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从彼得.纽马克翻译批评理论赏析王佐良译文《论读书》

从彼得.纽马克翻译批评理论赏析王佐良译文《论读书》
从彼得.纽马克翻译批评理论赏析王佐良译文《论读书》

从彼得.纽马克的翻译批评理论赏析王佐良的译文《论读书》(天津财经大学天津 300222)

摘要:英国著名哲学家,思想家,文学家弗兰西斯.培根的散

文“of studies”是世界公认的经典之作。在国内,流传有培根著

作“of studies”的不同译本,其中以王佐良先生的译本最为著名,并被视为堪与原作相媲美的经典。本文试用彼得.纽马克的翻译批

评理论做指导,对王佐良的译本《论读书》进行评价,赏析。

关键词:彼得.纽马克;翻译批评;王佐良;《论读书》

中图分类号:h315 文献标识码:a 文章编号:1006-026x(2012)09-0000-01

“of studies”是培根关于读书求知,探索真理的著名作品。

培根将其擅长的哲学思想赋予文中,使文章充满警世格言。文章旨

在论述读书之中的深刻人生哲理,行文结构严密,措辞精准,思路

清晰,给读者广泛而深远的指引和启迪。在我国,“of studies”

的多种译本中,王佐良先生的译本因最能体现原作风格而得到了众

多读者的青睐。评价一篇译作的好坏,通常要运用翻译批评理论。

本文就试用彼得.纽马克的翻译批评理论来赏析王佐良译本《论读书》的绝妙之处。

一.彼得.纽马克的翻译批评理论

纽马克认为,翻译批评作为翻译理论与实践的重要中介,应当

建立自己的独立理论体系。具体说,翻译理论包括五个方面。

彼得.纽马克的翻译理论初探

英语翻译学论文-彼得.纽马克的翻译理论初探 一、引言 彼得·纽马克(Peter Newmark),1916年出生,英国著名的翻译理论家和翻译教育家。纽马克认为翻译既是一门科学,也是一门艺术[1]。说它是科学,因为翻译是严谨的、一丝不苟的,具有很严格的标准,比如一些科技术语、成语、度量单位或部分社交用语已经有了特定的翻译模式;翻译又是艺术,因为在很多场合要求译者进行选择判断,不能墨守陈规,否则只能反映表层意思,触及不到深层的含义。 纽马克在分析和总结各家各派翻译理论的基础上,将文体论、话语分析、符号学、格语法的理论、功能语法和跨文化交际理论应用于翻译理论和研究,对于翻译理论、翻译教学、翻译语言学以及翻译技巧都进行了精辟的论述。1981年,在《翻译问题探索》(Approaches to Translation,1981)中,纽马克提出了"语义翻译"(Semantic Translation)和"交际翻译"(Communicative Translation)[1]两个重要的翻译策略,成为西方翻译研究史上的里程碑。