高三英语高考阅读理解专题分类指导 导学案

英语高考阅读理解专题分类指导

一事实细节题

高考命题聚焦

(2011年高考新课标全国卷)Wanted，Someone for a Kiss

We're looking for producers to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM.You'll work on the station's music programmes.Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music.Please apply(申请)in writing to Producer Vacancies，Kiss 100.

Father Christmas

We're looking for a very special person，preferably over 40，to fill our Father Christmas suit.

Working days：Every Saturday from November 24 to December 15 and every day from December 17 to December 24 except Sundays,10∶30—16∶00.

Excellent pay.

Please contact(联系)the Enterprise Shopping Centre，Station Parade，Eastbourne. Accountants Assistant

When you join the team in our Revenue Administration Unit，you will be providing assistance within all parts of the Revenue Division，dealing with post and other general duties. If you are educated to GCSE grade C level we would like to talk to you.This position is equally suitable for a school leaver or for somebody who has office experience.

Wealden District Council

Software Trainer

If you are aged 2445 and have experience in teaching and training，you could be the person we are looking for. You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing.You will be allowed to make your own decisions，and to design courses as well as present them.Pay upwards of ￡15,000 for the right person.Please apply by sending your CV(简历)to Mrs R．Oglivie，Palmlace Limited.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文，共列举了四则招聘广告。文中对应聘者的经验、年龄、工作时间、学历等方面都作了要求与说明。

1．Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?

A．Producer Vacancies，Kiss 100.

B．Mrs Oglivie，Palmlace Limited.

C．The Enterprise Shopping Centre.

D．Wealden District Council.

解析：细节理解题。本题与第一则广告的内容相关，当然应与Producer Vacancies，Kiss 100联系。

答案：A

2．We learn from the ads that the Enterprise Shopping Centre needs a person who ________. A．is aged between 24 and 40

B．may do some training work

C．should deal with general duties

D．can work for about a month

解析：细节理解题。第二则广告中对应聘者的工作时间提出了要求，由Working days中提供的信息不难算出应聘者大约工作一个月的时间。A项提到的年龄与本广告中的不符；B 项为第四则广告的信息；C项为第三则广告的信息。

答案：D

3．Which position is open to recent school graduates?

A．Producer，London Kiss.

B．Father Christmas.

C．Accountants Assistant.

D．Software Trainer.

解析：细节理解题。只有第三则广告中提到了This position is equally suitable for a school leaver...，故选C项。

答案：C

4．What kind of person would probably apply to Palmlace Limited?

A．One with GCSE grade C level.

B．One with some office experience.

C．One having good computer knowledge.

D．One trained in producing music programmes.

解析：细节理解题。向Palmlace Limited提出申请是第四则广告的信息，故只有C项符合对应聘者提出的要求。A、B两项属于第三则广告中的信息；D项为第一则广告中的信息。答案：D

核心考点突破

一、题型特点

细节理解题主要考查考生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，是高考阅读理解中占比例最大的一类题型。这类试题可以只针对文章中的某一个特定的细节进行考查，也可以对文章中的若干细节进行考查，或针对文章中的某些事实细节进行图形、图表等模式的转化，考生要根据所学的词汇、语法、句型及上下文的语境做出合理的判断。

分析多年的高考试题不难看出，阅读理解中的细节理解类题目的题干和选择项的设置基本上以原句改写或释义的形式出现，因此只要考生在原文中找到了相近或相同的语句，就找到了解题的依据。在其题目设置方式上则要注意以下四类题型：

1．以who，what，when，where，how等疑问词形式出现的直接信息型细节理解题；2．推测文章中的词或短语的意思或对句意进行转化理解的题目；

3．对文章的具体信息进行排序、计算、进行图形识别及分类筛选的题目；

4．由according to the passage，from the passage等开头的考查某一具体细节的题目。二、设题形式

1．What does the underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refer to?

2．Which of the following statements is true/not true/false according to the passage? 3．According to the passage，which of the following statements is TRUE?

4．All the details provided in the passage are true except________.

5．Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned in the passage?

6．Give/Choose the right order of the following events in the passage.

高分秘笈

1．题干信息题——直接定位

特定信息查找是细节理解考查最基本的和浅层次的考查形式，为一般功能阅读的范畴，常见于广告、公告、演出信息、航班信息、科普短文等说明性文体，此类阅读不需要通读全文，采用直接根据题干在原文中查找的方法便可以快速解决。

2．词义、句意转换题——跳读查找

通常情况下，细节理解题主要考查学生对原文中某个句子、某个句子中的一个短语或几个句子的理解，关键是能在原文中找到与题干内容相关的语句，然后进行比较对比，便可确定最佳答案。跳读查找答案是最常用的解决此类问题的方法，但是解题时要注意试题内容与原文的转换问题，因为所考查的题目很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，命题人对原文进行了一系列的处理，如同义转换、概念解析、事实归纳等，而对干扰项的设计也经常出现本身正确，但不符合题干要求，或者选项本身错误或原文无相关信息的情况；选项中含有原文信息，但其中个别信息描述不准确，这种选项的干扰性很强，是考生最容易出错的地方。

