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Unit1第一课提纲(答案)

Unit1第一课提纲(答案)
Unit1第一课提纲(答案)

世界的格局与第一次世界大战

1.1.1 20世纪初的世界格局

一、列强瓜分世界的原因

1、19世纪晚期的第二次工业革命开始后,在一系列新的科学理论的技术创新的推动下,资本主义国家的生产力获得了突飞猛进的发展。也正是这一时期后起的资本主义国家(美、德、日等)纷纷参与对世界的瓜分。

2、如何正确理解这句话?(这表明了德国怎样的意愿?)

让别的国家分割大陆和海洋,而我们德国满足于蓝色天空的时代已经过去,我们也要求阳光下的地盘。——德国外长皮洛夫1899年12月在议会的演说

“要求在阳光下的地盘”指的是争夺殖民地,表明德国渴望重新瓜分世界的愿望强烈

二、列强瓜分世界,争夺霸权的表现(重点)

1、欧洲列强展开了激烈的军备竞

赛;

2、欧洲列强逐步形成两大敌对的军事

集团。

①同盟国集团(三国同盟):德国、

奥匈帝国、意大利(成员国)

(核心国家为德国)

②协约国集团(三国协作):英

国、法国、俄国

(核心国家为英国)

3.请在右图中圈划出两大军事集团局势

概况

1.1.2第一次世界大战

一、第一次世界大战背景

1、欧洲两大军事集团之间的相互敌对和竞争,频频引发国际危机。列强之间的争夺和极端民族主义情绪的煽动,让欧洲陷入战争的狂热中。

2、位于欧、亚、非三洲交通要冲的巴尔干半岛,成为列强争夺的交点。奥匈帝国、德国等列强为了维持或扩张自己在这一地区的势力,不断干涉的局势,使这里成为随时可能爆炸的“火药桶”。

3、使巴尔干半岛成为“火药桶”的原因(因素)

①列强之间的争夺②极端民主主义情绪的煽动

③位于欧亚非三洲的交通要冲④民族众多,自然资源丰富,战略地位重要

小结:一战爆发的各种因素:①重新瓜分世界,争夺世界霸权,抢占殖民地②极端民主主义③军国主义

二、第一次世界大战概况

2、主要战役

(一)马恩河战役

1、在西线战场,德国集中优势兵力攻入法国,直逼巴黎。九月,在巴黎东北部的马恩河附近,英法军队同德军展开大会战,迫使德军后撤,西线陷入相持状态。

2、在东线,俄国军队的作战牵制了德军,德军被迫两线作战。

(二)凡尔登战役(一战的转折点)

1、1916 年,德军攻入法国的凡尔登。在凡尔登战役中,德法双方共伤亡70多万人,被称为“凡尔登绞肉机”。

1.1.3 凡赛尔体系下的和平

一、巴黎和会的召开

1、时间:1919 年1月,战胜国代表在法国巴黎的凡尔赛宫,召开和平会议。史称“巴黎和会”。会议把德,奥等战败国和新生的苏俄排斥在外。

2、与会国:战胜国(协约国)

操纵国:英、法、美等(美英法意日因享有整体利益,有权出席一切会)

3、主要议题:如何处理德国成为列国讨论的焦点,而由日本(国家)主导的中国山东问题等也列为重点问题。

4、签订的和约

1919年6月28号,疲惫不堪的与会国代表终于在凡赛尔宫签署了《协约及参战各国对德条约》,即《凡尔赛和约》。

和约实质是在牺牲弱小民族利益的基础上宰割德国的掠夺性条约。

二、战后欧洲国家关系新体系即凡尔赛体系建立的影响:

①(积极影响)经济上,欧洲和世界经济慢慢复苏并有所发展;政治上,暂时确立了列强在欧洲、西亚和非洲统治的“新秩序”。在这个体系下,欧洲获得了暂时的稳定,列强在欧洲的利益与矛盾基本上得到协调;

②(消极影响)但这种和平是短暂的,和约加深了战胜国与战败国的矛盾,为第二次世界大战埋下了祸根。

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