朗文词典注释所用2000核心词汇集

朗文词典注释所用2000核心词汇集The Longman Defining Vocabulary

Words used in the definitions in this dictionary

All the definitions in this dictionary have been written using the words in this list. If a definition includes a word that is not in the list, that word is shown in small capital letters.

The Defining Vocabulary has been carefully chosen after a thorough study of all the well-known frequency lists of English words. Furthermore, only the most common and ‘entral’ meanings of the words in the list have actually been used in definitions. We have also used a special computer program that checks every entry to ensure that words from outside the Defining Vocabulary do not appear in definitions.

Word class restrictions

For some words in the list, a word class label such as n or adj is shown. This means that this particular word is used in definitions only in the word class shown. So anger, for example, is used only as a noun and not as a verb. But if no word class is shown for a word, it can be used in any of its usual word classes: answer, for example, is used in definitions both as a noun and as a verb.

Compound words

Definitions occasionally include compound words formed from words in the Defining Vocabulary, but this is only done if the meaning is

completely clear. For example, the word businessman (formed from

business and man) is used in some definitions.

Prefixes and suffixes

The main list is followed by a list of common prefixes and suffixes. These can be added to words in the main list to form derived words, provided the meaning is completely clear. For example, the word nervousness (formed by adding -ness to nervous) is used in some definitions.

Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs formed by combining words in the Defining Vocabulary (for example, put up with) are not used in definitions in the dictionary, except in a very small number of cases where the phrasal verb is extremely common and there is no common equivalent. So, for example,

give up (as in give up smoking) and take off (as in the plane took off) are occasionally used.

Proper names

The Defining Vocabulary does not include the names of actual places, nationalities, religions, and so on, which are occasionally mentioned in definitions.

Pearson Education Limited 1999

A

a affect abbreviation afford ability afraid able after adv, conj,

prep about afternoon above adv, prep afterwards abroad again absence against absent adj age n accept ago acceptable agree accident agreement

accidental ahead according to aim account n air n achieve aircraft achievement airport acid alcohol across alive act all adv, pron, determiner, pre-determiner

action allow active almost activity alone actor, actress along

actual alphabet actually already add also addition although additional always address among adjective amount n admiration amuse admire amusement admit amusing adult an advanced ancient adj advantage and adventure n anger n adverb angle n advertise angry advertisement animal advice announce advise annoy affair annoying

another artificial answer as

anxiety as opposed to anxious ashamed any ask anyone asleep anything association anywhere at

apart atom apartment attack appear attempt appearance attend apple attention approval attitude approve attract area attractive argue authority argument autumn arm n available army average adj, n around avoid arrange awake adj arrangement away adv arrival awkward arrive art article

be B beach n baby beak back adj, adv, n beam n background bean backward(s) adv bear bad beat bag n beautiful bake v beauty balance because ball n become band n bed bank n beer bar n before base n, v

begin basic beginning basket behave bath n behaviour battle n behind adv, prep

belief both believe bottle n bell bottom n belong bowl n below box n belt n boy bend brain n beneath branch n beside(s) brave adj best bread

better adj, adv break v between breakfast n beyond adj, adv breast bicycle n breath big adj breathe bill breed bird brick birth bridge n

bit bright bite bring bitter adj broad adj black adj, n broadcast v blade brother blame brown adj, n blind adj brush block build v blood building blow bullet blue burn board n burst v boat bury body bus boil bush bomb business bone n busy book n but conj boot n butter n border n button n bored buy v boring by prep born borrow C

cake n call v calculate calm adj

camera children camp n, v chin can chocolate cap choice n capital n choose car church n card cigarette care cinema careful circle n careless circular adj carriage citizen carry city case n claim v castle class n cat clay catch v clean adj, v cattle clear adj, v cause clever ceiling cliff celebrate climb v cell clock n central close adj, adv, v centre n cloth century clothes ceremony clothing certain adj, determiner cloud n chain n club n chair n coal chance n coast n change coat n character coffee charge coin n chase v cold adj, n cheap collar n cheat v collect v check college cheek n colour cheerful comb cheese combination chemical combine v chemistry come cheque comfort chest comfortable chicken command chief committee child common adj

