考研英语新题型最优模拟题

考研英语阅读新题型11篇模拟题

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

一、

［A］Physical Changes

［B］Low Self-Esteem

［C］Emerging Independence and Search for Identity

［D］Emotional Turbulence

［E］Interest in the Opposite Sex

［F］Peer Pressure and Conformity

The transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence — typically between the ages of 9 and 13 — and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:

(41) __________

A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that they’re not as good as other people, that they are failure s, losers, ugly or unintelligent.

(42) __________

Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite —loud and angry —in an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.

(43) __________

Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frightening, pleasures become more exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable. Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence. Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior. Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help. They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.

(44) __________

There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers. This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.

(45) __________

Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents. This tension is a normal part of growing up —and for parents, a normal part of the letting-go process.

Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs. This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs. Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.

Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.

二

Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person’s view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else’s. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses.

“Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it’s particularly important for small business,”says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company.”

Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes:

41. Be inclusive.

With a smaller operation, it’s essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged.

42. Mission, not just money.

Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that’s not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set.

43. Nothing to fear but fear itself.

Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance.

44. It’s their careers, too.

Don’t forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it’s not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves.

45. Made, not necessarily born.

One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees.

［A］“It’s important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it’s also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake,” says Sheehan.

［B］“You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have,”says Sheehan.

［C］“People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities,”says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost.”

［D］If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans.

［E］For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the

time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers’ health. Not only can a clear mission（responsibility）serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs.

［F］“This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we’re not going to kill each other if things don’t work out,”says Sheehan. “I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It’s a question of what you want to focus on.”

三、

As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-Avesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period.

（41）__________

He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.

Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples.

（42）__________

For example, an expression like “maiden dawn” for “sunrise” resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her.

Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past.

（43）__________

Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer’s scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science).

The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influen ced Frazer. Through Smith’s work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance.

（44）__________

This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth.

Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core—whether the seasonal cycles of nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves.

（45）__________

[A] German-born British scholar Max Müller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India-the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an

Indo-European mythology. M ller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.

[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.

[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.

[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.

[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottolob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fibula, meaning “fable”) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.

[F] German scholar Karl Otfried M ller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825).

四

［A］Many studies conclude that children with highly involved fathers, in relation to children with less involved fathers, tend to be more cognitively and socially competent, less inclined toward gender stereotyping, more empathic, and psychologically better adjusted. Commonly, these studies investigate both paternal warmth and paternal involvement and find-using simple correlations-that the two variables are related to each other and to youth outcomes.

［B］Boys seemed to conform to the sex-role standards of their culture when their relationships with their fathers were warm, regardless of how “masculine”the fathers were, even though warmth and intimacy have traditionally been seen as feminine characteristics. A similar conclusion was suggested by research on other

aspects of psychosocial adjustment and on achievement: Paternal warmth or closeness appeared beneficial, whereas paternal masculinity appeared irrelevant.

［C］The critical question is: How good is the evidence that fathers’ amount of involvement, without taking into account its content and quality, is consequential for children, mothers, or fathers themselves? The associations with desirable outcomes found in much research are actually with positive forms of paternal involvement, not involvement per se. Involvement needs to be combined with qualitative dimensions of paternal behavior through the concept of “positive paternal involvement” developed here.

［D］Commonly, researchers assessed the masculinity of fathers and of sons and then correlated the two sets of scores. Many behavioral scientists were surprised to discover that no consistent results emerged from this research until they examined the quality of the father-son relationship. Then they found that when the relationship between masculine fathers and their sons was warm and loving, the boys were indeed more masculine. Later, however, researchers found that the masculinity of fathers per se did not seem to make much difference after all. As summarized by:

［E］The second domain in which a substantial amount of research has been done on the influence of variations in father love deals with father involvement, that is, with the amount of time that fathers spend with their children (engagement), the extent to which fathers make themselves available to their children (accessibility), and the extent to which they take responsibility for their children’s care and welfare (responsibility).

［F］It is unclear from these studies whether involvement and warmth make independent or joint contributions to youth outcomes. Moreover, “caring for”children is not necessarily the same thing as “caring about”them. Indeed, Lamb concluded from his review of studies of paternal involvement that it was not the simple fact of paternal engagement (i.e., direct interaction with the child), availability, or responsibility for child care that was associated with these outcomes. Rather, it appears that the quality of the father-child relationship made the greatest difference. J. H. Pleck reiterated this conclusion when he wrote:

［G］Research by Veneziano and Rohner supports these conclusions. In a biracial sample of 63 African American and European American children, the authors found from multiple regression analyses that father involveme nt by itself was associated with children’s psychological adjustment primarily insofar as it was perceived by youths to be an expression of paternal warmth (acceptance).

［H］Many studies looking exclusively at the influence of variations in father love deal with two topics: (a) gender role development and (b) father involvement. Studies of gender role development emerged prominently in the 1940s and continued through the 1970s. This was a time when fathers were considered to be especially important as gender role models for sons.

Order:

H→41.( )→42. ( )→43. ( )→A→44. ( )→45. ( ) →G

五

Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. ___________ The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago—dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of

archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 42. ___________

Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals—is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. ___________

Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. ___________

Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 45. ___________

［A］For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able

to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.

［B］By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.

［C］Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.

［D］The first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land plants with tissue that carries food—appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.

［E］Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.

［F］One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.

［G］Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.

六

Today, some 30% of small business owners don’t have a Web presence at all, while the vast majority who

do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting and wanting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles followed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality.

41. Build your site around your customer:

Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the “door”.

42. Just because you built it doesn’t mean they’ll come:

If you aren’t seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site, it’s time to up the ante.

43. Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions:

containing discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with past visitors to your site.

44. Justify your monthly spending through product bundling:

While pay-per-click Internet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your per-click ad rates.