3．细节筛选题——选项定位

细节筛选是这几年经常考查的一个命题方式，这类题目要求考生从选项中找出在某一方面与其他三个选项不同之处。此类型的题目一般比较简单，选项都在原文中提到过，考生只要在阅读中找到与原文一一对应的语句即可。关键是考生要注意命题者对表达的转化，从而灵活应对此类题目。

4．举例说明题——瞻前顾后

在通常情况下，原文中所列举的内容都会在试题的题干及选项中涉及，而对这些举例细节的考查可能就不再是其细节本身，而是举例要达到的目的，也就是要说明的问题。实际上，在这样的列举之前或之后都会出现说明性或总结性的语句，这样的句子既可能和某一段落相关，也可能与全文的大意相关。

5．细节排序题——首尾定位

这种试题考查事件或动作发生的先后顺序，可采用首尾定位法的思路来解决，即首先找出第一个动作或事件及最后一个动作或事件，从而迅速缩小查找的范围，找出正确答案。

二主旨大意

高考命题聚焦

(2011年高考山东卷)Since the 1970s，scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Braincomputer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.

Recently, two researchers, Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated (展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a person's thoughts.

In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.

“Our brain has billions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord (脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles，”Tavella says. “Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”

The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals

and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.

Prof. Millan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands. “The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices. One example is this wheelchair.”

He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.

【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了Jose Millan和Michele Tavella利用Braincomputer interface(BCI)technology制作的由人的意念控制的轮椅以及其工作原理等。

1. BCI is a technology that can________.

A. help to update computer systems

B. link the human brain with computers

C. help the disabled to recover

D. control a person's thoughts

解析：细节理解题。由第一段中的．..scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Braincomputer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.可知选B。

答案：B

2. How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory?

A. By controlling his muscles.

B. By talking to the machine.

C. By moving his hand.

D. By using his mind.

解析：细节理解题。由第三段内容．..Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.可知选D。

答案：D

3. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?

A. scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair

B. computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair

C. scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair

D. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair

解析：细节理解题。由第五段前三句可知选C。

答案：C

4. The team will test with real patients to________.

A. make profits from them

B. prove the technology useful to them

C. make them live longer

D. learn about their physical condition

解析：细节理解题。由最后一段中的One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.可知选B。

答案：B

5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Switzerland, the BCI Research Center

B. New Findings about How the Human Brain Works

C. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled

D. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries

解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了BCI是如何帮助残疾人的。故选C。答案：C

核心考点突破

一、题型特点

通过对近几年高考阅读理解类题目的分析可知，对文章主旨大意考查的题目占了相当大的比重，是重点考查的题型之一。通常它基于考生对整篇文章的总体理解，而不是根据文章的某个句子和细节得出答案，因此考生在做这类题目时必须结合文章，在理解文章各个段落主题等的基础上进行概括，从而得出正确的答案。鉴于这些特点，主旨大意题是一个要求极高、错误率也相当高的题型，每篇文章都会围绕一个中心展开，而阅读的过程实际上就是迅速找到这个中心的过程，因此做题时学会必要的正确的解题思路和方法至关重要。

二、设题形式

1．Main idea型：选择项多为陈述句，要求考生选择表达作者思想或观点的句子。题干多为如下形式：

(1)What's the main idea/point of the passage?

(2)The passage is mainly about________.

(3)The passage is mainly concerned about________.

(4)Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

(5)Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

2．Main purpose型：选择项多为动宾结构，要求考生找到主要的写作目的，常见以下几种题干形式：

(1)What's the purpose of the passage?

(2)The passage is meant to________.

(3)The purpose of the article is to________.

3．标题型：选择文章标题是另一类对主旨大意题考查的形式，命题形式：

(1)The best title of the passage is________.

(2)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

(3)The best title for the passage is________.

(4)The most appropriate title of the passage is________.

高分秘笈

一、提取文章主题句

任何一篇文章都有其主题思想，有的呈现于文章中各个段落的开头或结尾，通过某一句话加以概括，这就是通常所说的主题句。阅读中抓住文章或段落的中心句，这是最快捷的和行之有效的确定文章主旨的方法。

阅读过程中要注意下面的一些常识性阅读技巧：

1．主题句在段落开头，其后则常常是对这种主题句的论证或说明，并且会出现一些诸如for example，first，second，on one hand，on the other hand等常见的信息提示词，阅读时要充分利用这些信息词去寻找需要的主题句信息。

2．主题句出现在段末。尽管大部分情况下我们可能是在段首找到主题句，也不能排除作者在段末呈现主题句的可能性。如果某种观点或主题比较复杂，需要用很多的事例先进行说

明或解释，读者才能明白作者的观点，此时则通常采用先列举事例，然后呈现主题观点的做法。以列举事例开头，经过论证，然后再给出文章的主题观点，这是另外一种文章主题的呈现方法。此时要注意一些总结性的词汇，如therefore，as a result，in conclusion，in short，as a consequence等。

