英语四级真题阅读理解(带翻译)

Passage1

Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。

I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。

Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导

We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a

decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders.

我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。

Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it.

事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。

Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is

volume: if they think you aren't working as hard as they think you should, their demands become increasingly louder and harsher.

许多企业高管把领导与行动混为一谈。他们认为，不断运动以某种程度上产生领导的副产品。面对任何无法解决的纯粹的力量的情况，他们产生了一个不耐烦的尘埃云。他们的一个领导的工具是量：如果他们认为你不做他们认为你应该努力，他们的要求越来越高和严厉的。

True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isn’t their only tool. In fact, it isn’t ever their primary tool. Great leaders see more than everyone el se: answers, solutions, patterns, problems, opportunities. They know it’s vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important.

真正的领导者明白行动的价值，当然，但这不是他们唯一的工具。事实上，它不是他们的主要工具。伟大领袖们看到的比其他人更多：答案、解决方案、模式、问题、机会。他们知道这是非常重要的，但他们也知道，思想，理解，反思和解释同样重要

If you're too concerned with outcomes to the extent that you manipulate and intimidate others to achieve those outcomes, then you aren't leading at all, you're dictating. A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals.

如果你太关注结果的程度，你的操纵和恐吓他人来达到这些目标，那么你不是领导时，你决定。一个真正的领导者是一个发展他或她的团队的人，这样他们就可以打他们的目标，达到他们的目标。

Passage2

Have you ever felt your mind falling into disorder after a sleepless night? You couldn’t come up with an original thought no matter how hard you tried.

你有过一个无眠的夜晚，你是否感到你的精神陷入混乱？不管你怎么努力，你都不能想出一个原创的想法。

You were probably right if you thought that was caused by a lack of sleep. Dr. Horne, a sleep researcher in England, studied 24 college students. One group got their normal eight hours of sleep. The other group didn’t get the smallest amount of sleep ——they stayed awake all night. The next day, Dr. Horne tested the students. He asked them

questions that required creative and original thinking. One of the question s was “How many uses can a cardboard box be put to?”

你可能是对的，如果你认为这是由于缺乏睡眠造成的。Horne博士，在英国睡眠研究者研究了24名大学生。一组八小时的睡眠正常。另一组人没有得到最小的睡眠，他们整夜都睡不着觉。次日，Dr.Horne测试的学生。他要求他们提出的问题，需要创造性和创造性思维。其中的一个问题是“有多少用纸板箱可以装？

The result? The wide-awake students did well on the test .The tired students did poorly.结果？考试大的学生考得很好，累的学生成绩不好。

Research has already shown that tired people can do OK on tests of habitual thinking, like simple addition. But Dr. Horne tested creative thinking only.

研究已经表明，疲劳的人可以做测试的习惯性思维，如简单的加法。但是，Dr.Horne测试创造性思维只有。

As part of his study, he offered an amount of money as a reward to the sleepy students if they did well. But even this encouragement wasn’t enough to help the students conquer their tiredness. They did poorly. Dr. Horne believes that the part of the brain where thinking takes place may get worn out during waking hours. Sleep may help to repair the brain. “Without any sleep,” he emphasized, “even if you pay closer attention, you cannot do better.”作为他的研究的一部分，他提供了一个数额的钱，作为奖励给困倦的学生，如果他们做得很好。但即使是这种鼓励也不足以帮助学生克服疲劳。他们做得很差。霍恩博士认为发生在思维的那部分大脑会磨损在醒着的时候。睡眠可能有助于修复大脑。“没有任何睡眠，”他强调，“即使你付出更密切的关注，你也不能做得更好。”

This study gives people something to think about, especially people like hospital workers who must stay awake all night and then make quick decisions.

这项研究给人们一些思考，特别是像医院工作者的工作人员必须保持清醒，并作出快速决定。

Passage3

Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive（认知的）areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.研究人员发现，当

人们心理活动时，大脑中发生的生化变化，使它在认知活动更为有效（认知的）等方面的注意和记忆。这是真实的，不论年龄。

People will be alert (警觉的) and receptive (接受能力强的) if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.人们将警报（警觉的）和接受（接受能力强的）如果他们面对的信息使他们思考自己感兴趣的事物。有人用历史做更多而不是更少的进入老年的人比没有活跃的思维认知的声音。

Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director

of the National Institute on Aging. “Most of us don't need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness.” Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.许多专家都这么认为，他们在给自己的生活中工作，挑战他们的大脑的好处。“是不是一定要学会记忆大量的信息，说：”杰姆斯Fozard 国立老化研究所的副所长。我们中的大多数人都不需要这种技能。这种特别的培训比能够保持精力充沛，不感兴趣。”Fozard和其他人说他们挑战他们的大脑不同的心智技能，这是因为他们喜欢他们，因为他们相信他们的活动范围将有助于他们的大脑的工作方式。

Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. "The point is, you need to do both," Cohen says, “intellectua l activity actually influences brain-cell health and size.”

