英文翻译与英文原文
翻译文献：（对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告）
文献作者：Peter Dransfield,
出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-V erlag, 1981
中文译文：
对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告
【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸.
本文中所使用的符号如下：
s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量；
S el—滑台滑动摩擦力
R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数：
I1—滑台与油缸的质量
12—自调背压阀阀心质量
C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容；
C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度；
R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻，
R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻
S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力；
I4, I5—管路的等效液感
C5、C6—管路的等效液容：
R5, R7-管路的等效液阻；
V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积；
P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力
F—滑台承受负载，
V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
一、引言
在组合机床正常工作中，滑台运动速度的大小和它的方向以及所承受负载的变化都将以程度不同地影响其工作性能。特别是在工进过程中。滑台上负载的突然消失引起的前进以及负载的周期性变化而引起的运动不平稳性，都将影响被加工件的表面质量，在严重的情况下会使刀具折断掉。根据大连机床厂要求，作者采用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法建立组合机床滑台的新型液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。为了改善滑台的动态特性，有必要去分析找出滑台产生前冲和运动不平稳的原因以及主要的影响因素，但那必须通过计算机数字仿真和研究得出最后的结果。
二、动态数学模型
组合机床滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的工作原理图如图I所示。这个系统是用来完成"工进一停止一快退”的工作循环。当滑台在工进时，三位四通换向阀处于图示右位，油泵的供油压力在滥流阀的有效作用下近似地几乎保持恒定，该油液流经过换向阀和调速阀后进入油缸的无杆腔，以推动滑台向前移动；与此同时，从油缸有杆腔排出的压力油经自调背压阀和换向阀流回油箱了。在这个过程中，两个单向阀和溢流阀的工作状态始终都没有任何变化。对与象组合机床滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统这样的复杂非线性的系统，为了便于研究它的动态特性，建立一个仅着重考虑主要影响因素的合理简单的动态数学模型是尤其重要的[1][2]。从理论分析和试验研究的列举中可以得知：该系统的过程时间是远大于调速阀的过程时间的，当油缸无杆腔有效承压面积很大时，调速阀出口流量的瞬时的超调反映为滑台运动速度的变化是很小的[2]。为了更加拓宽和深入研究系统的动态特性，使研究工作能在微型计算机上有效地进行，本文章对原模型[2]做进一步简化处理，假定调速阀在系统的整个通过过程中输出时候恒定的流量，这被看作其为流源。这样，系统的动态模型的结构简图如图2所示，它是由油缸、滑台，自凋背压阀和联接管路等组成。。
功率键合图是一功效流图，它是按着系统的能量传递方式，以实际结构为基础，用集中参数把子系统之间的作用关系抽象地表示为阻性元R、容性元C和感性元I 的三种作用元。采用这种方法建模物理概念清晰，结合状态空间分析法可以较准确地描述和分析线性系统，该方法在时域中研究复杂非线性系统动态特性的一种有效的方法。
根据自调背压调速系统各元件的主要特性和建模规则[1]，得出了图3所示的系统的功率键合图。图中每根键上的半箭头表示功率流向，构成功率的两个变量是力
变量（油压P或作用力F）和流变量（流量q或速度v）。O结点表示在系统中属于并联连接，各键上的力变量相等而流变量之和为零；1结点表示在系统中属于串联连接，各键上流变量相等而力变量之和为零。TF表示不同能量形式间的变换器，TF 下标注的字母表示力变量或流变量的转换比值。键上的短横杠表示该键上两变量间的因果关系。全箭头表示控制关系。在三种作用元中容性元和感性元的力变量与流变量之间具有积分或微分关系，因此，根据图3可推导出具有九个状态变量的复杂非线性状态方程。本文对滑台动态特性的研究是从滑台的前冲和运动平稳性两方面入手，用四阶定步长Runge-Kutta法在IBM-PC微型计算机上进行数字仿真,仿真结果分别如图4和图5所示。
三、滑台前冲
滑台前冲现象是作用在滑台上的负载突然消失（如钻削工作的情况)引起的。在此过程中，滑台的负载F、运动速度V、油缸两腔压力P3和P4的变化可从图4仿真结果看出。当滑台在负载的作用下匀速运动时，油缸无杆腔油液压力较高．油液中聚集了大量的能量。当负载突然消失时，该腔油压随之迅速降低，油液从高压态转入低压态的过程中向系统释放很多能量，致使滑台高速向前冲击。然而，滑台的前冲使油缸有杆腔油液受压引起背压升高，从而消耗掉系统中的一部分能量，对滑台的前冲起到一定的抑制作用。应当看到，在所研究的系统中，自调背压阀的入口压力要受到油缸两腔油压的综合性作用。在负载消失的瞬间，自调背压阀的压力将会迅速地上升，并稳定地处在高于初始背压的数值以上。从图中可见，自调背压调速系统在负载消失瞬间油缸背压力升高的幅度大于传统的调速系统，所以，其油缸有杆腔中油液吸收的能量就多；结果，滑台的前冲量比传统调速系统要小大约20%。可见采用自调背庄调速系统作为驱动系统的滑台在抑制前冲方面具有良好的特性，其中自调背压阀起了很大作用。