45. Measure your progress:

Your site may be live, but how is it performing?

Armed with these simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet.

［A］A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ads. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large-volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding its yearly sales quota.

［B］One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and quality offerings. However, he wasn’t able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad dollars to an online pay-per-click campaign—in which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted during the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100,000 within only a few months.

［C］With today’s technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales tool, you can’t afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. After all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you don’t have the time to spend hours digging through reams of data.

［D］Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including product descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefold. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience.

［E］Online success demands more than simple presence. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can help you navigate today’s (and tomorrow’s) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business.

［F］One villa rental company had a Web site that generated very few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a “last minute deals”distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly

e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, reduced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.

答案

41.D 42.B 43.F 44.A 45.C

七

［A］You may have to impress the company HR representatives as well. HR reps are typically trained to ask very specific and personal questions, like what salary you expect and what you’ve made in the past. They might ask you about your impressions of the company and the people who interviewed you. They might also ask if you have other offers. If so, chances are good that they are willing to compete for you. But if you say that you have other offers, be prepared to back it up with the who, what and when, because they might challenge you. The HR reps are also the people who will conduct or arrange reference and background checks. They might have the final say.

［B］Besides management, you might also interview with one or more of your future coworkers. Regardless of the questions they ask, what they most really want to know is how well you’ll fit into the team, if you’ll cause them more work instead of less, and i f they should feel threatened by you. When answering, be eager enough to show that you are a good team player and will pull your load, but not so eager as to appear to be a

back-stabbing ladder climber!

［C］Always research a company before you interview, and remember that attire, body language and manners count, big time. Try to avoid common mistakes. You may think that this is common sense, but crazy stuff really happens!

［D］Job interviewing is one of the most popular career topics on the Web. But no career advisor can tell you exactly what to say during a job interview. Interviews are just too up-close and personal for that. About the best that career advisors can do, is to give you some tips about the typical questions to expect, so you can practice answering them ahead of time. But, while there are many canned interview questions, there are few canned answers. The rest is up to you.

［E］Be prepared to attend a second interview at the same company, and maybe even a third or fourth. If you’re called back for more interviews, it means that they’re interested in you. But, it doesn’t mean you’re a

shoo-in. Most likely, they are narrowing the competition, so keep up the good work!

［F］To put you somewhat at ease, many interviewers really don’t know how to interview effectively. Frontline interviewers are typically managers and supervisors who have never been or are barely trained in intervie wing techniques. They’re a little nervous too, just like you. Some don’t even prepare in advance. This makes it easier for you to take control of the interview, if you have prepared. But in controlling an interview, it’s not a good idea to try to dominate. Instead, try to steer it toward landing the job.

［G］After interviewing, immediately send a thank you letter to each of your interviewers. It’s professional and expected, and might even be the deciding factor in your favor.

［H］Remember, it’s a two-way street. It’s the employer’s chance to judge you, but it’s also very much your chance to judge the employer. In fact, if you handle yourself well and ask the right questions, you’ll put the interviewer in the position of selling the company to you. If this happens, you’re probably doing well.

Order:

41.( )→42. ( ) →43. ( ) →A→44. ( ) →45. ( ) →46. ( ) →G

八

［A］Analyzing your own taste

［B］Being cautious when experimenting

［C］Finding a model to follow

［D］Getting the final look absolutely right

［E］Learning to be realistic

［F］Making regular conscious choices

When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it’s something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it’s what’s inside that’s important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us.

41___________

For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they’ve seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones.

42___________

When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you’re likely to meet, where you’re going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of act ivity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there’s no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else’s idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself.

43___________

But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favourite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 per cent of their wardrobe 80 per cent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don’t wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme?

44___________

Some colors bring your natural colouring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colours by all means, but remember that dressing in bright colours when you really like subtle neutral tones,

or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it’s good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once.

45___________

So, you’ve cho sen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your colouring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won’t achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won’t improve your appearan ce or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn’t fit perfectly, don’t buy it, because the finer detail s are just as important as the overall style.

Reappraising your image isn’t selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You’ll look better and you’ll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Profess or Albert Mehrabian’s book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 per cent on how we look and behave, 38 per cent on

how we speak and only 7 per cent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn’t it time you made the most of yourself?

答案

41.E 42.F 43.A 44.B 45.D

九

Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation, referred to as strata. The lowest stratum is the understory, composed of palms, herbaceous plants (such as wild ginger), and tree seedlings and saplings. (41) . Many have deep red coloring on the underside of their leaves to capture some of the scarce light that does manage to reach the forest understory. This red coloring enables understory plants to absorb light of different wavelengths than do the plants with rich, green-foliaged canopy, the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees. Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more midstory strata, made up of woody plants, such as large shrubs and midsized trees.

The overstory is the canopy, in which the tree crowns form a continuous layer that captures the major part of the rainwater and sunlight hitting the forest. The height of the canopy varies from region to region and forest to forest, ranging from 20 to 50 m (65 to 165 ft). (42) . Researchers use hot air balloons, cables, catwalks, towers, sophisticated tree-climbing gear, and even robots to study the millions of plants and animals that make their home high up in the forest canopy. Canopy researchers also use huge cranes that are dropped into the heart of the forest by helicopters. S uspended from the crane’s long, movable arm is a large cabin that functions as a mobile treetop laboratory. Moving from tree to tree, forest researchers collect specimens, conduct experiments, and observe life in the canopy frontier.

The highest stratum of the rain forest is made up of the emergent trees, those individuals that stick up above the forest canopy. Emergents, which do not form a continuous layer, are usually the giants of the forest, reaching heights of 35 to 70 m (115 to 230 ft) or more, and trunk sizes of over 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. (43) . However, these trees tend to be so large that they collectively account for the vast majority of the woody mass, or biomass, of the forest.