基因科恩，同一研究所的代理主任，建议在他们的老年人应该从事的精神和身体活动，以及个人的团体。科恩说，我们经常被建议保持身体活跃，因为我们的年龄，但老年人需要保持精神上积极的。那些做的是更可能保持自己的智力能力和更幸福和更好的调整。”“这一点是，你需要做的，”科恩说，“智力活动实际上影响了脑细胞的健康和大小。”

Passage 4

English is one of the great thieves. It is constantly borrowing. It started out taking words from Latin, Greek, French, and German.英语是一个伟大的小偷。这是不断借。它开始从拉丁语，希腊语，法语和德语中取词。

Then English went on to borrow words from more than 50 different languages. From Italian, it took cameo, stanza, and violin, for example. From Spanish and Portuguese, it borrowed the words alligator, canyon, and sombrero. From Native Americans, it got raccoon and wigwam. Peru contributed llama and quinine. The Caribbean islands gave English barbecue and cannibal. From Africa came chimpanzee and zebra, from India came bandanna, curry, and punch, and from Australia came kangaroo and boomerang.然后，英语就从50多个不同的语言借用了词汇。来自意大利，花浮雕，节，和小提琴，例如。从西班牙和葡萄牙，它借用了鳄鱼，峡谷的话，和草帽。从土著美国人，它得到了浣熊和棚屋。秘鲁贡献了骆驼和奎宁。加勒比群岛给英语烧烤和食人族。从非洲来的黑猩猩和斑马线，从印度来的大手帕，咖喱，和冲床，和从澳大利亚来的袋鼠和飞镖。

Science caused an explosion in words. Some words in science combine parts of Greek and Latin words. They include penicillin, stethoscope, and supersonic. Others were borrowed from languages spoken today. Robot comes from a Czech word.引起爆炸的话。科学的一些词结合起来的希腊和拉丁词的部分。他们包括青霉素、听诊器、超声。其他人被借用的语言今天发言。机器人来自捷克词语。

The English language has been stealing words for more than 1,500 years. The most complete dictionary of the English language contains a whopping 600,000 words. 英语的语言已经超过1500年了。最全的英语词典包含了600000个字。

Passage 5

There is no doubt that a common language used throughout the world would do much to bring countries closer to each other. Though it is becoming increasingly easy to move from place to place, our inability to communicate with one another gives rise to numerous misunderstandings and makes real contact between people of differing nationalities impossible. Many attempts have been made to overcome this problem and they have all failed. The fear of foreign influence and domination rules out the universal acceptance of any one of the existing major languages. Aware of this difficulty, many linguists have constructed artificial languages which could have no possible political overtones. They have argued that a language of this sort would perform much the same service as Latin did in the Middle Ages.毫无疑问，世界上使用的一种通用语言，可以使各国彼此接近。虽然它变得越来越容易从地方移动到地方，我们无法与人沟通，产生了许多误解，使不同民族的人之间的真正接触不可能。许多尝试已经克服了这个问题，他们都失败了。外国势力和统治的恐惧，排除了普遍接受的任何一个现有的主要语言。意识到这一困难，许多语言学家人工语言，不可能有可能的政治色彩。他们认为，这种语言的一种语言，将履行与拉丁在中世纪的相同的服务。

Although linguists succeeded in making their artificial languages extremely simple so that they would be easy to learn, their efforts seemed doomed from the start. The reason for this is that there is no real incentive to learn an artificial language. There is nothing to guarantee that everybody is willing to make the effort; there is no assurance that the learner will have any adequate return for his toil. When people today undertake to learn a foreign language, they are not interested only in speaking it. Mastery of a language makes available to the learner a great deal of worthwhile literature and many current publications. This is the biggest stumbling-block of all for the artificially-constructed tongue. Having no literature of its own, all it can offer is a limited of translations, which are valueless in themselves. Nor can it acquire any literature; for it would have to be used for a great many generations before this could become possible. Moreover, constant use over a long period would bring into being many 'national' dialects and the language would thus defeat its own purpose.虽然语言学家们成功地使他们的人工语言非常简单，所以他们很容易学，他们的努力似乎从一开始就注定了。之所以这样，是没有真正的动机去学习一种人工语言。没有任何东西能保证每个人都愿意付出努力，学习者将有足够的回报为自己的辛勤工作是没有保证的。当人们今天进行外语学习时，他们不感兴趣。掌握一种语言，使学习者获得大量的有价值的文献和许多当前的出版物。这是所有人为构造的舌头的最大障碍。没有自己的文学作品，它可以是一个有限的翻译，这是没有价值的自己。它也不可能获得任何文学作品，因为在这一可能成为可能的前几代人将要使用它。此外，长期的使用会带来许多“国家”的方言和语言，从而击败它自己的目的。

