英语语言学讲义 Lecture 4 - syntax
Chapter Four From Word to Text
Qs:
1. What is language?
2.Can dog’s barking /bee’s dancing be considered
as a language?
3./i:/vs./i/ / /vs. / /
4.stand/sport/skirt
5.Tom eats a bread. Bread a eats Tom.
6.Human Young Male
7.It is cold here.
8.What is the golden time for learning a second
language?
1.Tom eats a bread.
Bread A eats Tom. 2.Tom eats _____.
an apple.
a piece of cake
3. ____ eats _____.
N. N.
N. Pron.
Pron. N.
Pron. Pron. Word order 位置关系Substitutability 替代关系Co-occurrence 同现关系
I. What is syntax?
Ancient Greek syntaxis:
-“arrangement” or “setting out together”
Tom eats a bread. Bread a eats Tom.
SYNTAX is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
1.Tom eats a bread.
Bread A eats Tom. 2.Tom eats _____.
an apple.
a piece of cake
3. ____ eats _____.
N. N.
N. Pron.
Pron. N.
Pron. Pron. Word order 位置关系Positional relations Substitutability 替代关系
Co-occurrence 同现关系
1. Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds:
①positional relations
②relations of substitutability
③relations of co-occurrence
1.1 Positional Relation
communicative function
a way → mark → grammatical roles of the various phrases → occur in a clause.
The boy kicked the ball
NP1 NP2
Subject Object
Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.
For example,
The boy kicked the ball. *Boy the ball kicked the. *The ball kicked the boy.
The teacher saw the students.
↑↓
The students saw the teacher.
Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONS 横组合关系observed by F. de Saussure. They are also called HORIZONTAL R E L A T I O N S o r s i m p l y C H A I N RELATIONS.
横向关系/链状关系
Three basic ways
to classify languages in the world:
1.word order
2.genetic classification
亲缘划分
3. areal classification
区域划分
Word order –
1.SVO,
2.VSO,
3.SOV,
4.OVS,
5.OSV,
6.VOS.
English -SVO type,
*does not mean that SVO is the only
Jedi Master OSV IN SPACE
Sick have I become
Strong am I with the force
Your father he is
When nine hundred years
old you reach, look as
good you will not
- The Empire Strikes Back
1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The RELATION OF SUBSTITUTABILITY refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
The ______ smiles.
man
boy
girl
It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
This is what Saussure called ASSOCIATIVE
relations , or in Hjemslev's term,
PARADIGMATIC relations . To make it more understandable, they are called VERTICAL relations or CHOICE relations .
纵向关系/选择关系
联想关系 纵聚合关系
a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
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