The nicely ordered strata of the rain forest, including the continuous layer of the canopy, are regularly disturbed by naturally occurring events, such as falling trees. Trees in a rain forest canopy are often interconnected by vines, and a falling tree may pull as well as push other trees down with it, producing a domino effect of falling trees. The resulting opening in the forest canopy enables light to pour onto the forest floor. (44) .

Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in the forest canopies. For example, along the hurricane belt in the Caribbean and the typhoon belt along the western Pacific, some forests are substantially altered when high winds and storms blow down hundreds of trees every few decades. (45) . Scientists have found that these natural disturbances and the subsequent forest regeneration are a vital process that leads to healthy and diverse forests.

［A］New plants and animals then move into the area and begin to grow.

［B］Just 2 percent of the sunlight goes through the many layers of leaves and branches above, so understory plant species have developed special traits to cope with low light levels.

［C］On a smaller scale, large mammals, such as elephants, regularly destroy rain forest vegetation in the Congo River Basin in Africa.

［D］An understory of shorter trees and a lacework of woody vines, or lianas, produce a forest of such complex internal architecture that many animals, including some sizable ones, rarely or never descend to the ground.

［E］Less than one percent of the trees in the forest reside in the canopy and emergent layers.

［F］Because more light penetrates the canopy, however, the vegetation of the understory and forest floor is better developed than in the tropics.

［G］The rich, green canopy is teeming with life, and forest researchers have developed ingenious methods for accessing this mysterious ecosystem.

十

Until about two million years ago Africa’s vegetation had always been controlled by the interactions of climate; geology, soil, and groundwater conditions; and the activities of animals. The addition of humans to the latter group, however, has increasingly rendered unreal the concept of a fully developed “natural”vegetation—i.e., one approximating the ideal of a vegetational climax. (41). Early attempts at mapping and classifying Africa’s vegetation stressed this relationship: sometimes the names of plant zones were derived directly from climates. In this discussion the idea of zones is retained only in a broad descriptive sense.

(42). In addition, over time more floral regions of varying shape and size have been recognized. Many schemes have arisen successively, all of which have had to take views on two important aspects: the general scale of treatment to be adopted, and the degree to which human modification is to be comprehended or discounted.

(43). Quite the opposite assumption is now frequently advanced. An intimate combination of many species—in complex associations and related to localized soils, slopes, and drainage—has been detailed in many studies of the African tropics. In a few square miles there may be a visible succession from swamp with papyrus, the grass of which the ancient Egyptians made paper and from which the word “paper”originated, through swampy grassland and broad-leaved woodland and grass to a patch of forest on richer hillside soil, and finally to juicy fleshy plants on a nearly naked rock summit.

(44). Correspondingly, classifications have differed greatly in their principles for naming, grouping, and describing formations: some have chosen terms such as forest, woodland, thorn-bush, thicket, and shrub for much of the same broad tracts that others have grouped as wooded savanna (treeless grassy plain) and steppe (grassy plain with few trees). This is best seen in the nomenclature, naming of plants, adopted by two of the most comprehensive and authoritative maps of Africa’s vegetation that have been published: R. W. J. Keay’s Vegetation Map of Africa South of the Tropic of Cancer and its more widely based successor, The Vegetation Map of Africa, compiled by Frank White. In the Keay map the terms “savanna”and “steppe”were adopted as precise definition of formations, based on the herb layer and the coverage of woody vegetation; the White map, however, discarded these two categories as specific classifications. Yet any rapid absence of savanna as in its popular and more general sense is doubtful.

(45). However, some 100 specific types of vegetation identified on the source map have been compressed into 14 broader classifications.

［A］As more has become known of the many thousands of African plant species and their complex ecology, naming, classification, and mapping have also become more particular, stressing what was actually present rather than postulating about climatic potential.

［B］In regions of higher rainfall, such as eastern Africa, savanna vegetation is maintained by periodic fires. Consuming dry grass at the end of the rainy season, the fires burn back the forest vegetation, check the invasion of trees and shrubs, and stimulate new grass growth.

［C］Once, as with the scientific treatment of African soils, a much greater uniformity was attributed to the vegetation than would have been generally accepted in the same period for treatments of the lands of western Europe or the United States.

［D］The vegetational map of Africa and general vegetation groupings used here follow the White map and its extensive annotations.

［E］African vegetation zones are closely linked to climatic zones, with the same zones occurring both north and south of the equator in broadly similar patterns. As with climatic zones, differences in the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation constitute the most important influence on the development of vegetation.

［F］Nevertheless, in broad terms, climate remains the dominant control over vegetation. Zonal belts of precipitation, reflection latitude and contrasting exposure to the Atlantic and Indian oceans and their currents, give some reality to related belts of vegetation.

［G］The span of human occupation in Africa is believed to exceed that of any other continent. All the resultant activities have tended, on balance, to reduce tree cover and increase grassland; but there has been considerable dispute among scholars concerning the natural versus human-caused development of most African grasslands at the regional level.

十一

The making of weathervanes (devices fixed on the top of buildings to show directions of the wind) is an ancient skill, going back to early Egyptian times. Today the craft is still very much alive in the workshop that Graham Smith has set up. He is one of the few people in the country who make hand-cut we athervanes. Graham’s designs are individually created and tailored to the specific requirements of his customers. “That way I can produce a unique personalized item,”he explains, “A lot of my customers are women buying presents for their husbands. They wa nt a distinctive gift that represents the man’s business or leisure interests.”

It’s all a far cry from the traditional cock, the most common design for weathervanes.

It was not a cock but a witch on a broomstick that featured on the first weathervane Graham ever made. Friends admired his surprise present for his wife and began asking him to make vanes for them. “I realized that when it came to subjects that could be made into them, the possibilities were limitless,” he says.