尽管已经年已耄耋,纽马克仍然笔耕不辍,不断发表学术成果。20世纪90年代他又提出"关联翻译法",进一步完善了他的翻译理论。下面本文将就纽马克的主要译论观点进行初步探析,以求对纽马克的翻译理论做更深层次的理解,并将相关翻译标准应用到英汉、汉英翻译中去。 二、文本功能及其分类 纽马克认为,翻译活动即是对文本的翻译,研究翻译不能离开文本。在修正布勒(Buhler)、雅各布森(Jakobson)功能模式的语言理论基础上,根据不同的内容和文体,纽马克提出了一套自己的文本功能及其分类。他将文本分为表达功能(expressive function)、信息功能(informative function)和号召功能(vocativefunction)。 (一)表达功能(expressive function) 表达功能的核心是讲话人、作者。语言表达功能的核心在于讲话人或作者运用这些话语表情达意,不去考虑读者的反应。纽马克认为,从翻译的目的看,典型的表达型文本有:1、严肃的文学作品,包括抒情诗、短篇小说、长篇小说、戏剧等;2、权威性言论,主要有政治人物的政治演说及文件等,法律法规文献,公认的权威人物撰写的科学、哲学和学术著作。这些文本的权威性来自其作者的地位或可靠性以及他们的语言能力。虽然这样的文本大多不具有言外之意,但往往带有其作者个人特征的"印记";3、自传、散文及个人信函。当这些文本是作者个人情感的一种宣泄,当读者背景模糊时,便属于表达型文本。 在翻译表达型文本时,要遵循"作者第一"的原则。以原作者为核心,既要忠实原作者表达的思想内容,又要忠实原作者的语言风格。在这类文本的翻译中,译者不仅不容许对原文进行修饰和修正,而且必须尽可能以词、短语和分句作为基本翻译单位。 (二)信息功能(informative function) 语言信息功能的核心是外在的语境、话题的事实或语言之外的因素等。典型的信息型文本涉及百科知识,其形式往往非常标准化,如教材、技术报告、报纸或杂志文章、学术论文、备忘录或会议记录等。信息型文本由于强调"真实性",通常用不带个人特色的现代语言写成。因此,在翻译信息型文本时,应遵循"真实性第一"的原则。译者在语言应用上,可以不以原作为标准,而以读者的语言层次为标准,力求通顺易懂,必要时还可以对原文进行修正。与表达型文本相比,译者有更大的自由度,比如当原文表达含糊、混乱或不确切时,译者有责任进行修改,以对目的语读者负责。鉴于此,翻译信息型文本为主的对外交流材料时,可以不受原文结构的束缚,打乱原文的叙述顺序,采用自由的方式,以原文信息加以充实。这种场合,由于许多信息资料通过翻译得以进一步整理,有时译者翻译的文本反而好于原文[3]。 (三)号召功能(vocative function)

