Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence

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Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: an empirical investig...Maria Vakola; Dimitris Bouradas Employee Relations; 2005; 27, 4/5; ABI/INFORM Global

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商务英语中的一些翻译

1、对外商投资生产性企业，经营期在十年以上的，实行从获利年度起2年免征、3年减半征收企业所得税。 For foreign-invested manufacturing enterprises with operation period of more than ten years, their corporate income tax will be exempted for the first 2 years and only half of the income tax will be imposed for the next 3 years since their profit-making year. 2、召开股东大会会议，应当于会议召开十五日前通知各股东：发行无记名股票的，应当于会议召开三十日前公告会议召开的时间、地点和审议事项。 Shareholders should be notified 15 days before the shareholder meeting and the time, place and deliberation of shareholder meeting that distributes bearer stocks should be published 30 days be earlier. 3、China shall apply conformity assessment procedures to imported products only to determine compliance with technical regulations and standards that are consistent with the provisions of this Protocol and the WTO Agreement. 中国应当将合格评定程序应用于入口产品以确保入口产品符合与本协议及“WTO协定”一致的技术规定和标准。 4、In case the consequences of a force majeure event affect the contract execution for more than 180 days,the parties shall convene and reach an agreement upon the further execution of the contract. 如果由于不可控事件所造成的结结果影响合同的执行超过180天，各当事人应召开会议并根据合同的未来执行达成协议。

国际经济学重点名词解释

●Arbitrage:The purchase of a currency in the monetary center where it is cheaper for immediate resale in the monetary center where it is more expensive in order to make a profit.( buying at a low price and selling at a high price for a profit.) ●Monetary approach: Economists believe that the money supply determines the price level in the long run . ●Hyperinflation :occurs when a country experiences very high and usually accelerating rates of price inflation, rapidly depreciating the real value of the local currency, and causing the population to minimize their holdings of the local money. ●contractionary monetary policy :is one that reduces the surplus of available assets. This is brought into action and controlled by a central bank or fiscal body appointed by the government. Its primary purpose is to control inflation. ●Purchasing power parity:The notion that the ratio between domestic and foreign price levels should equal the equilibrium exchange rate between domestic and foreign currencies. ●Devaluation:A deliberate downward adjustment to a country's official exchange rate relative to other currencies. ●Appreciation :The increase in value of an asset. Unless you are short selling, appreciation is always a good thing! ●Overshooting:A phenomenon in economics used to explain why exchange rates are more volatile than would be expected. ●exchange rate: is the rate between two currencies at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. ●Balance of Payment:is defined as, "Systematic record of all economic transactions between the residents of a foreign country" Thus balance of payments includes all visible and non-visible transactions of a country during a given period, usually a year. It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency.[ ●Speculation:is the practice of engaging in risky financial transactions in an attempt to profit from short or medium term fluctuations in the market value of a tradable good such as a financial instrument, rather than attempting to profit from the underlying financial attributes embodied in the instrument such as capital gains, interest, or dividends.

个人复制-雅思官方范文7篇经典

Some people work for the same organization all their working life. Others think that it is better to work for different organizations. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. For most people, when they get their first job they have little idea whether or not they will remain in the same organization throughout their working life. If they decide to change, they need to consider how this will impact on their career overall. People who stay with the same organization will have the advantage of a thoroughly understanding how it works and also becoming familiar with the staff and processes. If they work hard, their promotion prospects are good and there is likely to be greater job security with a promise of a good pension when they retire. Employers value loyalty and may offer additional incentives to long-term employees, including bonuses and reward schemes. However, one of the drawbacks of staying with the same organizations is that the person may get stuck doing the same job year after year. In some cases, this can lead to boredom and disillusionment. Moving from one organization to another can be a strategic decision in order to have variety and acquire a range of skills and experience. 9. A friend of my father started out as a sociology teacher, he then joined the Social Services and is currently managing a care home in Western Australia. 10. This has made him incredibly knowledgeable in a range of related fields and, in my view, has provided him with a much more interesting working life. There are benefits to working for one organization; I feel that it is also valuable for an employee to be able to offer a wide range of experience having worked for different companies. As long as it is planned carefully, I feel that change is good and will ultimately benefit the employee and the employer. (281 words)