(41)_____________.

That was five years ago and he has no regrets about his new direction. “My previous work didn’t have an artistic element to it, whereas this is exciting and creative,”he says. “I really enjoy the design side.”

(42) _____________.

Graham also keeps plenty of traditional designs in stock, since they prove as popular as the one-offs. “It seems that people are attracted to handcrafting,”Graham says. “They welcome the opportunity to acquire something a little bit different.”

(43) _____________.

“I have found my place in t he market. People love the individuality and I get a lot of satisfaction from seeing

a nondescript shape turn into something almost lifelike,” he says.

(44) _____________.

“And nowadays, with more and more people moving to the country, individuals want to put an exclusive finishing touch to their properties. It has been a boost to crafts like mines,”

(45) _____________.

American and Danish buyers in particular are showing interest. “Pricing,”he explains, “depends on the intricacy of the design.”His most recent request was for a curly-coated dog. Whatever the occasion, Graham can create a gift with a difference.

［A］Graham has become increasingly busy, supplying flat-packed weathervanes to clients worldwide.

［B］Graham decided to concentrate his efforts on a weathervane business. He had served an apprenticeship as a precision engineer and had worked in that trade for 15 years when he and his wife, Liz, agreed to swap roles—she went out to work as an architectural assistant and he stayed at home to look after the children and build up the business.

［C］Last month, a local school was opened with his galleon ship weathervane hoisted above it.

［D］“For centuries, weathervanes have kept communities in touch with the elements, signaling those shifts in wind direction that bring about changes in the weather,”he explains.

［E］Graham has no plans for expansion, as he wants to keep the business as a rural craft.

［F］Graham has now perfected over 100 original designs. He works to very fine detail, always seeking approval for the design of the silhouette from the customer before proceeding with the hand-cutting.

［A］Analyzing your own taste

［B］Being cautious when experimenting

［C］Finding a model to follow

［D］Getting the final look absolutely right

［E］Learning to be realistic

［F］Making regular conscious choices

When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it’s something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it’s what’s inside that’s important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us.

41___________

For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they’ve seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones.

42___________

When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you’re likely to meet, where you’re going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of acti vity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there’s no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else’s idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself.

43___________

But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favourite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 per cent of their wardrobe 80 per cent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don’t wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme?

44___________

Some colors bring your natural colouring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colours by all means, but remember that dressing in bright colours when you really like subtle neutral tones,

or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste

boundaries lie. And although it’s good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once.

45___________

So, you’ve cho sen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your colouring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won’t achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won’t improve your appearan ce or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn’t fit perfectly, don’t buy it, because the finer detail s are just as important as the overall style.

Reappraising your image isn’t selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You’ll look better and you’ll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Profess or Albert Mehrabian’s book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 per cent on how we look and behave, 38 per cent on how we speak and only 7 per cent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn’t it time you made the most of yourself?

一

41.B 42.A 43.D 44.F 45.C

总体分析

本文是介绍青春期变化的说明文，共七个段落，可以分成三个部分。

第一段：指出青春期的变化带来的苦恼和恐惧可以通过交流和提前准备得以消除。

第二段至第六段：分别论述青春期出现的问题。

第七段：再次重申第一段的观点，即了解问题和交流能有助于这个时期的平稳过渡。

试题精解

（一）审题，读主题词。

虽然几乎每个标题配对题的题目表述几乎一致，但题目中唯一不同之处就是主题词的所在。比如，本题中的主题词是preparing for change（为变化做好准备），由此考生可以预测文章的内容应包括变化是什么、如何做准备等。

(二)查找选项中的关键词或段落主题句中的关键词，并匹配选项与段落

实现这个步骤有两种方法：一是先将所有选项都审完，标记出选项中的关键词，再回到原文中去寻找相对应的段落。二是先通过浏览段落主题句，标记出每段的关键词，再到所提供的备选项中寻找对应项。首先推荐第一种方法，因为题目给出的选项中有较大的逻辑联系，可以通过阅读它们将文章大概思路和内容整理出来。

在做这一步时，要小心陷阱。备选项中总会有几个选项的内容能够在段落找到文字上完全相同的对应。这些能够与原文对应的选项有时只是某个段落中提到的一个细节内容，而我们需要做的是找到段落的主旨。记住：光提到是不够的，关键要与主题对应。

本文中选项及其翻译如下，其中关键词用黑体显示：

［A］ Physical Changes 身体变化

［B］ Low Self-Esteem自卑

［C］ Emerging Independence and Search for Identity开始出现的独立和寻求认同的倾向

［D］ Emotional Turbulence情感波动

［E］ Interest in the Opposite Sex对异性的兴趣

［F］ Peer Pressure and Conformity同辈人的压力和从众心理

概括这些选项的内容可以推测出文章的主要话题是青春期的变化及如何为这些变化做准备。

接下来主要是概括各段落的主旨，特别注意各段的主题句。

第一段先论述过渡到成年期是很艰难的，倒数第二句（该段的主题句）指出通过开放性交流和在变化来临前作好准备就能消除（青春期的）恐惧和焦虑情绪。末句是过渡句，主要作用是引出下面的内容。

41．第41题所在段落即第二段的主题句是第一句，即青春期孩子的自我价值感特别脆弱。后面的内容具体论述其表现。主题句中的关键词是self-worth，它与［B］项中的self-esteem是同义词。该段中的其他关键词或表达，如nobody likes them，not as good，failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent正好可以用［B］项low self-esteem一并概括。