二、体会作者要表达的深层寓意和写作意图

无论何种文章，作者在写作时都要表达自己的情感态度，对事物和事件的褒贬，对正义的赞美、对丑恶的鞭挞。这种写作意图的流露，向考生传递的这些信息或是为了娱乐，或者在讲述某种为人的道理。有时这种信息的表达并不是明确地表达出来，而是隐蔽于文字中，因此要求考生在理解文章总体内容的基础上领会作者的意图。

三、明辨主题句与标题的区别，选择恰当标题

文章标题位于文章之首，点明文章的主题，是文章内容的高度概括，因此它是文章中心思想的精练表达，其作用在于帮助读者迅速预测文章的大意，抓住文章的中心观点。标题的特点是高度概括，短小精悍，多为短语或短句，对整篇文章起到表率作用。选择文章标题要注意以下几点：

1．分清主题句与标题。主题句和标题虽然关系密切，但又有区别，因此找到了主题句不一定能找对标题，它需要考生根据主题句进行抽象，整合，然后才能找到标题；主题句在语法上是一个完整的句子，而标题在结构上是单词或短语，因此主题句具体明确，而文章标题则内涵深刻。

2．要避免常见的四种错误：(1)以偏代全，概括不完整，常常以文章的部分内容代表全体，结果不能代表和概括文章的中心大意；(2)范围过大，超出了文章大意的内容；(3)无关信息或主观臆断。有时误把与文章无关的内容当作正确选项，结果造成严重失分；而有时考生会将自己的主观意识加入到考题中，增加了失误的几率；(4)以文章中的事实、细节代替抽象的文章大意。

另外还要特别注意标题的表达形式，一般而言，标题必须以话题为中心，同时也必须是高度浓缩的符合一定语法规则的符合文章中心句、主题句的短语或短句。

三推理判断题

高考命题聚焦

(2011年高考新课标全国卷)

When milk arrived on the doorstep

When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s，we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep.His name was Mr.Basille.He wore a white cap and drove a white truck.As a 5yearold boy，I couldn't take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt.He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.

Of course，he delivered more than milk.There was cheese，eggs and so on.If we needed to change our order，my mother would pen a note—“Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery”—and place it in the box along with the empty bottles.And then，the buttermilk would magically appear.

All of this was about more than convenience.There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen.Mr.Basille even had a key to our house，for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors，so that the milk wouldn't freeze.And I remember Mr.Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table，having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.

There is sadly no home milk deliverytoday.Big companies allowed the production

of cheaper milk，thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete.Besides，milk is for sale everywhere，and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service. Recently，an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and planted it on the back porch(门廊)．Every so often my son's friends will ask what it is.So I start telling stories of my boyhood，and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.

【语篇解读】友谊是美酒，年份越久越醇香浓厚；现代化的生活也许给人们带来的是更多的舒适与便利，但儿时的送奶工却给“我”留下无尽的美好回忆。走进本文，感受一下作者对童年一段友谊的追忆。

1．Mr.Basille gave the boy a quarter out of his coin changer ________.

A．to show his magical power

B．to pay for the delivery

C．to satisfy his curiosity

D．to please his mother

解析：细节理解题。由第一段中的．..I couldn't take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt.可知是为了满足“我”的好奇心才给了我投币器里的一部分钱。

答案：C

2．What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy's house? A．He wanted to have tea there.

B．He was a respectable person.

C．He was treated as a family member.

D．He was fully trusted by the family.

解析：推理判断题。一个非本家庭成员却有本家庭的钥匙，肯定是他得到这个家庭的完全信任，家人对其人品深信不疑。第三段中的There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen.以及最后一段中的最后一句．..the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.更印证了答案选D项。

答案：D

3．Why does home milk delivery no longer exist?

A．Nobody wants to be a milkman now.

B．It has been driven out of the market.

C．Its service is getting poor.

D．It is forbidden by law.

解析：细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的Big companies allowed the production of...to compete.以及Besides，milk is for sale...a delivery service.可知：随处可见的批量生产的牛奶使送奶工失去竞争力，也就是说送奶工送牛奶上门的服务被逐出了市场。

答案：B

4．Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?

A．He missed the good old days.

B．He wanted to tell interesting stories.

C．He needed it for his milk bottles.

D．He planted flowers in it.