communicate cotton communication cough company could compare v council n comparison count v compete country n competition countryside competitor courage complain course n complaint court n complete cover completely cow n complicated crack n, v compound n crash n, v computer crazy concern v cream n concerning creature concert crime condition n

criminal confidence criticism confident criticize confuse crop n confusing cross n, v connect crowd connection cruel conscious crush v consider cry consist cup n contain cupboard container cure continue curl continuous current n contract n curtain n control curve conversation custom n cook n, v customer copy cut corn cycle v corner n correct adj, v

cost

D

daily adj, adv danger damage dangerous dance dark

date n dictionary daughter die v

day difference dead adj different deal n difficult deal with

difficulty death dig v

debt dinner decay direct deceive direction decide dirt decision

dirty adj decorate disappoint decoration disappointing decrease discover deep adj discovery defeat discuss defence discussion defend disease n definite dish n definitely dismiss degree distance delay distant deliberate adj divide deliberately do v

delicate doctor n deliver document n demand dog n department dollar depend door dependent double adj, v, pre-determiner depth doubt describe down adv, prep description draw v desert n drawer deserve dream design dress n, v desirable drink desire drive n, v desk drop destroy drug n destruction drum n detail n drunk pastpart, adj determination dry determined duck n develop dull adj

during

dust n

duty

E

each enemy eager energy ear engine early engineer n earn enjoy earth n enjoyable east enjoyment eastern enough easy adj enter eat entertain economic entertainment edge n entrance n educate envelope educated environment education equal adj, n effect n equipment effective escape effort especially egg establish eight even adj, adv either evening elbow event elect v ever election every electric everyone electricity everything electronic everywhere else evil embarrass exact adj embarrassing exactly emotion examination emphasize examine employ v example employer excellent employment except conj, prep empty adj, v exchange enclose excite encourage exciting end excuse

exercise explosion exist explosive existence express v expect expression expensive extreme adj experience extremely explain eye explanation

explode

F

face fence n fact fever factory few fail v field n failure fifth

fair adj fight fairly figure n faith fill v faithful adj film fall final adj false finally familiar financial family find v famous find out far fine adj farm finger n farmer finish v fashion n fire fashionable firm adj fast adj, adv first adj, determiner fasten fish fat fit adj, v

father n five fault n fix v favourable flag n favourite adj flame n fear

n flash n, v feather n flat adj feature n flesh feed v flight feel v float v feeling(s) flood female floor n

flour n frame n flow free flower n freedom fly n, v freeze v fold frequent adj follow fresh fond friend food friendly foot n frighten football frightening for prep from force front adj, n foreign fruit n foreigner full adj forest n fun forget funeral forgive funny fork n fur n form furniture formal further adj, adv former future fortunate forward(s) adv

four(th)

G

gain v glue game n go v garage n goat garden god gas n gold gate good gather v goodbye general adj goods generally govern generous government gentle graceful gentleman gradual get grain gift gram girl grammar give v grand adj glad grandfather glass adj, n grandmother grandparent grow grass n growth grateful guard v grave n guess v great adj guest n green guide greet guilty greeting gun n grey adj, n ground n

group n

H

habit helpful hair her(s) half here hall herself hammer n hide v hand n high adj, adv handle hill hang v him happen v himself happy his hard historical hardly history harm hit harmful hold v hat hole hate v holiday n hatred hollow adj have holy he home adv, n head n honest health honour n healthy hook n hear hope heart hopeful heat horn heaven

horse n heavy adj hospital heel n hot adj height hotel hello hour help house n

how adv hunt v

human hurry humorous hurt v

humour husband n hundred(th)

hungry

I

ice n inner idea insect if inside ignore instead ill adj institution illegal instruction illness instrument image insult v

imaginary insulting imagination insurance imagine insure immediately intelligence importance intelligent important intend impressive