四、滑台的运动平稳性
当作用于滑台上的负载作周期变化时（比如说铣削加工的情况），滑台的运动速度将要产生一定的波动。为于保证加工质量的要求，必须尽可能地减小其速度波动的范围。而从讨论问题的方便性出发来说，假设负载按正弦波的规律变化，从而得到的数字仿真结果如图5所示。由此可见这个系统与传统的调速系统有着相同的变化规律以及非常接近的数值数字。其中的原因是负载的变化幅度不大，油缸两腔的压力也就没有较大变化，从而最终导致自调背压阀的作用不够明显显示。
五、改善措施
通过研究的结果表明，以自调背压调速系统作为驱动系统的滑台，其动态特性要比传统的调速系统好的。要减少滑台的前冲量，就必需在负载消失的瞬间时候迅速提高油缸有杆腔的背压力；要提高滑台的运动平稳性就需增加系统的刚性，主要措施在于减小油液的体积。从系统的结构得知，油缸有杆腔与排油管之间有一很大的容积，如图6a所示。它的存在方面延迟和衰减了自调背压阀的作用，另一方面也降低了系统的刚性，它会限制了前冲特性和运动平稳性的进一步改善。因此，改善滑台动态特性可从两个方法进行处理：即改变油缸容积和改变自调背压阀结构尺寸。通过一系统结构性参数的仿真计算以及结果的比较可以得出这样的结果：当把油缸有杆腔与排油管间容积V4同无杆腔与进油管间容积V3之比由原来的5.5改为1时，如图6b所示，同时，把自调背压阀阀芯底端直径由原来的10mm增加为13mm,阻尼三角槽边长从原来的lmm减小到0.7mm时，可使滑台的前冲量减小30%,过渡过程时间明显缩短了，滑台的运动平稳性也将会得到很大的改善。
六、结论
通过理论上的分析和计算机仿真研究实验,很明显的是自调背压调速系统作为组合机床滑台的驱动系统是很有推广使用价值的。影响滑台动态特性的主要因素是油缸内部结构性和自调节背压阀的尺寸。假如能对其进行合理设计，可使滑台的动态特性得到显著地改善。同时，也说明了采用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法研究复杂非线性液压系统的动态特性是既方便又有效的方法。
英文原文
翻译文献：INVESTIGA TION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告）
文献作者：Peter Dransfield,
出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-V erlag, 1981
INVESTIGA TION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL
Peter Dransfield
This paper deals with the investigation for slide unit's impact and motion stabil-ity in modular machine tool fay means of the method of power bond graph and state space analysis. The dynamic mathematical model of self-adjusting back pressure speed control system used to drive slide unit is established. Main reasons and affect-ing factors for slide unit impact and motion unstability are analysed through compu-ter digital simulation, It is concluded from those that, if the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinder and back pressure valve are designed rationally, the slide unit's dynamics will markedly be improved.
NOMENCLATURE
Sf flow source
Sei sliding fric tion force in slide unit
R equivale nt visc ous friction c oe ffic ie nt in slide unit
Ii ma ss of slide unit a nd c ylinde r
h ma ss of SA BP va lve spool
Ci,C2hydra ulic c a pa c ita nce s of rod c ha mbe r a nd non-rod c ha mbe r in c ylinde r re-spec-tively
C3spring c omplia nce of SAB P va lve
R]r R2hydra ulic re sista nce s of da mping holes
R9hydra ulic re sista nce of orifice of SAB P va lve
Se2pre se tting force of spring in SA B P va lve
I4J5equivale nt liquid ine rtia in pipe line s
C^Cg e quiva le nt hydra ulic c a pac ita nce s in pipe lines
e quiva le nt hydra ulic resista nc es in pipe lines
V-j V^oil-c ontaining volumes in non-rod c ha mber a nd rod c ha mbe r respec tive ly
P,r:, P-i oil pressure s in non-rod c ha mbe r a nd rod c ha mbe r re spec tively
F loa d a cte d on slide unit
V slide unit ve loc ity
* Depart ment of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Ur.iversity of Technology, Dalian. China.