解析：细节理解题。从最后一段第一句Recently，an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories.以及最后一句话作者讲童年的故事和与送奶工之间

的友谊都能看出作者很想念过去的日子。

答案：A

核心考点突破

一、题型特点

推理判断题旨在测试考生在阅读的基础上进行逻辑判断和推理的能力，要求考生在已获得信息的基础上对作者的写作意图、文章中所隐含的观点、态度以及作者要在文章中渗透的某种意识形态等进行揣测，对文章的深层次内容进行合理的挖掘。这些通过判断和推理才得到的信息有的比较明显，有的则比较含蓄和隐晦，在文章的字里行间，需要考生运用自己的逻辑思维能力并结合自己的生活阅历及常识做出合理的判断。这个层面上进行的阅读理解也就有了难度，是一种对文章的深层次的解读。做这类题目时要注意不能仅限于表面，限于文章中的句子本身的含义，同时又要在文章中可以找到依据，也就是说，它必须是有源之水，有本之木。做题时考生切忌主观臆断，以自己的看法来代替作者的观点或仅凭自己的经验来评判作者要体现的意图。

二、设题形式

1．常出现于题干中的一些与判断和推理相关的词汇里，正确解读题干是做好此类题目的一个关键，在推理判断题的题干中常会出现以下词汇：

(1)conclude，imply，show，suggest，learn，infer，intend，mean，purpose等

(2)could，may，might，would等情态动词

(3)possible，probable，likely，possibly，probably等形容词或副词。

2．常见题干形式：

(1)We can conclude from the passage that________.

(2)The purpose of the passage is________.

(3)From the underlined sentence we can infer that________.

(4)The passage is most likely to inform the reader________.

(5)We can learn from the first paragraph that________.

高分秘笈

1．细节性推理判断和综合性推理判断的不同解题思路

(1)虽然都是推理判断题，但根据不同的题目的特点有不同的思维方法。

首先细节类推理判断题不同于一般的细节理解题，它要求考生要根据文章的内容去推断言外之意，而细节理解题只需要在原文中去寻找恰当的内容。因此此类命题往往是以文章要体现的观点、作者对某一事件的认识为命题点，往往会出现在文章本身或某个段落的开头、结尾的要点归纳的地方。湖南高考阅读理解B篇第65题就是这样设题的：

Although her disease has affected her eyesight and forced her to the sidelines of the dance floor，she refuses to fall into selfpity.“Everybody on earth can ask，‘why me？’about something or other，”she insists.“It doesn't do any good.No one is immune(免疫的)to heartache，pain，and disappointments.Sometimes we can make things better by helping others.I've come to realize the importance of that as I've grown up this second time.I want to speak out and be as helpful as I can be.”

65．What can we know from the last paragraph?

A．Mary feels pity for herself.

B．Mary has recovered from her disease.

C．Mary wants to help others as much as possible.

D．Mary determines to go back to the dance floor.

[解析]从文章中的Sometimes we can make things better by helping others...and be as helpful as I can be.即可推断出她愿意尽可能地去帮助别人。

(2)综合性理解判断题通常围绕文章的若干个段落或整个文章提出，如果单纯只看文章中的某一个句子或段落都很难得出全面而准确的答案，要综合考虑。在所给的选项中，有的是阅读材料中的细节，并非推理；而有的推理，虽然在文章中可以找到依据，但只是从某个细节或段落得出的内容，而不能概括整篇的内容要求，因此解这类题目时一定要把所有的信息都综合起来考虑，与整篇文章相吻合，而不只是一个点相吻合。

2．注意问题

(1)紧抓阅读材料所提供的信息，切忌渗透个人主观成分；

(2)分清逻辑推理与阅读材料细节的区别，避免将阅读材料内容当成逻辑推理内容理解；

(3)即使选项与自己知识经验相符，而文章中没有涉及，也不可臆断为选项内容；

(4)注意文章中作者的语气、措词及行文的过渡和转换。

四词义猜测题

高考命题聚焦

(2011年高考天津卷)An idea that started in Seattle's public library has spread throughout America and beyond.The concept is simple: help to build a sense of community in a city by getting everyone to read the same book at the same time.

In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求) to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools.The idea came from Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl who launched (发起) the “If All of Seattle Read the Same Book” project in 1998.Her original program used author visits，study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together with a book, but the idea has since expanded to many other American cities，and even to Hong Kong.

In Chicago, the mayor (市长) appeared on television to announce the choice of To Kill a Mockingbird as the first book in the “One Book, One Chicago”program.As a result, reading clubs and neighborhood groups sprang up around the city.Across the US, stories emerged of parents and children reading to each other at night and strangers chatting away on the bus about plot and character.

The only problem arose in New York, where local readers could not decide on one book to represent the huge and diverse population.This may show that the idea works best in mediumsized cities or large towns, where a greater sense of unity (一致) can be achieved.Or it may show that New Yorkers rather missed the point, putting all their energy and passion into the choice of the book rather than into discussion about a book itself.

Ultimately, as Nancy points out, the level of success is not measured by how many people read a book, but by how many people are enriched by the process, or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared_a_word.

【语篇解读】西雅图图书管理员南希·珀尔发起了一项活动，倡导同在一个城市的人们同读一本书，其目的在于增强人们的团队意识，并促进人与人之间的交流和分享。通过活动发现，只有在中等大小的城市或大的城镇里这项活动才能得到较好的开展。

1. What is the purpose of the project launched by Nancy?

A．To invite authors to guide readers.

B．To encourage people to read and share.