42. 第三段第一句（主题句）提到，学龄儿童中普遍存在着某种形式的对自己身体的不满。接着，该段论述了这种不满的两种极端表现：过分羞涩和异常愤怒。最后两句话补充到，晚熟（即不和同龄人同时经历身体变化）会造成自卑感和呆板。因此该段的关键词是bodily dissatisfaction和bodily changes。对应的选项是［A］项physical changes。这一题的干扰在于段落中出现了self-consciousness，inferiority，而它们和［B］项是同义表达。但是考生应记住一个重要的原则；一定要与主题句、主题词对应。第三段中虽然出现了表示“自卑”含义的词语，但整个段落的主旨内容是说明青少年对自己身体变化的不满，提到“自卑”是论述这些变化引起的后果。

43. 第四段首句（主题句）提到，青春期的年青人对一切的感觉都更强烈。接着文章论述了这种强烈情感的表现：恐惧、兴奋、苦恼、无法忍受、异常沮丧乃至从事自我毁灭行为。最后文章指出父母从孩子态度和行为上的转变应获悉他们需要专业人员的帮助。主题句中的主题词是feel more strongly，它和［D］项中emotional turbulence对应。而该段中其他的关键词fears，frightening，pleasures，exciting，irritations，distressing，frustrations等显然都和［D］项中的emotional属于上下义的关系。

44. 第五段共两句话。首句（主题句）指出，巨大的压力促使着青少年去符合同辈人的标准。第二句则分析这种压力带来的后果。该段主题句中出现了［F］项的关键词pressure和conformity，而且该段也主要围绕从众心理给青少年带来的压力展开论述，因此［F］项正确。

45. 第六段没有出现明显的主题句，需要对段落内容进行概括。该段首句提到，青春期标志着一个不断独立的时期。接着，文章从青少年和父母的冲突角度阐述“独立”的含义。该段第三句提到，青春期的另一个必然的经历是对价值观和信念的困惑。接着指出这种经历有利于青少年形成自己完整的人格。该段的主题词包括：increasing independence，embrace their own beliefs，a sense of integrity。它们和［C］项中的关键词independence和identity相对应。整个段落也围绕青少年的独立和寻求认同展开论述。

核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)turbulence （n.）骚乱，动荡；turbulent（a.）动荡的，混乱的，如~career in politics（动荡的政治生涯）

(2)conformity（n.）（对社会规则的）遵从，遵守；一致，符合；conform（v.）

(3)overwhelming（a.）巨大的，压倒性的，无法抵抗的；an ~ sense of relief如释重负的感觉

(4)withdrawal（n.）收回，撤退，取消，退隐；withdraw（v.）

(5)reclusiveness（n.）隐居，喜欢独处

(6)integrity（n.）正直，诚实；完整，完全

全文翻译

过渡到成年期是很艰难的。快速的身体增长始于早期青春期，特别是9至13岁间，这时思想过程开始呈现出成人的特点。许多年青人发现这些变化很让人苦恼，因为他们没有完全明白在自己身上发生了什么。仅通过开放性交流和在变化来临前作好准备就能消除这种恐惧和焦虑情绪。在青春期出现的主要问题是：

自卑

青春期孩子的自我价值感特别脆弱。青少年常常挣扎于一种不被人喜欢的强烈的感觉中，认为自己没有其他人好，认为自己是失败者，丑陋而愚钝。

身体变化

学龄（8-12岁）儿童中普遍存在着某种形式的对自己身体的不满。如果这种不满很强烈，就会导致他们变得羞涩或者很容易感到局促不安。在其他情况下，青少年的行为也可能正好相反，即用高声和愤怒来努力掩盖自我意识和自卑感。和这些身体变化一样令人担忧的是，青少年发现不和同龄人同时经历这些变化也让他们感到苦恼。晚熟会造成自卑感和呆板。

情感波动

青春期的年青人对一切的感觉都更强烈。害怕成了恐惧，快乐成了兴奋，生气成了苦恼，挫折变得无法忍受。青春期的每一次经历似乎都被夸大了。年青人处于艰难的青春期时，会变得异常沮丧或者从事自毁的行为。青少年需要专业人员帮助的暗示常常首先来自于他们的态度和行为上发生了根本改变。父母应该警惕以下个性转变的警示，它们暗示着青少年需要帮助。这些警示包括：不断缺课、分数直线下降、使用酒精和非法物品、敌视或危险行为、特别畏缩和隔离。

同辈人的压力和从众心理

巨大的压力促使着青少年去符合同辈人的标准。从众的压力可能很危险因为它不只适用于服饰和发型，也会导致青少年做一些他们明知道是错误的事情。

开始出现的独立和寻求认同的倾向

青春期标志着一个不断独立的时期，它常常导致青少年和父母之间的冲突。这种紧张情绪是成长必然经历的一部分，对父母而言，则是放手必然经历的过程。青春期的另一个必然的经历是对价值观和信念的困惑。这段质疑时期很重要，因为年青人审视他们被灌输的价值观，并开始形成自己的信念。虽然他们可能采用和父母同样的信念，但通过自己来发现这些信念使这些年青人能够形成一种完整的人格。

虽然青春期给年青人和他们的父母都提出了挑战，但是提高意识和交流能有助于为平稳过渡到这个令人兴奋的人生阶段作好准备。

干扰项［E］：对异性的兴趣

二

41.B 42.E 43.F 44.D 45.C

总体分析

本文是说明文，主要介绍了好的雇主所具有的品质和特点。

第一、二段：指出很多特点、态度和能力是所有的好老板共有的。而且，越小的公司对于领导技能的要求就越突出。

第三至十段：具体论述好的雇主所拥有的技能、策略和品质。其中，第三段是一个引言，第四至八段分别论述。

试题精解

（一）审题，读主题词。

标题配对题中往往会给出主题词，如本题中的how to be a good boss（如何成为一位好的老板），由此考生可以预测文章的内容应包括好的老板的特点或品质。