美剧经典台词

People do good deeds for many reasons, but sometimes good deeds have bad consequences. 人们做好事的理由有很多，但有时好事却招致恶果。——《绝望主妇》 I have the one thing that you never will. Her respect. 我拥有你这辈子都得不到的东西，她的尊敬。——《吸血鬼日记》 Too late to turn back now. 现在回头为时已晚。——《绯闻女孩》 Whenever we make mistakes, we need to apologize, and then we need to move on. 只要犯了错，就应该道歉，然后释怀，继续生活。——《绝望主妇》 If you want to make an omelet, you have to break a few eggs. 舍不得孩子套不着狼。——《吸血鬼日记》 Every fairy tale needs a good old-fashioned villain. 每个童话都需要一个经典大反派。——《神探夏洛克》 Everyone has members of their family that are difficult to deal with. 每个家庭都会有一些比较难对付的一些人。——《为人父母》 Y ou make me happier than I ever thought I could be. If you let me, I’ll spend rest of my life trying to make you feel the same way. 你给了我难以想像的幸福。如果你愿意，我愿意用我的一生让你感受到同样的幸福。——《老友记》 Friend is someone who can see the truth and pain in you even when you are fooling everyone else. 真正的朋友就是，当你蒙蔽了所有人的眼睛，也能看穿你真实的样子和心底的痛楚。——《绝望主妇》 Happy to know you still care. 很高兴知道你还会关心我。——《吸血鬼日记》 Right now you're my priority, not business. 现在我的重心是你不是工作.——《绯闻女孩》

英美概况名词解释

The black Death It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century . It swept through England without warning and any cure , and spring no victims . It killed between half and one –third of the population of England .Thus , much land was left untended and labour was short . It caused far-reaching economicconsequences . Thatcher The election of 1979 returned the conservative party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain . Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries , the use of monetarist policies to control inflation , the weakingof trade forces unions , the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy , and an emphasis on low and order . so , she gained her reputation as the ― iron lady ‖ The nucleus family In America ,―nucleus family ‖ is usually composed of a father , mother and two children . It is seldom seen that a family have more than four or five members , or parents live together with their children who have got married . Relatives --- such as grandparents , uncles , aunts , cousins and in-lows usually live separately .

国际贸易术语解释通则2010前言(中英对照版)

国际贸易术语解释通则2010前言（中英对照版） Foreword By Rajat Gupta，ICC Cbairman The global economy has given businessbroader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are soldin more countries，in large quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume andcomplexity of global sales increase, so do possibilities for misunderstandingsand costly disputes when sale contracts are not adequately drafted. The Incoterms? rules, the ICC rules on theuse of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of globaltrade. Reference to an Icoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly defines the parties' respective obligationsand reduces the risk of legal complications. Since the creation of the Incoterms rulesby ICC in 1936, this globally accepted c ontractual standard has been regularlyupdated to keep pace with the development of international trade. The Incoterms2010 rules take account of the continued spread of customs-free zones, the increaseduse of electronic communications in business transactions, heightened concernabout security in the movement of goods and consolidates in transportpractices. Incoterms2010 updates and consolidates the 'delivered' rules, reducing the total number of rules from 13to 11, and offers a simpler and clearer presentation of all the rules.Incoterms 2010 is also the first version of the Incoterms rules to make allreferences to buyers and sellers gender-neutral. The broad expertise of ICC's Commission onCommercial Law and Practice, whose membership is drawn from all parts of theworld and all trade sectors, ensures that the Incoterms 2010 rules respond tobusiness needs everywhere. 前言 国际商会主席Rajat Gupta 全球经济一体化让生意的接触面比以往任何时候都宽广，可以触及世界每个角落。更多品种的货物可供选择、卖向更多国家、卖得也越来越多。然而，随着全球贸易数额的增加和贸易复杂性的加强,因贸易合同起草不恰当而带来的误解和高代价争端也可能随之增加。 国际贸易术语解释通则，国际商会规则在国内和国际贸易用语的使用促进了全球贸易的进行。在贸易合同中引用国际贸易术语解释通则2010可明确界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷产生的风险。 自从1936年国际商会制定出国际贸易术语解释通则之后，此项在全球范围内被采用的合同标准就经常性地更新换代，与国际贸易的发展步调一致。国际贸易术语解释通则2010考虑了免税贸易区的不断增加，电子沟通在商务中的不断增多，以及被更加重视的货物运输中的安全和变化等问题。国际贸易术语解释通则2010更新并加强了交货规则，将规则总量从13条减少到了11条，并且使得所有规则的表述更加简洁明确。国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一个使得所有在买卖双方中的适用保持中立的第一个国际贸易术语解释版本。国际商会的商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和多个贸易部门，该委员会广泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需求相适应。 ICC would like to express its gratitude tothe members of the Commission, chaired by Fabio Bortolotti (Italy), to theDrafting Group, which comprised Charles Debattista(Co-Chair, France), Jens Bredow(Germany), Johnny Herre(Sweden), David Lwee(UK), Lauri Railas(Finland),