C．To involve people in community service.

D．To promote the friendship between cities.

解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句话可以看出，这项活动的目的，“除了鼓励所有的人将阅读当作一种追求外，这项活动还创造了机会让陌生人之间通过讨论书而进行交流，并促进阅读成为在家庭和学校里分享的一种体验”。也就是说，这项活动的目的就是在鼓励人们阅读的同时增进了解、沟通。

答案：B

2. Why was it difficult for New Yorkers to carry out the project?

A．They had little interest in reading.

B．They were too busy to read a book.

C．They came from many different backgrounds.

D．They lacked support from the local government.

解析：推理判断题。根据第四段第二句话This may show that...可以看出，分享同一本书的活动可以在中等大小的城市或大的城镇中推广开来，但在像纽约这么大的城市却无法执行，推断其原因，还是在于人的背景复杂。而对于A、B、D三个选项的内容，文章并未提及。答案：C

3. According to the passage, where would the project be more easily carried out?

A．In large communities with little sense of unity.

B．In large cities where libraries are far from home.

C．In mediumsized cities with a diverse population.

D．In large towns where agreement can be quickly reached.

解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第二句话This may show...achieved.可以看出，在大的城镇，人们容易取得一致的观点，这项活动易于开展。

答案：D

4. The underlined words“shared a word” in Paragraph 5 probably mean________. A．exchanged ideas with each other

B．discussed the meaning of a word

C．gained life experience

D．used the same language

解析：意义猜测题。从文章第二段可以知道，这项活动的目的之一就是通过讨论书籍，鼓励人们之间进行交流。A 项符合语境。而B 项“讨论一个词的含义”，C 项“获得生活经验”和 D 项“使用同一种语言”均不是这项活动的目的。

答案：A

5. According to Nancy, the degree of success of the project is judged by________.

A．the careful selection of a proper book

B．the growing popularity of the writers

C．the number of people who benefit from reading

D．the number of books that each person reads

解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段的．..the level of success is not...but...可知，成功的程度不在于有多少人读了同一本书，而在于多少人在这个读书的过程中受益。由此可确定答案。答案：C

核心考点突破

一、题型特点

词义猜测题主要考查考生对某个生词或短语在特定语境中含义的理解能力，它可能是学生熟悉的老词的新义，也可能是学生不熟悉的词汇或短语，也可能是一些词组的引申意义或整个句子的理解。命题者通过这种题型着重考查学生利用词义对比、反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇结构联系等判断所要求内容的意义的能力。有时，词义猜测题必须在了解整个语篇内容的基础上才能做出正确的判断，因此要求考生必须具备必要的上下文理解能力，具备足够的构词法知识，同时具有较高的逻辑思维能力，从而对所给出的内容做出正确的判断。

二、设题形式

1．The underlined word/phrase“________”in the third paragraph means________.

2．The underlined word“________”in the second paragraph can be replaced by________. 3．Which of the following is closest to the meaning of the underlined word“________”in the last paragraph?

4．The underlined word“________”in the fourth paragraph refers to________.

高分秘笈

词义猜测题主要考查与文章含义相关的超纲词汇或一词多义的单词在文章中的理解，因此要求考生解题时要紧扣原文，依据语境进行判断，切不可望文生义。做题时要注意以下解题方法：

1．利用上下文提示词和对比、对照关系猜测词义

从词汇所处的语境进行分析，注意上下文之间的关系。比如，当文章中出现that's to say，that is或破折号时，可以判断，这些词后面的内容是对前面内容的解释；但如果出现了although，while，however，but，yet，on the other hand，on the contrary等，则表明后面的内容与前面的内容相反。另外，诸如定语从句等也可能对前面的内容进行解释，考生可以从中寻找答案

例1：

Try to remove any smells that might attract animals.By making sure that no food odors linger on your tent, bedroll，sleeping clothes or any gear in the sleeping area, you can reduce the chance of a potential invasion by a skunk or bear.

Q：The underlined word “odors”in the paragraph is closest in meaning to________. A．smoke B．smells

C．possibilities D．bears

[解析]词义猜测题。根据上句Try to remove any smells that might attract animals.可知，下句意为“通过确保你所住的帐篷、铺盖卷及睡衣或任何的在睡觉区域的东西都没有食物的味道，你就可以减少遭遇臭鼬或熊入侵的可能性”。

[答案] B

2．利用同义词、近义词及反义词等进行词义猜测

在阅读理解的文章中有时会出现与生词同义、近义或词义完全相反的词，它往往暗示了该词在文章中的意义。

例2：

Rest can't be skimped.Without enough rest, good work is impossible.This is why we say that rest is another kind of rest.