Another serious objection is the fact that a language is shaped by use and not by design. It is a living thing which is forever growing and changing. It takes hundreds of years before it can acquire richness and depth. In an artificial language, however, the meanings of words are rigidly defined. Inflexibility makes for an absence of subtlety, so that no really fine meaning can be conveyed. Though this quality might be admirable for scientific publications, it greatly impedes the formation of any significant literature. Latin was ideal in this respect, for it was a 'dead' language with a literature; an artificial one is 'dead' from the start. This makes it likely that existing language barriers will remain with us for a very long time.另一个严重的反对意见是一种语言是由使用而不是设计。它是一种生活的东西，它永远在成长和改变。它需要数百年才能获得丰富和深度。然而，在人工语言中，词的含义是严格定义的。缺乏灵活性，使微妙的缺失，所以没有很好的传达意思。虽然这种质量可能是令人钦佩的科学出版物，它大大阻碍了任何重要的文献的形成。拉丁语在这方面是理想的，因为这是一种“死”的语言，一种文学作品，一种是从一开始就“死”的。这使得它可能存在的语言障碍将留在我们很长一段时间。

Passage 6

If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise---and as a result, we are aging unnecessarily soon.如果你想保持年轻，坐下来好好想想。这是一组日本医生的研究结果，他说，大部分大脑都没有得到足够的锻炼，因此我们很快就不必要了。

Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of aging could be slowed down.教授想找出为什么日

本北部的健康农民失去了他们认为在相对年轻的年龄和能力的原因，如何减缓衰老过程的方法。

With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.他在东京国

立大学的一组同事中，对一千名不同年龄和不同职业的人进行了大脑体积的测量。

Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.)计算机技术帮助研究人员获得了大脑前部和侧面部分的容量的精确测量，其中涉及到智力（智能）和情感，决定着人的性格。（大脑的后部，它控制着进食和呼吸等功能，不与年龄增长，人们可以继续生活在没有智力或情绪的能力。）

Contraction of front and side parts---as cells die off---was observed in some subjects

in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year-olds.前部

和侧部的---收缩随着细胞的死亡在三十多岁时就能观察到一些人，但仍没有明显一些六十、七十岁。

Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age---using the head.Matsuzawa从他的测试有一个简单的

补救办法通常与年龄相关的收缩---用头。

The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. While collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, are likely to have shrinking brains

as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.研究结果表明，在全国的人比在城镇的大脑开始收缩的一般条款。那些最危险，松泽说，是律师，其次是大学教授和医生。然而，尽管在政府部门做日常工作的白领很可能会像农场工人、公共汽车司机和商店店员一样有大脑萎缩的大脑。

Matsuzawa’s findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. “The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain,” he says, “Think hard and engage in conversation. Don’t rely on pocket calculators.”的调查显

示思考可以防止大脑萎缩。血液必须在头部循环，以供应新鲜的氧气，脑细胞需要。他说：“保持良好的血液循环的最好方法是用大脑，”他说，“想一想，并进行交谈。不要依赖于袖珍计算器。”

Passage 7

Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the

less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.在富裕的世界，受过良好教育的人们的工作时间比不那么熟练的人要长。约65%的美国男性老年62-74拥有专业学位的在职场中，与只有高中文凭的人相比，32%。这一差距是一个不断加深的鸿沟之间的良好的教育小康和不熟练的穷人。快速的技术进步提高了高技术水平的收入，同时也提高了非技术性的。对个人和社会的影响是深远的。

The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people. And they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the

20th century, when greater longevity (长寿) translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead

to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.世界正面临着一个惊人的增长，在老百姓的数量。他们将比以往任何时候都活得更长。在未来20年中，65岁以上的人口将几乎翻一倍，从6亿岁到11亿岁。第二十世纪的经验，当更长寿（长寿）转化为退休后的生活而不是工作中的更多时间，很多观察家认为这一转变将导致经济增长放缓，而激增的养老金将建立政府预算问题。

But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers (二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人) are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.但在工作的年

轻人和空闲的老错过了一个新的趋势，技术和非技术之间的差距不断扩大的概念的概念。年轻的非技术人群中的就业率正在下降，而老年人则在工作时间更长。分歧最明显的是美国，在那里受过良好教育的婴儿潮一代（二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人）正在推迟退休，而许多缺乏技能的年轻人已经退出了劳动力大军。

Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy(预期寿命), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.政策部分责任。许多欧洲国家的政府已经放弃了鼓励人们提前退休的政策。预期寿命的上升（预期寿命），加之慷慨的养老金计划和固定缴费的更换，就意味着更好的工作时间必须有一个舒适的退休生活。但工作的性质的变化也发挥了很大作用。为受过高等教育的人支付的工