（二）通读全文，了解大意，并判断小标题的作用。

略读全文，把握小标题和文章其他部分的逻辑关系。文章一开始提出，很多特点、态度和能力是所有好雇主所共有的。41题前最后一句话是过渡句，承上启下指出，接下来列出的是一位好雇主所拥有的技能、策略和品质。由此可以得知下述几个小标题都是好雇主的特点。

（三）浏览选项，概括大意。

由于选项部分多是段落，内容相对较多，并且和原文是非等额搭配，因此可以先概括各选项的大意，将浓缩后的信息迅速地记下来，或者将各项中的重要信息划出来，以便解题时一目了然，与小标题一一对应。本文六个选项有的是列举具体事例，有的是引用专家话语，有的则是两着兼有。其大意是：

［A］要像一个教练一样教育你的雇员，举出实例来说服他。

［B］要确保每一位雇员都得到公正的待遇。

［C］我们都有成为好老板的内在品质，关键是要将它们发挥到极至。

［D］帮助雇员实现他们自己的事业目标。

［E］明确的职责有利于激发雇员的积极性。

［F］要鼓励进步而非恐惧犯错。

（三）掌握论证方法，将论据与论点一一匹配

六个选项要么举例要么引用专家话语，显然文章的主要论证手法是例证和引证。根据文章的基本结构，接下来要做的就是论据和论点的匹配工作。可以先看标题后看选项，也可根据选项来找合适的标题。

41题的标题是“be inclusive”，显然，仅从标题无法判断出作者究竟要表达什么含义。因此，需要继续阅读下文的论述部分。第四段的主题句是首句：雇主要让每个雇员都觉得自己是团队平等而投入的成员。后面部分具体说明方式是什么。其中treat each employee fairly和［B］项中的everyone is treated fairly 相呼应。因此［B］项正是让雇员平等而投入的方式。从而可知inclusive在这指的是（心胸）包容而广阔。42题的标题是“使命而非金钱”。第五段首句就money展开论述，指出：企业的首要目标不是赚钱。接下来的两句话则就mission展开论述，指出：企业使命的形成也取决于老板设定的最重要的目标。至此，本段主要强调了mission的重要性，但没有具体说明它指的是什么。［E］项以餐饮和医疗器材为例说明了不同企业的不同使命，为正确选项。其中responsibility是mission的近义词。

43题的标题中的关键词是fear。第六段先将两种老板进行了比较，一种老板不允许员工犯错，另一种鼓励员工不要害怕犯错。［F］项出现了being afraid of的同义表达，该项中席翰以游泳为例说明，不要让恐惧而要让鼓励来敦促人前进。这个内容显然和前面提到的两类老板的内容相吻合。

44题的标题是“这也是他们的事业”，联系全文主旨可知代词their指的是“雇员”，careers是这个标题中的关键词。第七段对标题内容进行了阐释：要帮助雇员明白如何为自己改善和创造有意义的事业。［D］项以一名雇员为例，说明老板应该帮助雇员实现他们的目标，其中a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business与careers呼应。

45题的标题是“是后天的而不一定是天生的”。第八段首句对made一词进行了阐释：成为一位好的领导者是一种后天学习的行为（learned behavior）。接下来该段又列举了多种后天学习的方法：参加课程和研讨会，阅读书籍等。［C］项中席翰的一番话是对标题内容的论述：我们都有成为好的老板的内在品质，关键是要（后天）挖掘它。其中innate traits与标题中的born相对应。

核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)mercurial（a.）水银的；活泼的，易变的~ situation（易变的形势）

(2)top-notch拔尖的，一流的，顶好的~performance一流的表演

(3)inclusive（a.）包含的，包括的；包容广阔的，范围广泛的，如~ strategies and broad vision广泛的策略和远大的视野

(4)altruism（n.）利他主义；altru-相当于前缀alter-，表示“其他”，如alternative其他选择，替代物

(5)mission（n.）使命；使团，代表团

(6)at home with 精通，熟悉，如：He is at home with Spanish（他精通西班牙语）

(7)gun shy (马、猎狗)怕枪［炮］的；风声鹤唳的，提心吊胆的

(8)touch（n.）作风，风格，手法，如professional ~专业手法

(9)natural（a.）自然的，天然的；（n.）有天赋的人，擅长做某事的人

(10)top flight 一流的，名列前矛的，领先的

全文翻译

你是否曾经想过一个好老板到底好在什么地方。诚然，这个问题的答案是因人而异的，因为一个人对优秀雇主的看法和其他人不同。然而，很多特点、态度和能力却是所有的好老板共有的。而且，越小的公司对于坚实的领导技能的要求就越突出。

马里兰大学詹姆士·麦奎格·波恩斯领导艺术管理学院领导教育课程的负责人罗布·席翰说，“在任何组织中做一个好老板都很重要，当企业规模较小时，你真地有机会来决定整个公司的风格”。

记住好的领导能力对于企业的重要性，同时考虑以下列出的技能、策略和品质：

1. 要包容广阔

在较小范围内的运作中，最关键是要让每个人都觉得自己是团队平等而投入的成员。一个好的雇主肯定会公正地对待每一位雇员，不仅在新酬和其他形式的报酬方面如此，而且在雇员如何参与公司的日常职能方面也如此。鼓励雇员的回馈意见、创新与创意，这样他们会觉得自己真正地参与到企业中。

席翰说：“你需要创造一种诚实、信任和尊敬的环境，绝对确保每一个人都得到公正的待遇，无论他们之间的差异有多大”。

2. 使命而不是金钱

很少有几家企业的运营纯粹是为了利他，但是那并不表示牟利就是首要的哲学和实用的目标。实际上，有效率的老板会建立起真正的企业使命。使命如何形成既取决于企业也取决于老板设定的最重要的目标。