Q：The underlined word “skimped” in the paragraph most probably means________. A．not supplied with enough of what is in need

B．strengthened in spite of the conditions

C．recharged during the time of working

D．invested without any of the cost

[解析]词义猜测题。从文中的“Without enough rest，good work is impossible.”可知，作者认为“没有足够的休息，就不可能工作好”，由此可知，此处skimped和句中的without enough rest同义，意为“节省，少给，克扣”。

[答案] A

3．利用已有的构词法知识、生活经历或常识等猜测词义

有时文章中出现的生词并没有学过，但是运用我们学过的构词法知识或生活常识等，我们就可顺利地猜测出单词或短语的含义。

例3：Countries that plan to combat global warming by planting trees may have to think again.Solutions to environmental problems are often more complex than they first appear，and understanding the Earth's climate is a very great challenge.

Q：The underlined word “combat”in the paragraph means________.

A．learn about B．give up

C．live with D．fight against

[解析]词义猜测题。根据常识我们知道，目前世界各国都在通过各种方式来试图解决全球变暖的问题，同全球变暖这一威胁人类生存的自然灾害作斗争，故combat意为“作斗争”，“fight against”符合此处的词义。

[答案] D

阅读理解专题训练

Test 1

A long time ago there lived a poor man.He did not want to do any work but dreamed of being rich one day.He got his food by knocking at others' doors.One morning he got a bowl of milk.He was very delighted and went home.He boiled the milk, drank some of it and put the remaining milk in a pot.He added some curd (凝乳)in the pot for turning the milk into curd.He then lay down to sleep.

Soon he started dreaming about the pot of curd while he lay asleep.He dreamed on：“By the morning the pot of milk would turn into curd.I will heat the curd and make butter out of it.I will then go to the market and sell the butter and make some money.With the money I will buy a hen.The hen will lay many eggs which will hatch and there will be many chickens.These chickens will in turn lay hundreds of eggs and I will soon have a chicken farm of my own.I will sell all the hens and buy some cows，and open a milk factory.All the people in the town will buy milk from me.I will be so rich that I am able to marry a beautiful girl from a rich family.Soon I will have a handsome son.If he makes trouble I will hit him with a stick.”

During this dream, he picked up the stick next to his bed and thought that he was beating his son.The stick was raised up and down.“Crash！”The pot broke into pieces and he awoke from his day dream.

【语篇解读】一个穷人靠乞讨为生。他不愿工作却梦想有一天发大财。一天他讨到了一碗牛奶，然后做起了白日梦。

1．How did the man make a living?

A．By begging. B．By selling butter.

C．By making curd. D．By raising chickens.

解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“He did not want to do any work....He got his food by knocking at others' doors.”可知，这个人不愿工作，靠“敲他人的房门”获取食物，即乞讨为生。

答案：A

2．What would the man buy if he earned money from selling the butter?

A．A hen. B．A cow.

C．Some eggs. D．Some chickens.

解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“I will then go to the market and sell the butter and make some money.With the money I will buy a hen.”可知，这个人会用卖黄油赚到的钱买一只母鸡。

答案：A

3．The pot was broken into pieces because________.

A．the man broke it on purpose to show his anger

B．the man's troublesome son broke it carelessly

C．it was not placed well and dropped to the ground

D．the man wanted to beat his son in his dream and mistakenly hit it

解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，这个人做梦要打自己的儿子，因此他拿起了床边的棍子挥舞了起来。然后“哗”的一声，罐子碎了。由此可知，他在睡梦中用棍子打碎了罐子。

答案：D

4．The man can be best described as ________.

A．rude and cruel B．lazy and greedy

C．selfish and tricky D．careless and awkward

解析：推理判断题。根据第一段“He did not want to do any work but dreamed of being rich one day.”及下文中这个人做的发财梦可以看出，他懒惰而贪婪。

答案：B

5．What do you learn from the story?

A．Life is but a dream.

B．If we dream，everything is possible.

C．Dreams cannot be realized without hard work.

D．A fool dreams of wealth，a wise man，of happiness.

解析：推理判断题。本文讲述了一个不努力工作而梦想发财的人梦想破灭的故事。这个故事给我们的启示是：没有辛勤的付出梦想就不会实现。

答案：C

Test 2

Often we make the mistake of thinking，“if I cannot do something big，I cannot change the world.I can't make a difference.”If you are afraid that you can't make a difference，you will be afraid to move.Perhaps you think if you cannot make a difference then it is better to do nothing.

Move a rock，move a river

An old story says by moving a rock you could change the course of a river.Maybe that sounds ridiculous，but it is true.The river will not change immediately, but it will do if you can continue to move rocks into the river https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f65706973.html,ually we can't see it happen because it happens slowly.

Make a difference

The same is true in making a difference.You may not see results from your actions today or even next week.You may do something to make a difference that is not noticed a year from now.Some day，what you did kept someone from doing something stupid or started him/her on a different road.Years from now, the persons touched by what you did，may make a difference，and the persons they touched may also make a difference.So it goes and grows，until unknown numbers of people have been touched by a single action.This is the magic of making a difference.It is not always the biggest events that change the world.Sometimes it is something so small you might forget，but to the other people you could have changed the course of their lives forever.

【语篇解读】如果说滴水可以穿石，那么小事情也可以改变世界。

1．What does “the mistake of thinking” refer to?