英语小短文带翻译：给自己的礼物

英语小短文带翻译：给自己的礼物 Are you burdened by your conesquences, or is your life blessed by the consequences you create? That depends entirely on the choices you make. 你在为自己酿的苦果所累吗？还是在自己创造的结果中享受幸福的生活？这完全取决于你自己的选择。 It may seem at times that the consequences are there to punish you. Actually, they are there as a manifestation of your thoughts, your actions and your attitude. 有时候,结果好像是用来惩罚你的。实际上,它们是你的思想、行为和态度的见证。 You cannot change the consequences that flow from specific actions. However, you can indeed change the actions you choose to take, and, by so doing, you can decide what consequences you create. 你不能改变某些特定行为带来的结果。不过,你能够选择改变你的行为。这样,你就能决定制造怎样的结果。 Consequences are gifts that you give to yourself, created b y the choices you make. If you don’t like the consequences you have been getting, that is a clear message that you are sending yourself. 各种结果都是你给予自己的礼物,它们都是因你的选择而发生的。如果你不喜欢现在的结果,那么你正在向自己传达某个信息。 Positive and meaningful thoughts and actions bring desirable conesquences. As reliably as day follows night, the way you live creates the life you experience.

1Culture's Consequences International Differences in WorkRelated Values

英语（经贸）0902 中美商务谈判中的文化因素研究 A Study of Cultural Factors in Sino-American Business Negotiation 题目来源：A 题目类型：G C ulture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ff10172564.html,.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cayp_Um4O9gC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=Cultu re%27s+consequences:+International+differences+in+work-related+values&ots=V2GyBxVOQ2 &sig=h2iUCxkjvo58sMeW_84IpBXYRes# 参考文献： [1]白瑷峥:跨国公司本土化经营中的文化认同[J].经济师,2004,(2):82-83 [2]王成银:解析文化差异在现代经济合作中的影响[J].工业技术经 济,2004,(23)6:38-39 [3]G.Hofstede and Michael H.Bond,Confucius Connection:From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth,Organizational Dynamics,16,1988 [4]唐炎钊陆玮:国外跨文化管理研究及启示[J].管理前沿,2005,(5):25-26 [5]Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden Turner,Riding the Waves of Culture,Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business,2nd edition,London:Nichholas Brealey Publishing,1988 [6]吴显英:跨国企业文化分析的方法、问题与对策[J].经济问题,2003,(7):22 [7]马国臣张永兵:国企业跨国经营中的跨文化管理探讨[J].山东大学学报(哲社版),2005,(1):132-135 [8]黎伟:跨文化企业管理初探[J].四川大学学报(哲社版),2001,(1):14-18 [9]钱王桂琴:浅析跨国并购企业的跨文化管理[J].北京工商大学学报(社科版),2003,18(1):9-13 [10]刘汉杰:合资企业的跨文化冲突现象及解决对策[J].企业活 力,2005,(8):36-37 [11]史天林马燕翔范静:企业跨国经营中的跨文化管理[J].山西财经大学学报,2004,(26)2:89-90 [12]https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ff10172564.html,parative Management[M].Ballinger Publishing company,1987,(10):10-125 [13]李雄诒:中国企业跨文化管理问题及对策研究[J].经营管 理,2005,(11):7-10 [14]陈剑平徐伟军:跨文化沟通与管理浅析[J].经济论坛,2005,(13):111-113 [15]胡慧平:沟通--国企人力管理瓶颈[J].通信企业管理,2003,(11):54-55 [16]胡庆江马丽兵:海外企业跨文化冲突管理[J].商业时代,2005,(5):30-31