王佐良翻译思想的生态翻译学诠释

第22卷 第2期 牡丹江大学学报 Vol.22 No.2 2013年2月 Journal of Mudanjiang University Feb. 2013 96 文章编号:1008-8717(2013)02-0096-03 王佐良翻译思想的生态翻译学诠释 曹 芳 (长沙理工大学外国语学院, 湖南 长沙 410014) 摘 要:王佐良先生是我国外语界的老前辈,对外国文学研究做出了重大的贡献,对翻译理论和实践的探索也建树颇多。本文拟从生态翻译学这一全新的视角来诠释王佐良先生的翻译思想。文章认为,从以下五个方面来看,王佐良先生的翻译思想同样体现了生态翻译学思想: 翻译生态的“和谐统一”;翻译行为的“适应/选择”;翻译过程的“汰弱留强”;译者追求的“译有所为”以及译品生命的“适者长存”。 关键词:王佐良翻译思想;生态翻译学;五方面 中图分类号:H315.9 文献标识码:A 引言 王佐良(1916-1995),浙江上虞人,我国著名的外国文学评论家,同时还是翻译家、翻译理论家、语言学家以及作家与诗人,是一位“文艺复兴式的 人”[1] ,译著有《苏格兰诗选》、《英国诗文选译集》,Thunderstorm(曹禺《雷雨》英译),《培根散文先译》,弥尔顿的《失乐园》,蒲柏的《道理》,雪莱的《奥西曼提斯》、《哀歌》,刘勰的《文心雕龙》以及鲁迅的《论语一年》等。王先生对我国的翻译事业不仅在实践方面做出了许多的贡献, 而且在翻译理论方面也提出了独到的翻译见解。他的这些翻译主张不仅指导着他自己的翻译实践,对我们现在翻译学习者也有着十分重要的现实意义。[2] 本文拟从生态翻译学理论来诠释王佐良的翻译思想。生态翻译学是胡庚申教授于2008 年在对翻译适应选择论的理论本质进一步挖掘与升华的基础上提出来的。它是关于译者与翻译生态环境互动的生态学视角的翻译研究。它是以翻译生态与自然生态的类似性和同构性为基础,以生态学的整体观为方法论,以译者与翻译生态环境的相互关系为研究对象,从“适应”与“选择”的视角对翻译的本质、过程、标准、原则和方法以及翻译现象和翻译生态体系等做出了新的描述和解释。翻译界普遍认为,生态翻译学为翻译学研究提供了一个崭新的视角,将有助于译界重新审视和解读各种翻译现象 和翻译思想。[3]除此之外,译界学者认为,翻译适 应选择论是“译学研究的一个新视角”。基于这种认识,本文研究期望有助于审视生态翻译学解释翻译现象的适用性;更重要的是,或将有助于对王佐良翻译思想和学术价值做出更进一步的探寻和挖掘。[4] 一、王佐良翻译思想的生态“和谐统一” 生态翻译学认为,翻译是一个整合一体的、和谐统一的系统。或者可以说由于翻译生态系统是一个和谐统一的整体,那么这个系统中的每个子系统也应当是和谐统一的。[5]纵观王佐良的一生,无论是他在英国的进修时兢兢业业的学习态度和新中国成立毅然决然地回到祖国报效的爱国主义情怀以及他在翻译实践中体现出的翻译思想都能体现出这种“生态‘和谐统一’”理念。 王佐良既是翻译理论家又是翻译实践家,在他身上很好地体现了翻译理论与实践的高度统一。在他的翻译论著《翻译:思考与试笔》(1989)的内容体系也充分反映了他的理论与实践统一观。他在《词义、文体、翻译》一文中明确地指出了两者的统一关系:“近年来有两个方面的发展, 值得引起翻译界的注意。一是翻译的规模越来越大, 质量也显著提高, 而且这是中外皆然, 已经成了一种世界性的现象。二是现代语言学的研究提供了一些新见解, 可能会对讨论翻译问题有点帮助。”[6]文中王先 收稿日期:2012-12-17 作者简介:曹芳(1989—),女,湖南郴州人,长沙理工大学外国语学院11级在读研究生,研究方 向:翻译理论与实践。

纽马克的翻译理论

Chapter 2 Peter Newmark Semantic and Communicative Translation Guided Reading Peter Newmark (1916) is an accomplished translation scholar as well as an experienced translator. He has translated a number of books and articles and published extaensively on translation. His publications on translation include Approaches to Translation (1981), About Translation(1983), Paragraphs on Translation段落翻译(1985), A Textbook of Translation翻译教程(1988), and More Paragraphs on Translation(1993). In his work Approaches to Translation, Newmark proposes two types of translation: semantic translation语义翻译and communicative translation交际翻译. Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text whereas communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors. This distinction results from his disapproval of Nida's assumption假定,假设,设想;假装;承担,担任that all translating is communicating, and the overriding最主要的,最优先的principle of any translation is to achieve "equivalent effect". For Newmark, the success of equivalent effect is "illusory", and that "the conflict