A．Most people in the world are common people.

B．Doing something small cannot make a difference.

C．It is better to do nothing without any preparation.

D．Negative emotions always lead to a bad result.

解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“...‘if I cannot do something big，I cannot change the world.I can't make a difference.’”可知，人们总是认为自己没做大事情，就不可能改变世界，也不会产生影响，即小事情不能产生影响。

答案：B

2．According to the passage，a person's attitude________.

A．decides his/her action

B．comes from his/her life experience

C．is often affected by others

D．is always different from others'

解析：推理判断题。根据第一段“If you are afraid that you can't make a difference，you will be afraid to move.Perhaps you think if you cannot make a difference then it is better to do

nothing.”可知，由于担心不能产生影响，所以害怕行动，或许人们还会认为如果不能产生什么影响，那最好什么都别做。由此可推知，一个人的态度决定他/她的行动。

答案：A

3．What does the underlined word “course” possibly mean?

A．One of the important parts of a meal.

B．The direction that something moves in.

C．The way something develops or should develop

D．A series of lessons or lectures on a particular subject.

解析：词义猜测题。根据上下文“...by moving a rock you could change the...of a river.The river will not change immediately，but it will do if you can continue to move rocks into the river constantly.”可知，搬石头到河里改变的应该是河的流向，这种效果不会立即显现出来，但如果你能坚持不懈地做下去，那么就会成功。由此可推知画线词含义为“路线，流向”。

答案：B

4．From the last paragraph, what can we infer?

A．Everyone can make many friends in life.

B．A single action can lead to a knock-on effect.

C．One needn't spend years in making a difference.

D．A person's success usually involves many people.

解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Years from now，the persons touched by what you did，may make a difference，and the persons they touched may also make a difference.So it goes and grows，until unknown numbers of people have been touched by a single action.”可知，随着时间的流逝，你所做的事情感染了一些人，而这些人又感染了另一些人，这就是一个连锁反应。

答案：B

5．Which of the following sayings can best go with the writer's view?

A．God helps those who help themselves.

B．The grass is greener on the other side.

C．Penny and penny laid up will be many.

D．No man can do two things at once.

解析：作者意图题。文章阐述了小事情也可以改变世界，其过程就是积少成多的过程，即“Penny and penny laid up will be many.”

答案：C

Test 3

I first noticed Anita at a Christmas party.She was amazing，not just because she was beautiful，with her shoulder-length blonde hair，her bright eyes and her sweet smile.She was also

an amazing dancer.That meant you couldn't just stand there watching her dancing，but would try to have a dance with her.She was a Dancing Queen.She knew all the steps，and she had all the right moves.

I，on the other hand, was a dancing fool.Or in my case，I was more foolish than usual.Still，I was determined to have a dance with Anita.To tell the truth，I wasn't exactly sure who she was.I had seen her at church，and admired her，but on the dance floor she danced heart and soul，and the joy came from her heart while she was dancing.Her dance was absolutely alluring.I couldn't take my eyes off her.But every time I tried to move toward her to ask her to dance，some guys，well dressed，would cut in front of me.

It was not until the evening's second-to-last dance that I was finally able to catch my turn with the Dancing Queen，and I tried to make the most of it.I recalled every bit of dancing know-how(技能)I could know，and I somehow managed to make it through to the end of the dance.After that we often danced and dated and less than two years later, we married.

I would always remember the first stumbling(跌跌撞撞的)step on the dance floor.But it doesn't really matter.What matters is that first step was taken.No matter how insecure and awkward(笨拙的)it was，it was the important first step toward something remarkable.Whether we're learning to walk or learning to run a business，breaking an old habit or starting a new one, no step is more important than the first step.It may be embarrassingly weak，or even painful，but it leads to success.

【语篇解读】Anita舞跳得非常好，是作者心中的跳舞皇后，作者认为自己是跳舞的蠢才，然而他还是鼓起勇气请Anita跳舞，他庆幸自己迈出了第一步，这是成功的一步。

1．The underlined word “alluring” in Paragraph 2 means______.

A．lively B．terrible

C．attractive D．cool

解析：词义猜测题。根据上文可知Anita舞跳得好，以及下文作者说“I couldn't take my eyes off her.”自己没办法从Anita身上移开视线。从而可知，Anita跳舞很吸引人。因此可以猜测出，“alluring”与“attractive”意思相近。

答案：C

2．Why didn't the author dance with Anita at the beginning of the party?

A．It was hard to find a chance to do so.

B．He thought Anita would look down upon him.

C．He hadn't made up his mind to dance with her.

D．Anita liked dancing with the wealthy young man.

解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的“But every time I tried to move toward her to ask her to dance，some guys，well dressed，would cut in front of me.”可知，每次当作者想要请Anita

跳舞时总会有人插到作者前面，所以作者一直没有机会和Anita跳舞。

答案：A

3．From the passage we learn that the author________.