美剧中经常出现很多俚语

好句总结： 1多用such替换the ,a .例：Admittedly, such iss ue ,to some extent,has given rise to a bunch of familiar questions.（模板的第3段开头） 2 开头句型：（放在文章中间也很好的句子） 1 As a result of constant media attention , A(A指题目话题) , once largely i gnored,has come to be seen as especially valuable/significant. 2 (The right of the media to do this )is rarely disputed, but (the way in wh ich it does this )often comes under withering critism. (括号里可以换) 3 As our lives are saturated with the flood of (advertisements) ,no one can a void being influenced by ads.(ads 错的，不能用简写哦~) 4 (Bad traffic and increasing pollution) are thorny issues challenging every m ajor city in the globe.（in the globe全世界） 5 The issue of A is a complex and sensitive one . What lies behind …..? (问原因类) 6 After yea rs in the wilderness , the term “ A ” seems posied to make a co meback.(和第一句意思比较像) 3 好处句型！！ 1 Nothing can be compared with sb/sth ~~(新3的哦，推荐) 2 A exert a positive impact on …. 3 A can an effective way to (help)……(简单但好用) 4 Few things can be more （impressive）than ….that…(新3的哦，推荐) 5 play a pivotal role in … 6 benefit from ../ profit from…一般 7 promot the development of .. 8 A is the cornerstone of … 9 remove the barrier for .. 10 raise one’s awareness of …常用 11 enable sb to do … 12 sb is the ultimate beneficiary （sb是。。的最终受益者，社会问题类说人们应该自己也承担责任用） 13 consolidates its status as the .. 14 get a clear perspective of .. 15 give a boost to .. 16 A is an indispensable part of B 17 A is irreplaceable tp B 18 The signigicant of A to B can never be ingored 19 A is the key ingredient to B~~ 20 A made it possibe for sb to… 21A exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people . (新3的哦，推荐) find it impossible to resist the temptation to do …. 22 Needless to say / Indeed ,……（可以放在任一句开头，很好用哦~）

翻译技巧：注意词义的选择和引申

翻译技巧：注意词义的选择和引申 比如：我们熟悉的单词”through”,往往首先想到它的介词词性，在考试中出现过的“through”却表示“直达”的形容词性。如何熟练掌握大纲词汇，我们做真题的同时需要重视词义的选择和引申： (一)词义的选择 英文中一词多义的现象非常普遍。例如：英语story一词在不同的上下文中可以有不同的词义： 例：It is quite another story now. 现在情况完全不同了。 例：The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post. 有关官员拒绝证实《邮报》的这条消息。 例：The white-haired girl’s story is one of the saddest. 白毛女的遭遇可算是最悲惨的。 例：A young man came to police station with a story. 一个年轻人来到警察局报案。 遇到英语多义词时必须结合上下文反复推敲，切忌望词生义，不求甚解。尤其遇到多义常用词时，不要想当然地把自己懂得的词义放到文章中去。 例：Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. 误: 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦发展了相对论，他是通过数学方法得出这一理论的。(此处develop应译为“创立”) 再以consequence一词为例，考研真题中该词曾出现过三次：Consequence在三句中的分别译为：“推论”“结果”“影响”。 例: consequence Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. (1996:71)

秒杀2自考英语(二)翻译

1.有时，决策的疏漏不会造成严重的后果，但有时后果却不堪设想 Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight,at other times they are serious 2.电脑时代的人类如同以往，依然面临一个基本问题 The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been 3.据估计，在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人 There are estimated to be more than 20.000 overseas domestic servants working in Bratain 4.不用说，我们现在已不是生活在传统社会 It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays 5.他的成功与其说是由于机遇，不如说是由于努力 His success is not so much by chance as by energy 6.重要的不是你分配了多少时间去学习，而是你在学习时学到了多少东西 It is not how much time you allocate for study that counts but not much you learn when you do study 7.研究人员发现你梦中出现的人越多你醒来时就会越快乐 Researchers have found that the more people who appeal in your dreams the happier you are on awakening 8.社会对你玩或不玩是极不关心的 Society could not care less whether you play games or not 9.电脑能帮助解决生命研究中的许多问题 The computer can help to solve many problems in vital research 10.这些商品的价格从几美元到数百美元不等 These commodities range in price from a few dollars to several hundred dollars 11.人的一生如果没有想象和梦幻，他的一生将是十分贫乏的 A life lived without fantasy and daydreaming is a seriously impoverished one 12.她说在伦敦她干活的家里，她觉得就像个奴隶 She says she felt like a slave at the London house where she worked 13.只是在近几年天文学家才开始具体研究黑洞 It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes 14.一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老龄 The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth,the older its population is likely to be 15.历史上许多科学家与发明家曾充分利用白日梦 Historically,many scientists and inventors have taken full advantage of daydreaming 16.他相信某些植物物种正受到灭绝的威胁 He is convinced that some plants are threatened with extinction 17.在她死亡前，她没让歹徒知道，偷偷把微型录音带放进了自己的衣袋里 Before she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer knowing it 18.反对者认为病人并不一定真正希望结束生命，可能请求之后另有请求 Opponents think patients may not really want to end their lives,and probably there is another request behind the request 19.随着研究技术的日益先进，用于实验的动物的数量可能会减少 As research techniques become more advanced,the number of animals used in experiments may decrease 20.科学家们正致力于研究预报地震何时何地发生的计划 Scientists are working on programs to predict where and when an earthquake will occur 21.不论她如何说，我也不相信这个消息 Despite what she says I don't believe the news 22.格林先生退休后，由他的儿子接管他的生意