INTRODUCTION
During operation of modular machine tool, the changes of slid unit's speed and load acted on it in both magnitude and direction will affect working performar.ee to a different extent Particularly the impact caused by sudden vanishing of load and the motion unstability due to periodical change of load in operation will affect the surface quality of the workpiece machined, and the tool would be broken off under serious conditions, By using the method of power bond graph and state space analy sis, the dynamic mathematical model of the system used to drive slide unit is estab lished, that is called as self-adjusting back pressure speed control system and abbreviated to SABP system. In order to improve slide unit's dynamics, it is necessary to find out the main reasons and affecting factors, that must be based on computer digital simulation and study on the results.
DYNAMIC MATHEMATICAL MODEL
The schematic diagram of SABP system is shown in Fig.l, the system is used to perform the cycle of feeding, stopping and returning. Four way control valve works in the right position during slide unit's feeding. The supply pressure of the pump is approximately constant under the action of pressure relief valve, the oil through the control valve and pressure compensated flow control valve enters the non-rod chamber to put slide unit forward. At the same time, the oil from the rod chamber is discharged through SABP valve and directional control valve to tank. In this process, the state of two check valves and pressure relief valve is not changed, To establish the mathematical model as reasonably and simply as possible, consid-eration must be focused on main affecting factors for a complex non-linear system such as the SABP system. It is illustrated by theoretical analysis and test result ' , that the transient time of the system is much longer than that of the flow control valve, and the flowrate overshoot of the valve in transients affects very small to slide unit speed because of the ;large effective sectional area of non-rod chamber in cylinder. For investigating the system's dynamics widely and deeply, the initial mod-el tn is further simplified in this paper, and so the study can be efficiently made with microco mputer. It is assumed that the flowrate through the flow contro l valve is
constant in the whole transient process, and is denoted to a flow source.Fig.2 shows the structure diagram of the dynamic model of the system, it is composed of cylin-der, slide unit, SABP valve and pipe line; etc.
By using the method of power bond graph and state space analysis in this pap er, the dynamic mathematical model of the system is to be established- The power bond graph is a power flow diagram, which expresses abstractly the actions among sub-systems as three effects, i.e. resistance effect, capacitive effect and inertia effect, according to the way of energy transform, on the basis of practical structure and by means of method of lumped parameters. The model is characterized by a clear con-ception in physics, and non-linear system can be accurately analysed in combination with method of state space analysis, thus it is a effective method used in the dyna-mic investigation of complex non-linear system in the'timedomain.
From main performances of co mponents in SAEP system, the power bond graph of the system has been formed by means of the rule of model establishing ' and is shown in Fig.3. Half arrow in each bond indicates a direction of power How, two variahles of power are effort variable and flow variable. O-junction illustrates algebraic summation of flow variables at common effort, i.e. parallel connection, 1-junction does algebraic summation of effort variables at common flow, i.e. series connection. The symbol TF represents power transformer between two types of energy, and transforming modulus between efforts or flows is noted below the symbol TF. Short transverse bar across one end of each bond shows causality between two variables. A full arrow expresses a control action. Among three actions, there is an integration or differential form in capacitive effect and inertia effect between two variables. So state equation may be derived from Fig.3, there are nine state variables in this complex nonlinear equation. Studying on the slide unit's dynamics is started with impact and motion stability. The equation is simulated by using the method of 4th order Runge-Kutta integration procedure on IBM-PC computer. Fig.4 and Fig.5 illustrate the results respectively.