intention improve interest improvement interesting in adv, prep international adj include interrupt including into income introduce increase introduction independent invent indoor(s) invitation industrial invite v

industry involve infect inwards infection iron adj, n infectious island influence v it pron

inform its

information itself injure

injury

ink n

J

jaw judge jewel judgement jewellery juice job jump join just adv

joint justice joke

journey n

K

keen kitchen keep v knee n key n kneel kick knife n kill v knock v kilo knot kilogram know v kilometre knowledge kind

king

kiss

L

lack lazy lady lead v lake leaf n lamb lean v lamp learn land least language leather large leave v last adv, determiner left late leg n lately legal laugh lend laughter length adv, pron, determiner law less lawyer lesson lay v let v layer n let go of

letter lock level adv, adj, n lonely library long adj, adv lid look n, v lie look after lie down look for life look sth up lift loose adj light lord n like prep, v lose likely loss limit lot line n loud lion love lip low adj liquid lower list n loyal listen v loyalty literature luck n litre lucky little lung live v

load local adj

M

machine n market n machinery marriage magazine married magic marry mail mass n main adj match make v material n make into mathematics make up v matter male may v man n me manage meal manager mean v manner meaning n many means map n measure march v measurement mark meat medical adj modern adj medicine moment meet v money meeting monkey n melt month member moon n memory moral adj mental more mention v morning

message most metal n mother n method motor adj, n metre mountain middle mouse might v mouth n mile move v miliary adj movement milk n much million(th) mud mind multiply mine n, pron murder mineral muscle n minister n music minute n musician mirror n must v miss v my mist n mysterious mistake n mystery mix v

mixture

model n

N

nail neat name necessary narrow adj neck nasty need

needle n nation

national adj negative adj natural adj neither nature nerve n

nervous navy

near adj, adv, prep net n nearly network n

never north new northern news nose n newspaper not next adj, adv

note n nice nothing night notice nine noticeable ninth noun no adv, determiner now noise n nowhere none pron number n nonsense nurse no one nut nor

normal

O

obey open adj, v object n operate obtain operation occasion n

opin ion ocean opponent o’clock opportunity of oppose off adv, prep as opposed to offence opposite offend opposition offensive adj or offer orange office order officer ordinary official organ often organize oil n organization old origin old-fashioned original on adv, prep other once

adv ought one our(s) onion out adj, adv only outdoor(s) only just outer onto outside

over adv, prep oxygen owe

own

owner

P

pack v per cent package perfect adj page n perform pain n performance painful perhaps paint period n painting permanent pair n permission pale adj person pan n personal paper n persuade parallel adj, n pet n parent petrol park photograph parliament phrase n part n physical adj participle piano n particular adj pick v partly pick up partner n picture n party n piece n pass v pig n passage pile n passenger pilot n past pin path pink adj, n patient adj pipe n pattern n pity pause place pay plain adj, n payment plan peace plane n peaceful plant pen n plastic pence plate n pencil n play people n pleasant pepper n please

pleased preparation pleasure n prepare plenty pron present adj, n plural preserve v pocket n president poem press v poet pressure n poetry pretend point pretty adj pointed prevent poison previous poisonous price n pole n priest police n prince polish v principle polite print

political prison politician prisoner politics private adj pool n prize n poor probably adj popular problem population process n port n produce v position n product positive production possess profession possession profit n

programme possible adj

possibly progress n possibility promise

pronounce post

pronunciation pot n

potato proof n pound n proper pour property powder n proposal power n protect powerful protection

protective practical

protest practice

practise proud praise prove pray provide prayer public prefer pull pump purpose n punish push punishment put pupil

pure

purple

Q

quality quick adj quantity quiet adj, n quarrel quite quarter n queen n

question

R

rabbit n record n, v race red radio n reduce railway reduction rain refusal raise v refuse v range n regard v rank n regular adj rapid adj related rare relative rat n relation rate n relationship rather relax raw relaxing reach v religion react religious reaction remain read v remark n ready adj remember real remind realize remove v really rent reason repair reasonable repeat v receive replace recent reply recently report recognize represent

representative n roll v request n romantic adj respect roof n responsible room n rest root n restaurant rope n restrict rose result rough adj return n, v round adj, adv, prep

reward row rice royal adj rich rub v rid rubber ride rude right adj, adv, n ruin v ring n rule rise ruler risk run river rush v road rob rock n