Carbon consequences of land cover change

Landscape and Urban Planning 103 (2011) 83–93 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Landscape and Urban Planning j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /l a n d u r b p l a n Carbon consequences of land cover change and expansion of urban lands:A case study in the Seattle metropolitan region Lucy R.Hutyra a ,?,Byungman Yoon b ,Jeffrey Hepinstall-Cymerman c ,Marina Alberti d a Boston University,Department of Geography &Environment,Boston,MA,USA b Yale School of Forestry &Environmental Studies,195Prospect Street,New Haven,CT 06511,USA c University of Georgia,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources,University of Georgia,180E Green Street,Athens,GA 30602-2152,USA d University of Washington,Department of Urban Design and Planning,Box 355740,University of Washington,Seattle,WA 98195,USA a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 16February 2011 Received in revised form 7June 2011Accepted 24June 2011 Available online 30 July 2011 Keywords:Carbon cycle Emissions Land cover Urbanization Seattle Vegetation a b s t r a c t Understanding the role humans play in modifying ecosystems through changing land cover is central to addressing our current and emerging environmental challenges.In particular,the consequences of urban growth and land cover change on terrestrial carbon budgets is a growing issue for our rapidly urbanizing https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ff10172564.html,ing the lowland Seattle Statistical Metropolitan Area (MSA)region as a case study,this paper explores the consequences of the past land cover changes on vegetative carbon stocks with a combination of direct ?eld measurements and a time series of remote sensing data.Between 1986and 2007,the amount of urban land cover within the lowland Seattle MSA more than doubled,from 1316km 2to 2798km 2,respectively.Virtually all of the urban expansion was at the expense of forests with the forested area declining from 4472km 2in 1986to 2878km 2in 2007.The annual mean rate of urban land cover expansion was 1±0.6%year ?1.We estimate that the impact of these regional land cover changes on aboveground carbon stocks was an average loss of 1.2Mg C ha ?1yr ?1in vegetative carbon stocks.These carbon losses from urban expansion correspond to nearly 15%of the lowland regional fossil fuel emissions making it an important,albeit typically overlooked,term in regional carbon emissions budgets.As we plan for future urban growth and strive for more ecologically sustainable cities,it is critical that we understand the past patterns and consequences of urban development to inform future land development and conservation strategies. ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1.Introduction One of the most in?uential factors in human-induced global environmental change over the last two hundred years has been the transformation of land and resource use associated with urban-ization and expanding low density development (Ojima,Galvin,&Turner,1994;Seto &Shepherd,2009;Turner,Lambin,&Reenberg,2007).Around the globe,rates of land cover change and losses in terrestrial carbon stores are expected to increase signi?cantly in the coming decades as population continues to grow (Foley et al.,2005;Montgomery,2008;Ramankutty &Foley,1999;Theobald,2005).Currently,over 50%of the population lives in urban areas,but by 2050United Nations estimates suggest that 70%of the global population will be urbanites (UNFPA,2007).Within North Amer-?Corresponding author.Tel.:+16173535743;fax:+16173538399. E-mail addresses:lrhutyra@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ff10172564.html, (L.R.Hutyra),bryan.yoon@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ff10172564.html, (B.Yoon),jhepinstall@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ff10172564.html, (J.Hepinstall-Cymerman),malberti@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ff10172564.html, (M.Alberti). ica,estimates of the urban lands vary between 0.2and 4.9%of total land area,but mapping changes and projecting future growth of urban land cover has proved to be particularly dif?cult due to the heterogeneity associated with urban landscapes (Schneider,Friedl,&Potere,2009).The process of urban expansion results in com-plex patterns of intermixed high-and low-density built-up areas and a fragmentation of the natural landscape.Urbanization affects ecological processes both directly –by simplifying and fragment-ing habitat in human-dominated systems –and indirectly –by changing the biophysical attributes of the landscape that result in a variety of interrelated local and global impacts (Alberti &Marzluff,2004). The creation and expansion of cities and urban areas is typically associated with signi?cant carbon emissions through the removal of vegetation,the addition of impervious surfaces,and increases in local fossil fuel usage.However,in arid regions,urbanization may actually increase vegetative cover due to human plantings and additions of water (McHale et al.,2009).Nowak,Walton,Dwyer,Kaya,and Myeong (2005)found that urban land cover in the conterminous United States increased by 23%in the 1990s 0169-2046/$–see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ff10172564.html,ndurbplan.2011.06.004