彼得纽马克翻译理论浅析

2008 年6 月 第10 卷/ 第6 期/ 河北师范大学学报/ 教育科学版/ JOURNAL OF HEBEI NORMAL UNIVERSITY/ Educational Science Edition/ J un. 2008 Vol. 10 No. 6 收稿日期:2008 - 02 - 16 作者简介:陈凯(1978 - ) , 女, 河北保定人, 助教, 研究方向为翻译理论与实践; 张建辉(1980 - ) , 男, 河北保定人,助教, 研究方向为翻译理论与实践。 彼得·纽马克翻译理论浅析 陈凯, 张建辉 (保定学院, 河北保定071000) 摘要:彼得·纽马克撰写了多部翻译理论著作,将翻译文本类型进行分类,提出了语义翻译、交际翻译 的概念,同时他对自己的理论进行了进一步扩充———提出了关联翻译法,为国内外译界提供了很好的指导, 为繁荣译论做出了重大贡献。 关键词:彼得·纽马克;翻译理论 中图分类号: H 059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009 - 413X(2008) 06 - 0142 - 03 彼得·纽马克,英国当代翻译家、翻译理论家, 其翻译理论简明扼要,短小精悍,与奈达的卷帙浩繁 相得益彰。和奈达一样,纽马克运用现代语言学来 分析和解决具体的翻译问题。他认为译论“源于比 较语言学,在语言学的范畴内,主要涉及语义学;所 有语义学的问题都与翻译理论有关”,同时,他承认 语言的平等性和可译性,认为翻译既是科学,也是艺 术和技巧,针对不同种类的文本,译者要采用不同的 翻译方法,力图使译作对译文读者产生的效果应尽 量等同于原作对原文读者产生的效果[1 ] 。下面本文 将就其主要的译论观点进行简析,以求对纽马克的 翻译理论有个更深层次的了解。 一、文本类型分类 在纽马克看来,翻译就是文本的翻译,研究翻译 不能离开文本。因此,纽马克根据Buhler 的语言功 能理论将所有的文本划分为三大范畴:表达型文本、 信息型文本和号召型文本。 (一) 表达型文本 在表达型文本中,如文学作品、私人信件、自传 和散文等,其核心思想是表情达意,作者独特的语言 形式和内容应同等重要。因此,这样的文本强调原 作者的权威,不会去考虑读者的反应。典型的表达 型文本包括:1. 严肃的文学作品,包括抒情诗、长篇 小说、短篇小说、戏剧等;2. 权威性言论,包括国家政

培根“Of studies”(附王佐良中译文)

Francis Bacon Of Studies? STUDIES serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Their chief use for delight,is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment,and disposition of business.For expert men can execute,and perhaps judge of particulars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots and marshalling of affairs,come best,from those that are learned.To spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affectation;to make judgment wholly by their rules,is the humor of a scholar.They perfect nature,and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants,that need proyning,by study;and studies themselves,do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience.Crafty men contemn studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them;for they teach not their own use;but that is a wisdom without them,and above them,won by observation.Read not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;that is,some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.Some books also may be read by deputy,and extracts made of them by others;but that would be only in the less important arguments,and the meaner sort of books,else distilled books are like common distilled waters,flashy things. Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man. And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little, he had need have a present wit:and if he read little,he had need have much cunning,to seem to know,that he doth not.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtile;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.Abeunt studia in mores.1Nay,there is no stond or impediment in the wit,but may be wrought out by fit studies;like as diseases of the body,may have appropriate exercises.Bowling is good for the stone and reins;shooting for the lungs and breast;gentle walking for the ?THE ESSAYS OR COUNSELS,CIVIL AND MORAL,OF FRANCIS Ld.VERULAM VISCOUNT ST.ALBANS 1Studies pass into the character.

Chapter 2纽马克的翻译理论

Chapter 2纽马克的翻译理论 一、纽马克翻译理论的类型 纽马克把翻译分为四类 1、交际翻译 翻译交际中,目标文本所产生的效果应力求接近源文本; 2、语义翻译 语义翻译中目标文本应在目标语的语义和句法结构允许的情况下尽可能准确地再现原文的语境含义; 3、直译 在直译中原文本的基本意义被译过来目标文本虽合乎目标语的句法结构,但意思是孤立的,没有考虑源语用词的语境因素; 4、死译 在死译中,源文本所有词语的基本意思得到了翻译,但目标文本既不考虑源语用词的语境因素,句法也不合乎目标语要求就连词序也是按照源语文本排列的。 二、纽马克根据语言的三大功能 表达功能(expressive function) 传信功能(informative function) 召唤功能(vocative function) 分析了各种不同类型的作品。他认为各类作品的功能的侧重点不同, 应采取不同的翻译方法。有一些作品, 重点放在原文的语义内容上, 应采取“语义翻译”(semantic translation)的方法, 译文要尽可能接近

