著外语教学与研究出版社2010 中国文化教程薛荣主编南京大学出版社2011 中国文化: 英文版/常俊跃[等]主编北京大学出版社, 2011 缤纷中国: 中国文化英语读本H319.4:K/188 董晓波主编交通大学出版社2011 中国文化ABC: 英汉双语版:E-C bilingual version H195.5/47 朱法元[等]主编江西人民出版社2010 中国文化概览:英汉对照H319.4:K/123 龙毛忠，贾爱兵，颜静兰主编华东理工大学出版社2009 中国文化英语80主题H31/1331 段义涛编著中国宇航出版社2010 中国文化阅读H319.4:K/68 黄建滨主编浙江大学出版社2009 感悟中国: 中国文化英语阅读教程H319.4/1041 黄建滨主编上海外语教育出版社2008 2. 书虫系列·牛津英汉双语读物（5、6级。6级正好适合大学低年级学生阅读。） 书虫·牛津英汉双语读物:5级(适合高二、高三年级学生阅读)： 大卫·科波菲尔David Copperfield； 远离尘嚣Far from the Modding Crowd； 远大前程Great Expectations； 呼啸山庄Wuthering Heights； 园会The Garden Party and Other Stories 书虫·牛津英汉双语读物:6级(适合高3、大学低年级)(附MP3光盘1张)：《简·爱》； 《雾都孤儿》； 《傲慢与偏见》； 《苔丝》； 《白衣女人》 3. 《床头灯英语学习读本·3000词读遍天下书》（供一年级上、下学期用） 《床头灯英语学习读本·3000词读遍天下书·第1辑(纯英文版)(套装共10册)》包括：《三个火枪手》、《歌剧魅影》、《了不起的盖茨比》、《飘》、《红与黑》、《查泰莱夫人的情人》、《傲慢与偏见》、《呼啸面山庄》、《简·爱》、《儿子与情人》。
英语专业学生阅读参考书目(DOC)
A、《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》推荐英语专业学生阅读参考书目 一、英国文学 Arnold Bennett The Old Wives' Tale《老妇人的故事》 Elizabeth Bowen The Death of the Heart Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange《发条橙》 A. S. Byatt Possession Angela Carter The Company of Wolves Agatha Christie Murder on the Orient Express《东方快车谋杀案》 Ivy Compton-Burnett A Family and a Fortune Sir Arthur C. Ddyle Adventure of Sherlock Holmes《福尔摩斯探案集》 Margaret Drabble The Waterfall George Eliot Middlemarch《米尔德马契》 Graham Greene The Human Factor《成事在人》 Aldous Huxley After Many a Summer Henry James Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》 Rudyard Kipling Kim Charles Lamb Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》 John Le Carred The Spy Who Came in from the Cold Doris Lessing The Grass Is Singing《野草在歌唱》 David Lodge Nice Work W. Somerset Maugham The Moon and Sixpence《月亮与六便士》；Of Human Bondage《人性的枷锁》 Muriel Spark The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie 《简·布罗迪小姐的青春》 Evelyn Waugh A Handful of Dust《一把尘土》 Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林·格雷的画像》 Kingsley Amis Lucky Jim 《幸运的吉姆》 Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》 Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre 《简·爱》 Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》 Samuel Butler The Way of All Flesh 《如此人生》 Lewis Carroll Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 《爱丽斯漫游奇境记》 Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》；Lord Jim 《吉姆老爷》 Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 Charles Dickens David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔德》 Daphne Du Maurier Rebecca 《蝴蝶梦》 E. M. Forster A Passage to India 《印度之行》；Howard Ends《霍华德庄园》 John