比如，一位餐馆老板可能推出午间快餐服务作为服务忙碌的商业团体的一种方式。同样，医疗器材装备公司则强调它的产品如何改善顾客的健康状况。明确的使命（职责）不仅有利于激发雇员的积极性，而且在他们的工作中注入了一种重要感。

3. 除了恐惧本身之外，没有什么可恐惧的。

我们许多人曾经遇到过这样的老板，他们擅长于在台历旁放上一把刀，谁犯一个错误，就应很自然地把脑袋放在刀刃下。相反，有效率的老板鼓励他或她的员工不要提心吊胆地工作：一时的混乱是通向良好的工作表现的“必经之路”。

席翰说：“这需要一种鼓励学习而非害怕犯错的心理。尝试新的、不同的事物，但是必须清楚如果事情没有得到解决，也不必大发雷霆。我在大学时是个游泳选手。当我想象着有只鲨鱼在追我时，我游得很快；当我想象着在参加奥林匹克赛时，游得也一样快。问题在于你想要集中于什么。”

4. 这也是他们的事业。

不要忘记为你工作的人在指望着你能帮助他们开拓和发展自己的事业。正如我所说的，不完全是为了钱，而是要让你的雇员明白如何为自己改善和创造有意义的事业。

如果一名雇员的目标是有一天成为经理或经营自己公司。帮助它实现那个目标。告诉他们为了实现最终计划而需要努力培养的特点。

5. 后天制造，不一定要天生就是。

做一名好老板最后要注意的方面是：成为一位有效率的领导者很大程度上是一种后天学习的行为。当然，过去总是有而且将来还会有一些似乎在领导和激发动力方面有着完美技能的老板。但对于有领导才能的人来说，很多一流的雇主是通过参加管理课程和研讨会，阅读有关高效率领导的书籍而成长起来的，当然同样重要的是明白一个好的雇主自然会吸引一流的雇员的道理。

席翰说：“人们肯定能发挥好的领导才能。在某种程度上，我们都有成为好的老板的内在品质。你真正需要做的是尽可能将它们发挥到极至”。

三

41.F 42.A 43.D 44.B 45.C

总体分析

本文是一篇介绍19世纪神话研究发展的文学艺术理论型文章。

第一至六段：欧洲学者研究发现神话的复杂多样性不仅是地域差异也是不同历史时期造成的，于是他们试图寻找世界上神话的共性：所有欧洲神话共同的母神话，并提出此后的神话都是关于早期人类对自然现象

生动形象的叙述的曲解。

第七至十二段：在进化论的影响下，神话研究中不同时期的神话被看作是反映了人类社会宗教、哲学发展的不同阶段。其中一种观点认为神话来源于农耕民族的祭祀活动。

第十三至十四段：从18世纪到20世纪，神话研究者从注重神话的本质，转向关注神话叙述形式本身。

试题精解

41.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文内容的衔接。

本题空格出现在第二段。上文提到一种结论：神话人物变化多样，不仅随地理区域也随历史时期而变化。下文则通过引用专家观点给出了论据，即他提出相对简单的希腊神话反映了初级农耕社会所关注的问题，而更为错综复杂的神话则是较发达社会的产物。因此上下文的主题都是关于历史时期对神话的影响，即不同的时期有不同的神话。由于下文中出现了特征词——人称代词he，因此空格处应出现专有人名，但所有的选项都符合这个条件，因此关键是内容上的衔接。［A］项提到，神话是曲解了早期人类对自然现象生动形象的叙述而产生的。［B］项指出所有神话源自于社会的集体宗教仪式。［C］项提到，神话像梦一样，把经历浓缩并用象征的方式表达出来。［D］项指出，人类宗教和哲学发展可以分成不同的进化阶段。［E］项谈到第一位用拉丁词myths来指英雄和神的故事的学者。显然，以上选项都超出了上下文的主题，含有新信息。而［F］项只提到一个专有人名和他的代表作，没有给出新信息。其中this line of inquiry（这种研究思路）指上文的“神话随历史时期而变化”。

注：1Persephone珀尔塞福涅，宙斯之女，被冥王劫持娶作冥后。其母亲谷神得墨忒耳大为发狂，威胁冥王如果不交还女儿就将人类世界变成永恒的冬天。他们最终达成了协议，在最温暖的夏季的开始，珀尔塞福涅被交回自己母亲的身边。而每到冬天，珀尔塞福涅也要回到地府陪伴冥王哈迪斯。而得墨忒耳也派出战车去人间播种，让经历过严酷惩罚的人间再次回复生机。2Homer荷马，希腊史诗作者，创作了西方文学最伟大的两部作品《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。

42.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文内容的衔接。

本题空格出现在第五段中。上文提到神话研究专家们寻找一种衍生了欧洲所有民族神话的母神话。下文是举例子：像用“少女般的黎明”来表达“日出”开始是使黎明拟人化，后来则成了关于少女的神话。空格处的内容应承上启下。［A］项前部分提到，德国裔英国学者麦克斯·缪勒提出，古印度的《梨俱吠陀》（Rig Veda）是保存下来的用印欧语言创作的最古老的文献，它反映了印欧神话的最初阶段。该内容与上文的“母神话”相呼应。［A］项后部分提到，缪勒认为所有后来创作的神话都是曲解了早期人类对自然现象生动形象的叙述而产生的。而下文的例子正好说明了这个观点。因此［A］项正确。