SLIDE UNIT IMPACT
Slide unit's impact phenominon results from load's vanishing in the transients, ■ for examp le, the situation of drilling through workpiece, Fig.4 expounds the varia tio ns of the load and speed of slide unit, the pressures of chambers in cylinder. When slide unit motions evenly under the action of load, the oil pressure in non-rod chamber is very high, and there is a lot of hydraulic energy accumulated in side. The pressure decreases at once with load's discharging rapidly. During the process of oil pressure converting from high to low, the system absorbs some of the energy, so slide unit impacts forward with high speed. And then the oil in rod chamber is
141
compressed to increase back pressure, some of the energy is consumed, which plays a part of restraining the impact of the slide unit. It must be noted that inlet pressure of SABP valve telys on the interaction of pressures of two chambers, and increases rapidly at the instant of load's vanishing, and then stabilizes at some value greater than initial one. This pressure is also greater than one of traditional speed control system, therefore the energy can be absorbed much more in the rod chamber. In re sult, the impact of slide unit in SABP system is 20% lawer than in traditional's. It is thus clear that slide unit with SABP system for driving has a good performance in restraining the impact and SABP valve plays an important part in that,
MOTION STABILITY
When load acting on slide unit varies periodically, such as the situation of mill-ing, slide unit's speed will bring about some pulse. In order to meet the requirements of manufacturing quality, the magnitude of the speed pulse must be reduced as small as possible. The variation of the load is assumed to be of sine wave, in order to sim-plify discussion of the problem, The result of digital simulation is shown in Fig.5 It can be seen that, the response of the system is the sameas traditionl's and the differ-ences between them are very small. The reason for this is that the variation of the load is not targe, there the pressures in chambers vary very little that is, the effect of the SABP valve is not obvious.
IMPROVEMENT
It is shown by studying, that dynamics of slide unit which used SABP speed control system as driving system is better than that of traditional system. To reduce the slide unit's impact, the back pressure of rod chamber has to be increased rapidly in the transients of load's vanishing; on the other hand, to enhance the slide unit's motion stability, it is necessary to raise the system rigidity. However, main recom-mendation lies in decreasing the vo lume of oil. It is known from system structure that, there is a lot of oil-containing vo lume between the rod chamber and drain pipe as shown in Fig.6a. Because the volume exists, not only the effect of SABP valve is delayed and reduced, hut also the rigidity of the system is decreased. Therefore, it is hindered to further improve the impact and motion stability. To make the slide unit dynamics better, the structural dimensions of cylinder's chamber and the SABP valve must be designed suitably. Based on simulations under the various structural dimensions and comparison among the results, the following two measures can be taken for improvements:
the ratio between volumeV4 and V3 is changed from 5.5 to 1 approximately, as shown in Fig,6b;
the bottom diameter of spool of the SABP valve is increased from 10 mm to 13 mm and.the length o f side of triangular damp ing slot is decreased from 1 mm to 0.7mm the slide unites impact quantity can be reduced by 30%, and the time of dynamic response is shortened. In addition, slide unit's motion stability may be improved obviously. It is thus evident that improvements are very effective.
CONCLUSIONS
By the way of theoretical analysis and computer simulating investigation, it is obvious that the SABP speed control system used as slide units driving system in modular machine tool is valuable for popularization and utilization, Main factors affecting the slide unit dynamics are the structural dimensions of the cylinder and the SABP valve. In the case of rationally designing, the slide unit dynamics may be obviously improved. Meanwhile, it is shown that the method of power bond graph and state space analysis is a very convenient and effective method in studying dynamics of complex non-linear hydraulic system.
REFERENCES
[1] Peter dransfield Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of Their
Dynamics Springer-V erlag, 1981
[2] Dong Bengang, Zhang Zhixiang, Investigation on impact property of
selfadjusting back pressure speed control system. Machine tool & Hydraulics No.2, 1987 GuangZhou, China, (in Chinese).