于原文的语言形式, 以保持其语义内容, 有一些作品, 重点放在读者的理解和反应上, 应采取“交流翻译”的方法, 译文更倾向于译入语的语言形式, 使读者更容易接受和理解。纽马克对“交流翻译”的定义是: “交流翻译试图用这样一种方式正 确地传达原作的文中意义, 使其内容与语言都可以很容易地为读者所接受和理解。”(communicative translation attempts to render the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership) 这种翻译可以摆脱原文语言形式的束缚, 更好地发挥译文语言的优势, 使译文流畅、自然、简洁、明了, 更容易为读者所接受和理解, 这样的译文必然会受到广大读者的欢迎, 用严复的话说, 就可以“言之有文,行之弥远”, 合乎“雅”的要求了。 纽马克谈理论, 最重视与实践的结合。他说“任何理论如果不是产生于翻译实践中的间题, 那就毫无意义, 毫无生命力。”所以, 我们有必要通过翻译实践中的实例来 证实这三家理论的一致性。试举例如下: eg.1 If she did, she need not coin her smiles so lavishly; flash her glances so unremittingly; manufacturing airs so elaborate graces so multitudinous. 译1,如果她真做了, 她就不需要这样浪费地铸造她的微笑, 这样不懈

Chapter 2纽马克的翻译理论

Chapter 2纽马克的翻译理论 Chapter 2纽马克的翻译理论一、纽马克翻译理论的类型 纽马克把翻译分为四类 1、交际翻译 翻译交际中,目标文本所产生的效果应力求接近源文本; 2、语义翻译 语义翻译中目标文本应在目标语的语义和句法结构允许的情况下尽可能准确地再现原文的语境含义; 3、直译 在直译中原文本的基本意义被译过来目标文本虽合乎目标语的句法结构,但意思是孤立的,没有考虑源语用词的语境因素; 4、死译 在死译中,源文本所有词语的基本意思得到了翻译,但目标文本既不考虑源语用词的语境因素,句法也不合乎目标语要求就连词序也是按照源语文本排列的。 二、纽马克根据语言的三大功能 表达功能(expressive function) 传信功能(informative function) 召唤功能(vocative function) 分析了各种不同类型的作品。他认为各类作品的功能的侧重点不同, 应采取不同的翻译方法。有一些作品, 重点放在原文的语义内容上, 应采取“ 语义翻译”(semantic translation)的方法, 译文要尽可能接近 于原文的语言形式, 以保持其语义内容, 有一些作品, 重点放在读者 的理解和反应上, 应采取“交流翻译”的方法, 译文更倾向于译入语 的语言形式, 使读者更容易接受和理解。纽马克对“ 交流翻译”的 定义是:

“交流翻译试图用这样一种方式正 确地传达原作的文中意义, 使其内容与语言都可以很容易地为读者 所接受和理解。”(communicative translation attempts to render the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership) 这种翻译可以摆脱原文语言形式的束缚, 更好地发挥译文语言的优 势, 使译文流畅、自然、简洁、明了, 更容易为读者所接受和理解, 这样的译文必然会受到广大读者的欢迎, 用严复的话说, 就可以“ 言 之有文,行之弥远” , 合乎“ 雅”的要求了。 纽马克谈理论, 最重视与实践的结合。他说“ 任何理论如果不是产 生于翻译实践中的间题, 那就毫无意义, 毫无生命力。” 所以, 我们 有必要通过翻译实践中的实例来 证实这三家理论的一致性。试举例如下: eg.1 If she did, she need not coin her smiles so lavishly; flash her glances so unremittingly; manufacturing airs so elaborate graces so multitudinous. 译1,如果她真做了, 她就不需要这样浪费地铸造她的微笑, 这样不懈 地闪耀她的眼光, 制造这样精致的气派, 这样众多的文雅。 译2,如果她当真爱他的话, 她就用不着这样过分地装出笑容, 不断地送她的媚眼,费尽心计装腔作势, 摆出许多文雅的姿态。 译3,如果她当真爱他的话, 她就根本用不着这样满面堆笑, 滥送秋波, 煞费苦心地故作姿态, 装出许多斯文模样。 从以上例子, 我们可以看出