Fowles The French Lieutenant's Woman 《法国中尉的女人》 John Galsworthy The Man of Property 《有产业的人》 William Golding Lord of the Flies 《蝇王》 Thomas Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles 《苔丝》；Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》James Joyce A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 《一个青年艺术家的画像》 D. H. Lawrence Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》 George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-four 《1984》
专业英语文献翻译
研究生课程（论文类）试卷 2010 /2011 学年第 1 学期 课程名称：专业英语 课程代码：11000003 论文题目：再生式流体压缩机作为二级气泵控制发动机排气学生姓名：张峰 专业学号：制冷与低温工程 102310121 所在学院：能源与动力学院
图 二级气泵已经被确立为汽车发动机的主要部件，但更多的研究目的是为了提高二级气泵运行的效率，可靠性，宽范围。汽车工业通常期望的二级气泵都要有以下特性。 40%上下； 与传统的二级气泵相比，流速增加的同时效率提高了但不会增加电流消耗； 能在维持泵的现行流速同时通过降低泵的能耗来增加二级气泵的效率； 在电动机转速限制在≤16500转/分钟的情况下，能够实现 在没有引导的情况下，启动时压力上升最快合适； 尺寸紧凑。
无量纲流量系数为： 尽管如此,再生式流体压缩机最大的优势，特别是在这样的减排类型的发动机应用中图3. 在9.96 kPa反压下，再生式流体压缩机和离心空气泵流量和压力随时间变化的比较 图4.在9.96 kPa反压下，再生式流体压缩机和离心式空气泵运行故障时间长短的比较
图5 再生流体涡轮机切向压力偏差（来自附录2） 流体进入泵通过入口区域(A)处流动压力的损失。这个区域已经被试验证明在泵里面对流体的型态以及泵的性能具有很大的影响。在流体从A到B的过程中得到加速。流体进入工作区域（B-C 的速度和压力主要取决于进口区域。这个工作区域压力变化是线性的，流体型态在这个区域中充分发展，并且流体经历一个重要的升压过程。当流体流体在出口（区域D）离开泵时，经历一个与入 图6 压力沿着泵环面从吸收到释放的变化过程 性能预测
英语专业课外阅读推荐书目
英语课外阅读推荐书目 Recommended English Readings 1.《英语学习策略》English Study Strategy 作者：周风燕著 出版社：知识产权出版社 出版时间：2009-6 2. 《如何阅读一本书》How to Read a Book 作者：（美）艾德勒/（美）范多伦著 郝明义/朱衣译 出版社：商务印书馆 出版时间：2004-1 3. 《床头灯英语学习读本-3000词读遍天下书》丛书系列Bedtime Reading 作者：毛荣贵等主编 出版社：航空工业出版社 出版时间：2004-5 4. 《5000词床头灯英语学习读本》丛书系列Bedtime Reading 作者：王若平等主编 出版社：航空工业出版社 出版时间：2007-1 5. “Black Cat有声名著阶梯阅读”丛书: Black Cat有声名著阶梯阅读-Level 1 Black Cat有声名著阶梯阅读-Level 2 Black Cat有声名著阶梯阅读-Level 3 Black Cat有声名著阶梯阅读-Level 4 出版社：华东师范大学出版社,商务印书馆 出版时间：2009-7 6. “大学生英语阅读文库之文化之旅”丛书： 《文化之旅澳大利亚》Culture Smart！Australia
《文化之旅英国》Culture Smart！Britain 《文化之旅法国》Culture Smart！France 《文化之旅德国》Culture Smart！Germany 《文化之旅美国》Culture Smart！USA 《文化之旅意大利》Culture Smart！Italy 出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 出版时间：2009-3 7. “最美丽的英文”丛书： 《最美丽的英文：你也可以不平凡》The Most Beautiful English：You Can Be Uncommon 《最美丽的英文：张开幸福的双翼》The Most Beautiful English：Opening the Happy Wings 《最美丽的英文：奇迹靠自己创造》The Most Beautiful English：Creating the Miracles by Yourself 《最美丽的英文：聆听花开的声音》The Most Beautiful English：Listening to the Sound of Blooming 作者：刘佩吉编译 出版社：中国对外翻译出版社 出版时间：2007-3 8. “美丽英文”丛书： 《美丽英文-我的大学，用一辈子去忘记》 《美丽英文：微笑送给打击你的人》 《美丽英文：重新遇见自己》 《美丽英文：穿过爱的时光》 《美丽英文：推开生活之门》 《美丽英文：上帝的笑》 《美丽英文：感恩的心》 《美丽英文：一只狗狗的告白（英汉典藏版）》 《美丽英文：在生命的拐弯处（英汉典藏版）》 《美丽英文：生活是一种态度（英汉典藏版）》 《美丽英文：做自己想做的人（英汉典藏版）》 《美丽英文：别停下生命的脚步（英汉典藏版）》 《美丽英文：给心灵留个出口（英汉典藏版）》