【最新】公司简介英文怎么写-word范文模板 (2页)
【最新】公司简介英文怎么写-word范文模板 本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议请及时联系，本司将予以删除 == 本文为word格式，简单修改即可使用，推荐下载！ == 公司简介英文怎么写 shandong hengtong stainless steel co., ltd. was founded in XX, the company produces cold-rolled stainless steel band, multi-function dianre guo, stainless steel products and chemical products such as the four series. now has more than 4,000 yuan in fixed assets, covers an area of 35,000 square meters and currently employs more than 500 people, has the title of senior and mid-level engineers and technicians, more than 60. now has 700 #, # 550, # 350, # 300 and other models rolling seven, five bright annealing furnace production lines, three large-scale slitting line, cold-rolled stainless steel with annual production of 1.5 million tons; tube machine group 6, in the production of stainless steel pipe more than 3,000 tons; steamed advanced energy-saving stainless steel mesh production line 4, in the production of steam grid 5,000,000; hydraulic stretching machine 18, dianre guo pot in the production of stainless steel products such as body more than 600 only. brazing resume at the end of 10 aircraft, multi-function dianre guo, electric kettles, cookers 3 production line with annual production of multi-function dianre guo, electric kettles, more than 100 cookers 10,000. hengtong chemical plant in the production of sodium silicate (pao huajian) 6,000 tons. company in may XX adopted the national security and 3c certification iso9001 international quality system certification. the company produces stainless steel belt, "jia love" multi-function card dianre guo, electric kettles, cookers and steam grid and stainless steel products, sold throughout the country at home and has a good reputation, and exports of south korea, turkey, south-east asia eastern european countries. stainless steel co., ltd. shandong hengtong developed into a set of production, management, research and service in one group of key enterprises, is always adhere to the "people-oriented, innovative development" business philosophy, the pursuit of scientific and technological progress
英语原文及其翻译
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f58858975.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英文翻译(原文)
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
[VIP专享]各国名字的英文翻译
国家地区英文名及读音/国家英文名和音标/国家英文名及读音/// Africa[5AfrikE]非洲 Algeria[Al5dViEriE]阿尔及利亚 Angola[AN5^EulE]安哥拉 Azores[E5zC:z]亚述尔群岛(在北大西洋,属葡萄牙) Benin[be5nin]贝宁湾(几内亚湾一部分,靠西非的尼日利亚、贝宁和多哥等国) Botswana[bCt5swB:nE]博茨瓦纳(位于南非共和国内,于1966年独立) Burkina Faso[b\:9ki:nE 5fAsEJ]布基纳法索 Cameroon[5kAmEru:n]喀麦隆 Cape Verde[keip v\:d]佛得角[塞内加尔西部](非洲最西端) Central Africa[5sentrEl5AfrikE]中非 Chad[tFAd]乍得 Comoros[5kCmErEus]科摩罗 Congo[5kCN^Eu]刚果 Cote d Ivoire[kEut]科特迪瓦注：Ivoire 未查到！ Djibouti[dVi5bu:ti]吉布提[非洲] Egypt[5i:dVIpt]埃及 Equatorial Guinea[7ekwE5tC:riEl5^ini]赤道几内亚 Eritrea[7eri5tri(:)E]厄立特里亚 Ethiopia[7i:Wi5EupjE]埃塞俄比亚 Gabon[^a5b][国名]加蓬(位于非洲中西部,首都利伯维尔) Gambia[5^AmbiE]冈比亚(非洲西部沿海一殖民地,1965年独立,首都Bathurst[5bAWE(:)st]巴瑟斯特(冈比亚首都班珠尔) Ganary Is加那利群岛（Is=Island/Islands) 注：Ganary尚未查到 Ghana[5^B:nE]加纳 Guinea[5^ini]几内亚 Guinea-Bissau[5^ini bi5sEu]几内亚比绍共和国 Ivory Coast[5aivEri5kEust]象牙海岸注：今为Cote d Ivoire科特迪瓦 Kenya[5ki:njE, 5kenjE]肯尼亚 Lesotho[lI5su:tu:]莱索托(非洲南部一王国, 首都Maseru)(西非国家 Liberia[lai5biEriE]利比里亚 Libya[5libiE]利比亚（北非国家） Madagascar[mAdE5^AskE]马达加斯加岛 Malawi[mB:5lB:wi]马拉维 Mali[5mB:li:]马里 Mauritania[7mC(:)ri5teinjE] 毛利塔尼亚 Mauritius[mE5riFEs]毛里求斯(非洲岛国)
科普版英语六年级下册课文及翻译 (直接打印版)
Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well. Let’s talk （M=Mom, T= Tom） M: What,'s the matter, Tom T: I'm not feeling well, Mom M: Do you have a cold T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom. M: Tom, you must go and see a doctor. T: OK, Mom. M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat. T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom M: Tell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is. 译文 (M=妈妈,T=汤姆) 妈妈:怎么了,汤姆 汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。 妈妈:你感冒了吗 汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生. 汤姆:好的,妈妈。 妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。 汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。
公司简介翻译中英文对照
. 我公司为南宁XX商务服务有限公司竭诚为您快速代理以下业务： 一、代办工商营业执照注册、年检、变更等（注：本公司拥有资深专业人员和具有良好的社会关系，可为您快速解决企业遇到的各类疑难问题）。 二、会计代理服务，企业审计、验资，一般纳税人认定。 三、商标注册 联系人：xxx，150xxxx, 会计：0771-xxxx 邮箱：xxxxxx@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f58858975.html, QQ;xxxxx Nanning XX Business Service Co. ,Ltd. We provide the following services: 1.Business registration service, annual inspection and change (Note: the company has experienced professionals and have good connections, so that we can solve all kinds of difficulties for you in the Registration Process). 2.Accounting services, audit, capital verification, the general taxpayer application 3.Trademark registration Contact: XXXX, 150XXXX Accounting: 0771-2XXXX E-mail: XXXX@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f58858975.html, QQ; XXXXXX Add: No. 89, Longteng Rd. Nanning 感谢您的支持与配合，我们会努力把内容做得更好！ 精选word
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文参考译文
文档简介 一，英语翻译经典文章之英文原稿二，中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！ 英文原稿Brian It seems my only request (“please, let me sleep”) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you’re in doubt. Especially during the night
中文翻译小子： 我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。当你不知道怎么办时，特 别是在晚上的时候，你可以看看它。 具体情况行动指南 1，我正在睡觉禁止进入 2，你不确定我是否睡觉，你想搞清楚管你“鸟”事；禁止进入 3，你嗑了药，想奔向我的床你他妈的滚远点 4，你在youtube上看了一个超赞的视频，禁止进入；在脸书上把链接发给我想让我看看 5，就算第三次世界大战开始了管我屁事，他妈的别进来 6，你和你的基友们想和我“玩玩”抱歉，直男一枚。不要碰我的任何东西，门都别碰 7，你想整理我的房间我谢谢你了！我自己会打扫 8，普京宣布同性婚姻合法化终于等到“它”！还好你没放弃！还是不要来我房里！ 9，我不在家进我房间，想都别想 10，白天，我在家。你敲了门，我说“请进” 你可以进来了 福利放送！！
如果你已经看到了这里，那么说明你应该是英文爱好者哦。 下面有一些非常实用，我精心整理的英文资料，你一定用得到！快去看看吧！ 一，最常用英语翻译政治文体句型总结大全完美版 二，英文合同翻译最常用句型总结专业版 三，英语毕业论文提纲模板优秀完整详细无敌版
英文翻译原文
南京师范大学泰州学院 英文翻译原文 年级： 2011级学号：12110330 姓名：申佳佳 系部：信息工程学院 专业：通信工程 题目：基于C51的数字测速仪设计与仿真 指导教师：焦蓬蓬 2015 年 4 月 5 日
Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make u p huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be re garded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Rece ntly, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to i ncrease day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece wh at glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufa cturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Net scape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free, mean users can o btain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research a nd development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , c an add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As th e most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic o f the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of sup porting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstandi ng design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels , their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmer s, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in n etwork supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and ass ess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , E x t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .
世界各国英文名称
世界七大洲及各个国家的英文名字 世界各国及首府中英文对照－亚洲 国家country 首都(capital) 阿富汗Afghanistan 喀布尔Kabul 孟加拉国Bangladesh 达卡Dhaka 不丹Bhutan 廷布Thimphu 缅甸Burma 仰光Rangoon 柬埔寨Cambodia 金边Phnom Penh 中国China 北京Beijing/香港Hong Kong/台湾Taiwan/澳门Macau 印度India 新德里New Delhi 印度尼西亚Indonesia 雅加达Jakarta 日本Japan 东京Tokyo 老挝Laos 万象Vientiane 马来西亚Malaysia 吉隆坡Kuala Lumpur 马尔代夫Maldives 马累Male (Maale) 蒙古Mongolia 乌兰巴托Ulaanbaatar 尼泊尔Nepal 加德满都Kathmandu 朝鲜North Korea 平壤P'yongyang 巴基斯坦Pakistan 伊斯兰堡Islamabad 菲律宾共和国Philippines 马尼拉Manila 新加坡Singapore 新加坡Singapore 韩国South Korea 首尔Seoul 斯里兰卡Sri Lanka 科伦坡Colombo 泰国Thailand 曼谷
土耳其Turkey 安卡拉Ankara 越南Vietnam 河内Hanoi 文莱斯里巴加湾市 巴勒斯坦Palestine 无 锡金Sikkim 甘托克 世界各国及首府中英文对照－欧洲 国家(coutry) 首都名称(capital) 阿尔巴尼亚Albania 地拉那Tirana 奥地利Austria 维也纳Vienna 比利时Belgium 布鲁塞尔Brussels 保加利亚Bulgaria 索非亚Sofia 克罗地亚Croatia 萨格勒布Zagreb 塞浦路斯Cyprus 尼克西亚Nicosia 丹麦Denmark 哥本哈根Copenhagen 芬兰Finland 赫尔辛基Helsinki 法国France 巴黎Paris 德国Germany 柏林Berlin 希腊Greece 雅典Athens 匈牙利Hungary 布达佩斯Budapest 冰岛Iceland 雷克亚未克Reykjavik 爱尔兰Ireland 都柏林Dublin 意大利Italy 罗马Rome 列支敦士登Liechtenstein 瓦杜兹Vaduz 卢森堡Luxembourg 卢森堡Luxembourg
公司的简介英文翻译范文
公司的简介英文翻译范文 本文是关于公司的简介英文翻译范文，仅供参考，希望对您有所帮助，感谢阅读。 公司的简介英文翻译(一) Do you know what is it? The letter “I” is Luxo Jr., a character from an early pixar film. Now, it is the mascot of pixar Animation Studios. pixar has produced fourteen feature films, beginning with Toy Story and its most recent Monsters University. I have watched all of them. So today I would like to show you that the history of pixar can be divided into three parts and pixar has three successful works. Let’s start with the history of pixar. The history of pixar can be divided into three parts, before 1986, between 1986 and 20xx, and 20xx till now. Before 1986, pixar was the Computer Division of Lucasfilm. It was launched in 1979. Between 1986 and 20xx, pixar was an independent business. In 1986, because of the divorce of George Walton Lucas, he decided to sell this team. Then Steve Jobs became the new Chairman of pixar. In cooperation with The Walt Disney Company, pixar produced many popular feature films. They include Toy Story, A Bug’s life, Finding Nemo and so on. These films not only brought pixar fame, but also gave it big profits. In 20xx, Steve Jobs sold pixar to The Walt Disney Company. The pixar name was guaranteed to continue, and the studio would remain. But the brand of films made post-merger would be “Disney·pixar” , beginning with Cars.
英文翻译原文
Engineering with Computers(2002)18:109–115 Ownership and Copyright ?2002Springer-Verlag London Limited Structural Optimization of Automotive Body Components Based on Parametric Solid Modeling M.E.Botkin GM R&D Center,Warren,MI,USA Abstract Abstract::Parametric modeling was used to build several models of an automotive front structure concept that utilizes carbon fiber composite materials and the corresponding molding processes.An ultra-lightweight aluminum body front structure was redesigned to include an all-composite front structure.Two alternative concepts were studied which represent the structure as a bonded assembly of shells.Closed sections result from two pieces–an inner and outer.Parametric modeling was found to be a useful tool for building and modifying models to use in optimization concept studies. Such models can be built quickly and both the sketch dimensions and location dimensions are particularly useful for making the adjustments necessary to fit the various body pieces together.The parametric models then must be joined together as one geometric solid model in order to obtain a surface mesh.Structural optimization input data can then be seamlessly and quickly created from the parametric-modelbased finite element model to begin the tradeoff studies.This integrated process in which parametric modeling was coupled with structural optimization was used to carry out design studies on the lightweight body front structure.Several carbon fiber material combinations were studied to determine mass reduction potential of certain types of carbon fiber products considered to be lower cost than typical carbon fiber materials used in the past.Structural optimization was used to compare several composite constructions for the design of the bonded front structure.Eight cases were studied using various materials and composite lay-ups.Mass savings estimates from45–64%over steel were obtained.The most reasonable design consisted of a combination of relatively low cost chopped carbon fiber and woven carbon fiber and using a20mm balsa core in the top of the shock tower area. This design had a maximum thickness of7mm and a mass reduction over steel of approximately62%.Correspondence and offprint requests to:Mark E.Botkin,Principal