Of Studies 王佐良先生译文

Of Studies 王佐良先生译文(英汉对照) STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; (a retiring room 休息室) 其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时; for ornament, is in discourse; 其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition部署of business. 其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。 For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节, but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. 然纵观统筹、全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。 To spend too much time in studies is sloth; 读书费时过多易惰, to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; 文采藻饰太盛则矫,

to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor怪僻的行为of a scholar. 全凭条文断事乃学究故态。 They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: 读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足, for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; 盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。 Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; 有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above th em, won by observation. 然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。 Read not to contradict and confute驳斥; nor to believe and take for granted; nor t o find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; 书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。 that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiou sly (carefully); and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.

纽马克的翻译理论

纽马克的翻译理论 Chapter 2 Peter Newmark Semantic and Communicative Translation Guided Reading Peter Newmark (1916) is an accomplished translation scholar as well as an experienced translator. He has translated a number of books and articles and published extaensively on translation. His publications on translation include Approaches to Translation (1981), About Translation(1983), Paragraphs on Translation段 落翻译(1985), A Textbook of Translation翻译教程(1988), and More Paragraphs on Translation(1993). In his work Approaches to Translation, Newmark proposes two types of translation: semantic translation语义翻译 and communicative translation交际翻译. Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text whereas communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors. This distinction results from his disapproval of Nida's assumption假定,假设, 设想;假装;承担,担任 that all translating is communicating, and the overriding最主要的,最优先的 principle of any translation is to achieve "equivalent effect". For Newmark, the success of equivalent effect is "illusory", and that "the conflict

纽马克的翻译理论主要是什么

纽马克的翻译理论主要是什么 彼得?纽马克是英国著名的翻译理论家和翻译教育家。纽马克在分析和总结各家各派的翻译思想的基础上,将文体论、话语分析、符号学、格语法的理论、功能语法和跨文化交际理论应用于翻译理论和研究,对于翻译理论、翻译教学、翻译语言学以及翻译技巧都进行了精辟的论述。纽马克翻译理论的核心是语义翻译和交际翻译,这也是其翻译理论中最主要、最有特色的组成部分。他的代表作包括《翻译问题探索》(Approaches to Translation, 1981) 、《翻译教程》(A Text book of Translation, 1988)、《翻译论》(About Translation, 1991)和《翻译短评》(Paragraphs on Translation, 1993)。在《翻译问题探索》一书中,纽马克提出,针对不同的文本类型应当采用不同的翻译方法——语义翻译(semantic tr anslation) 或交际翻译(communicative translation)。根据不同的内容和文体,他将文本分为抒发功能(expressive function)、信息功能(informative function)、呼唤功能(vocative function)、审美功能(aesthetic function)、应酬功能(phatic f unction)和元语言功能(metalingual function)。20世纪90年代他又提出“关联翻译法”,这标志着他的翻译理论渐趋系统。下面本文将就纽马克的主要译论观点进行初步解读,以求对纽马克的翻译理论做更深层次的理解,并将相关翻译标准应用到英汉、汉英翻译中去。一.语言功能与文本类型纽马克认为,翻译活动即是对文本的翻译,研究翻译不能离开文本。在修正布勒(Buhler)、雅各布森(Jakob son)功能模式的语言理论基础上,根据不同的内容和文体,纽马克提出了一套自己的文本功能及其分类。他将文本分为以下六种:(一)表达功能(expressive func tion) 表达功能的核心是讲话人、作者。语言表达功能的核心在于讲话人或作者运用这些话语表情达意,不去考虑读者的反应。纽马克认为,从翻译的目的看,典型的表达型文本有:1、严肃的文学作品,包括抒情诗、短篇小说、长篇小说、戏剧等;2、权威性言论,主要有政治人物的政治演说及文件等,法律法规文献,公认的权威人物撰写的科学、哲学和学术著作。这些文本的权威性来自其作者的地位或可靠性以及他们的语言能力。虽然这样的文本大多不具有言外之意,但往往带有其作者个人特征的"印记";3、自传、散文及个人信函。当这些文本是作者个人情感的一种宣泄,当读者背景模糊时,便属于表达型文本。在翻译表达型文本时,要遵循"作者第一"的原则。以原作者为核心,既要忠实原作者表达的思想内容,又要忠实原作者的语言风格。在这类文本的翻译中,译者不仅不容许对原文进行修饰和