43.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文内容的衔接+段落主题。

本题空格出现在第八段中。上文提到，学者对神话历史的研究就如同钻研化石沉积的地质构造一样。要更好地理解这句话就得再看这句话的上文，即该段首句：英国自然学家达尔文提出的进化论极大地影响了对神话的研究。它也是整段的主题句。下文首先出现的表示比较关系的逻辑词similarly（同样地，类似地）表明空格处内容和下文在逻辑上是顺接关系。下文接着提到，英国人类学家弗莱齐在其人类学名著《金枝》（The Golden Bough）中提出了人类进化历史的三个大体阶段。综合上下文，可见该段的主题都是讨论进化论观点对神话的影响。［D］项出现关键词evolutionary，谈到英国人类学家泰勒爵士在《原始文化》(Primitive Culture)一书中将人类宗教和哲学发展分成不同的进化阶段，符合段落主题，是正确答案。44.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文内容的衔接+段落主题。

本题空格出现在第十一段中。上文提到，受英国学者史密斯的影响，弗莱齐开始相信很多神话源自古代农耕民族的宗教仪式，因为对于这些民族来说，植物一年四季的循环生长至关重要。下文提到，这种方式在英国人类学家拉德克利夫·布朗所谓的结构——功能主义里达到了极端的形式。他认为每一个神话都暗示着一种祭祀，而每一种祭祀又体现了一个神话。可见该段主题内容是关于祭祀与神话之间的关系。［B］项出现了关键词rituals，指出神话和祭祀理论在英国学者那里得到充分发展，她指出所有的神话源自于一个社会的全部祭祀。

45.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文内容的衔接+段落主题。

本题空格出现在末段。上文将18、19世纪的神话与20世纪的神话作比较，指出前一阶段趋向于把神话还原为一些本质核心的内容——不管是自然的季节循环、历史环境还是宗教仪式。一旦叙述中想象的成分被剥离后，就会剩下核心内容。而后一阶段研究者开始密切注意神话叙述本身。因此空格处的内容应延续上文，继续讨论20世纪神话的特点。［A］和［B］项分别讨论神话的本质：描述自然现象产生的误解和祭祀；［C］项强调了神话的叙述方式，指出它如梦一般，是把经历浓缩再用象征的方式表达出来的。因此和上文内容衔接紧密。

全文翻译

当从其他文化获得的资料越来越多时，欧洲的学者逐渐认识到神话传统的极大复杂性。尤其有价值的是像《薄伽梵歌》和《亚吠陀》这样的古印第安和伊朗经文提供的证据。这些来源很清楚地说明了神话人物变化多样, 不仅有地理区域的不同，也有历史时期的差别。

德国学者卡尔·奥特弗雷德·缪勒在其1825年出版的《科学神话绪论》一书中遵循了这种研究思路。

他认为，希腊有关珀尔塞福涅的相对简单的神话反映了初级农业社会人们的忧虑，而后来在荷马史诗中发现的更复杂的神话则是较发达社会的产物。

学者们也试图以某种方式把全世界各种各样的神话联系起来。从18世纪晚期到19世纪早期，为了解释欧洲和近东各种各样语言之间的惊人相似性，对语言的比较性研究导致假设母语的重构。学者们作出结论，认为这些语言属于一种印欧语系。研究神话的专家也在探求一种共同神话，这种神话可能衍生了欧洲所有民族的神话。

德国裔英国学者麦克斯·缪勒得出结论：现存的用印欧语记载的量古老作品，古印度的《梨俱吠陀》文集反映的是最初阶段的印欧神话。穆勒把后来的所有神话归结为人们的误解，这些误解源于早期人们用来描述自然现象的生动语言。

比如，用“少女般的黎明”来表示“日出”最初使得黎明人格化，后来演变成有关少女的神话。

19世纪末期，英国的自然学家查尔斯·达尔文提出的进化理论对神话的研究产生了重要影响。学者们研究神话的历史，就像他们为了寻找遥远的古代遗迹而钻研化石沉积的地质构造一样。

在英国人类学家爱德华·伯纳德·泰勒的作品中可以发现这种方式。在他1871年出版的《原始文明》一书中，泰勒把人类的宗教和哲学发展系统地分成单独的不同的进化阶段。

同样，英国的人类学家詹姆士·乔治·弗莱齐在《金枝》一书中提出了一个“三阶段进化体系”。根据弗莱齐的体系，起初人们把自然现象归结为反复无常的超自然力量(魔法)，后来把它们解释为上帝的意愿(宗教)，最后，把它们归类为理性的研究(科学)。

英国学者威廉·罗伯逊·史密斯1889年登载于《有关闪族人的宗教的演讲》一文中的研究也对弗莱齐产生了影响。通过史密斯的作品，弗莱齐开始认为，许多神话源于古代农业社会人们的宗教仪式习惯，对这些人来说，植物的年轮意义非凡。

这种方法被英国学者简·艾伦·哈里森发展得充分，并逐渐被称为“神话和宗教仪式理论”。应用从法国社会学家埃米尔·德克海姆的作品中获得的见解，哈里森认为，所有神话都源于一个社会的集体宗教仪式。这种方式在英国人类学家A·R·拉德克利夫·布朗所谓的结构——功能主义中达到了极点，他认为，每一种神话都预示着一种宗教仪式，而每一种宗教仪式也暗示着一种神话。

18世纪和19世纪有关神话的大多数分析表现出一种把神话还原为本质核心的内容的趋势——不管是自然的季节性循环、历史环境，还是宗教仪式。一旦叙述中的想象成分被剥离后，留下的可能就是核心内容。在20世纪，研究人员开始更密切地关注叙述本身。

奥地利心理分析家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德认为，神话就像梦一样，浓缩了经验素材，并用象征的方式表达出来。

干扰项［E］这个时期里进行的研究在德国学者克里丝汀·海尹的作品中得到巩固，他是第一个用拉丁词myths（而不是fibula，意思是“神话”）来表示英雄和神的故事。

2007-2016考研英语新题型归纳总结(一)

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