A．was very nervous when he danced with Anita for the first time

B．had only one dance with Anita at that Christmas party

C．knew Anita at a Christmas party and two years later they married

D．was too happy to know how to move steps when he danced with Anita

解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“It was not until the evening's second-to-last dance that I was finally able to catch my turn with the Dancing Queen，...and I somehow managed to make it through to the end of the dance.”可知，作者直到倒数第二支舞才有机会和Anita跳舞，并成功地延续到这支舞结束，所以作者在圣诞聚会时只和Anita跳了一支舞。

答案：B

4．What is the writer trying to tell us?

A．A good beginning is half done.

B．He who risks nothing gains nothing.

C．Where there is a will, there is a way.

D．The first step is difficult but important.

解析：写作意图题。根据最后一段“...no step is more important than the first step.It may be embarrassingly weak，or even painful，but it leads to success.”可知，作者写本篇文章的目的是告诉人们第一步很困难但是很重要。

答案：D

Test 4

In today's health conscious society，everybody is looking for many measures to lose weight and have the perfect figure.But if you say that coconut(椰子)oil helps with weight loss，you are going to get a large variety of expressions and responses like “Are you crazy？”or even “You are out of your mind！”Have a very good laugh at them for I am about to reveal a secret to you.

A lot of people eat less fat for fear of gaining weight and becoming fat.However，fat is also required for many important bodily functions.Your body needs an appropriate amount of fat.If you start dieting and cut off the supply of essential fat to the body, then your body starts craving (渴求)for fat sources.This can be extremely dangerous as the functions of fat would go unfulfilled，disturbing the processes in your body.Coconut oil is a source of non-hydrogenated fat(非氢化油脂)which can't make you become fat.If you consume coconut oil，then you will have a very good and balanced supply of fat for your bodily functions.The consumption of coconut oil for weight loss also reduces the cravings of the body.Many scientists have advocated the use of coconut oil

and balanced intake(摄取)of nutrients for a healthy body.The best way to use coconut oil for weight loss is to simply use it in food.You_can_also_try_some_of_the_healthy_cooking_oils_for_this_purpose.

So let us conclude by saying that coconut oil for weight loss is essential and healthy because it reduces the food cravings，performs the needed functions and helps the body to burn up the unwanted fat.

【语篇解读】食用椰子油可以减肥。

1．What can we know from the first paragraph?

A．Most people need to lose weight today.

B．Most people lack a sense of losing weight.

C．Few people believe coconut oil helps with weight loss.

D．The concept that coconut oil helps with weight loss is ridiculous.

解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“But if you say that coconut oil helps with weight loss，you are going to get a large variety of expressions and responses like‘Are you crazy？’or even‘You are out of your mind！’”可知，很少有人相信食用椰子油可以减肥。

答案：C

2．Coconut oil is good for our health because________.

A．it can make us eat less and be thin

B．it can kill the harmful things in our bodies

C．it makes our bodies demand more fat sources

D．it makes us have an appropriate supply of fat

解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“If you consume coconut oil，then you will have a very good and balanced supply of fat for your bodily functions.”可知，食用椰子油可以使你体内有适量的脂肪，从而保持身体机能正常。

答案：D

3．The author wants to tell us through the underlined sentence that________.

A．some other cooking oils should be used in a scientific way

B．some healthy cooking oils should be used to replace coconut oil

C．some healthy cooking oils won't produce any fat in humans' bodies

D．there are also some other cooking oils that can help us lose weight

解析：句意理解题。根据前一句“The best way to use coconut oil for weight loss is to simply use it in food.”可知，画线句中“this purpose”指的是减肥，由此可推断画线句的意思是说：食用其他的一些食用油也可以达到减肥目的。

答案：D

4．It can be inferred from the passage that________.

A．many people have an incorrect attitude to fat

B．using coconut oil may also produce unwanted fat

C．the more coconut oil you use，the thinner you would be

D．using coconut oil for weight loss is very difficult

解析：推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，许多人因为怕变胖而不敢吃太多油脂，但这对身体来说是有害的。由此可推断，一些人对油脂有着错误的观念。

答案：A

5．Who will be interested in this passage?

A．Businessmen who want to sell coconut oil.

B．People who want to lose weight in a right way.

C．Researchers who want to find the role of fat.

D．Scientists who want to show the secret of losing weight.

解析：推理判断题。本文作者主要从食用椰子油对人体的积极作用方面来阐述其对于减肥的作用。由此可推断，那些想要减肥的人们更会对本文感兴趣。

答案：B

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正德中学高三英语导学案

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高三英语阅读理解(带详解)

I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. “I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.” He laughed, “You’ll give me a quarter for my story?” I lay the qu front of him and corrected myself –“Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.” I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the “I was in the army,” he said. “ carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. enemy from the distance.” I listened He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. “I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,” he said. “One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.” The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? “I have no regrets,”　 anyone the homeless man said. “I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed He in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.”　 okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with continued, “I can live with being homeless—that’s killing innocent people.” On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. （） A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order