of studies 王佐良 翻译评论

王佐良译本对培根《谈读书》中思想性与艺术性的还原与再造 引言: 作为文艺复兴时期重要的散文家和哲学家,弗朗斯科培根在英国文学史上占有重要位置。在他的一系列人生论,如论高位,论美等散文随笔以其独到的视角,流畅的语言为大家熟知。而其中的《谈读书》(《Of studies》)则在学生以及各类学者中得到了广泛共鸣,也深受欢迎。因此选择这篇美文,和最受推崇的王佐良版本翻译,对英语散文的中文翻译进行进一步剖析。 原文: Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate

纽马克翻译理论简介

Peter Newmark?(1916–2011) was an?English?professor?of?translation?at the?University of Surrey.[1] [edit]Biography He was one of the main figures in the founding of?Translation Studies?in the English-speaking world from the 1980s. Life Nida was born in?Oklahoma City,?Oklahoma?on November 11, 1914. He became a Christian at a young age, when he responded to the altar call at his church “to accept Christ as my Saviour.”[2] He graduated summa cum laude from the?University of California?in 1936. After graduating he attended Camp Wycliffe, where Bible translation theory was taught. He ministered for a short time among the Tarahumara Indians in Chihuahua, Mexico, until health problems due to an inadequate diet and the high altitude forced him to leave. Sometime in this period, Nida became a founding charter member of?Wycliffe Bible Translators, a sister organization of the?Summer Institute of Linguistics. In 1937, Nida undertook studies at the?University of Southern California, where he obtained a Master’s Degree in New Testament Greek in 1939. In that same year, Eugene Nida became interim pastor of Calvary Church of?Santa Ana, California, after the founding pastor resigned in 1939.[3]?In spite of his conservative background, in later years Nida became increasingly ecumenical and New Evangelical in his approach.[4] In 1943, Nida received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the?University of Michigan, he was ordained as a Baptist minister, and he married Althea Lucille Sprague. The couple remained married until Althea Sprague Nida's death in 1993. In 1997, Nida married Dr. María Elena Fernandez-Miranda, a lawyer and diplomatic attache. Nida retired in the early 1980s, although he kept on giving lectures in universities all around the world, and lived in Madrid, Spain and?Brussels,?Belgium. He died in Madrid on August 25, 2011 aged 96.[5] [edit]Career In 1943, Nida began his career as a?linguist?with the?American Bible Society?(ABS). He was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, then worked as Executive Secretary for Translations until his retirement. Nida was instrumental in engineering the joint effort between the?Vatican?and the?United Bible Societies?(UBS) to produce cross-denominational Bibles in translations across the globe. This work began in 1968 and was carried on in accordance with Nida's translation principle of Functional Equivalence. [edit]Theories Nida has been a pioneer in the fields of?translation theory?and?linguistics. His Ph.D. dissertation,?A Synopsis of English Syntax, was the first full-scale analysis of a major language according to the "immediate-constituent" theory. His most notable contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalence, also known as Functional Equivalence. For more information, see "Dynamic and formal equivalence." Nida also developed the "componential-analysis" technique, which split words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation (e.g.

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