S

sad screen n safe adj screw safety sea sail search sale season n seat salt n

second adv, n, determiner same

secret sand n

satisfaction secretary satisfactory see v satisfy seed n save v seem say v sell v scale n send scatter v sense n scene sensible school n sensitive science sentence n scientific separate adv, v scientist series scissors serious

servant sign serve signal service n silence n set n, v silent settle v silk seven(th) silly several silver severe similar sex n simple sexual since shade sincere n shadow n sing shake single adj shall singular shame n sink v shape sister share sit sharp adj situation she six(th) sheep size n sheet skilful shelf skill shell n skin n shelter skirt n shine v sky n shiny sleep ship n slide v shirt slight adj slippery shock n, v

shocking slope shoe n slow

small shoot v

shop smell shore n smile short adj smoke shot n smooth adj should snake n shoulder n snow shout so

soap n show n, v

social adj shut

shy society sick adj sock n

soft side n

sideways soil n sight n soldier n

solid start solution state solve statement some pron, determiner station n somehow stay someone steady adj something steal v sometimes steam n somewhere steel n son steep adj song stem n soon step sore adj stick sorry sticky sort n stiff adj soul still adj, adv sound n, v sting soup stitch sour adj stomach n south stone n southern stop space n store speak storm n special adj story specific straight adj, adv speech strange speed n stream n spell v street spend strength spin v stretch v spirit n strict in spite of strike v split v string n spoil v strong spoon n structure n sport n struggle spot n student spread v study spring stupid square adj, n style n

subject n stage n

stair substance stamp succeed stand v success standard successful star n such

suck v surprising sudden surround v suffer swallow v sugar n swear suggest sweep v suit sweet suitable swell v sum n swim summer swing sun n sword supply n, v sympathetic support n, v sympathy suppose system sure adj

surface n

surprise

T

table n than tail n thank take v that conj, pron, determiner talk

the tall theatre taste their(s) tax them taxi n then adv tea there teach therefore team n these tear they technical thick adj telephone thief television thin adj tell thing temper n think v temperature third temporary this pron, determiner ten thorough tend those tendency though thought tennis

tense n thousand(th) tent thread n terrible threat test threaten threatening track n three trade n throat traditional through adv, prep traffic n throw train thumb n training ticket n translate tidy adj, v transparent tie trap tight adj travel time n treat v tired treatment tiring tree title tribe to trick n, v tobacco trip n today tropical toe n trouble together trousers toilet true adj tomorrow trust tongue truth tonight try v too tube tool n tune n tooth turn top adj, n twice total adj, n twist touch two tourist type n towards typical tower n tyre town toy n

U

ugly universe under prep university understand unless

until underwear

undo unusual unexpected up adj, adv, prep uniform n upper union upright adj, adv unit upset v, adj unite upside down

upstairs adj, adv useless urgent usual us

use

useful

V

valley view n valuable adj village value n violence variety violent various visit vegetable voice n vehicle vote verb vowel very adv victory

W

wages week waist weekly adj, adv wait v weigh wake v weight n walk welcome wall n well adj, adv, n war n west warm adj, v western adj warmth wet adj warn what pre-determiner, determiner, pron warning whatever wash wheat waste wheel n watch when adv, conj water whenever wave where way whether we which weak while conj wealth whip weapon whistle wear v white weather n who weave v whole wedding whose why adv, conj woman wide adj, adv wood width wooden wife wool wild adj, adv word n will work willing world win v worry wind worse window worst wine n worth wing n would winter wound wire n wrap v wise adj wrist wish write with wrong adj, adv, n

within

without

Y

year young adj yellow your(s) yes yet

you

Z

zero