资已经急剧上升，而那些继续从老年人中获得丰厚回报的人，因为这些天受教育的老年人比前一代人更有生产力。技术上的变化会增强这一趋势：技能：计算机的补充，从管理技术创新，不一定会随着年龄的增长而下降。

Passage 8

Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.一些世

界上最重要的问题从未得到重视。一个例子来自农业。粮食骚乱和饥饿成为新闻。但在这些问题背后的趋势很少被讨论。那就是一些世界主要作物产量增长减缓。明尼苏达大学和蒙特利尔麦克吉尔大学的一项新研究着眼于这种下降所发生的

地点及程度。

The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops: rice, wheat, corn and soyabeans(大豆). They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.作者大量研究了四种最重要的作物的数据：水稻、小麦、玉米和大豆（大豆）。他们发现，在24%-39%的收获区域之间，20世纪80年代的产量增长快于20世纪90年代和21世纪。

There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most populous(人口多的)countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse.这种增长减缓有两个令人担

忧的特点，一个特点在世界上人口最多的国家—印度和中国—最为明显，两国自给自足能力是国内和国际粮食市场稳定的根源。如果粮食产量增长减缓或者下降，这种自给自足能力不能理所当然。

Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and soybeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soyabeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world.” 第二，小麦和水稻的产量增长比玉米和大豆的慢。这是病态的因为小麦和玉米是更重要的食物，占所有消耗卡路里的一半。玉米和大豆是更重要的饲料谷物。作者注意到“我们更喜欢把精力放在提升饲养动物和发动汽车的作物产量方面，而不是注重提高供人吃的作物产量方面，供人食用的作物是世界粮食产量的基础。”

The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation has argued.这

个报告为另一篇论文更乐观的发现提供了依据，世界食物和农业组织提出，2050年，人们要开发更多土地耕种以养活90亿人，该论文表明，这是错误的。

Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert(回返)to forest or wilderness.This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.

相反，由于人口增长缓慢，当下耕种作物的土地可能会回返为森林或者荒地。这是可能发生的。问题是，人们所预料的产量增长可能不会发生。

Passage 9

In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue（烤肉）restaurant, and then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips.1939年，两个兄弟，麦克和迪克麦当劳，在加利福尼亚州的San Bernadino开了一家汽车餐馆。他们小心地选择了一个繁忙的角落作为店址。多年来，他们经营自己的企业，首先是个剧场，然后烧烤餐厅，然后是另一家汽车餐馆。但在他们的新餐馆里，他们提供了一个新的、简化了的菜单：炸薯条，汉堡包，和苏打水。他们增加了一个新的概念：快速服务，没有服务员，也没有提示。

Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks' sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The

self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success until they met Ray Kroc.他们的汉堡包卖了十五美分。奶酪格外加是四美分。他们的薯条和汉堡包有着惊人的一致性，因为兄弟们已经制定了一个严格的日常准备食物流程，他们让他们的厨师坚持这一流程。他们的新餐馆变得非常流行，特别是在午餐。在繁忙的中午，数百人开车前来。这家自助餐厅很受欢迎，兄弟们又开了十家一样的餐厅。他们满足于这小小的成功，直到他们遇到了雷·克罗克内容

Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milk shake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of the brothers' fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise（特许经营）other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu, the equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches.1954年，克罗克是个推销员，他在推销奶昔及其的时候遇见了麦当劳兄弟。他很快看到兄弟的快餐店的独特吸引力和并且买下了餐厅的特许经营权。该协议的权利，包括复制的菜单，设备，甚至包括带金色拱门的红白相间的建筑

Today McDonald's is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald's had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history.今天麦当劳是个家喻户晓的名字。自从克罗克先生看着

人们匆忙订购十五美分的汉堡包，几十年来，麦当劳的三明治已经成为汉堡的别称。在1976，麦当劳拥有超过10亿美元的总销售额。它的前二十二年是美国现代商业史上最令人难以置信的成功案例之一。

Passage 10

The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in human history, comparable in impact to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph. Over two billion people worldwide now have access to vastly more information than ever before, and can communicate with each other instantly, often using Web-connected mobile devices they carry everywhe re. But the Internet’s tremendous impacts has only just begun. 互联网的兴起，一直是人类历史上最具变革性的发展之一，与印刷机和电报的发明影响相当。现在，超过二十亿人以往任何时候都有更多的信息，并可以立即与对方进行沟通，经常他们使用随身携带的联网的移动设备，但是互联网的巨大冲击才刚刚开始。

“Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social, cultural, and political transformations in history, and unlike earlier periods of change, this time the effects are fully global,” Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book. The Ne w Digital Age.

Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people worldwide who currently lack Internet access get online. The authors do an excellent job of examining the implications of the Internet revolution for individuals, governments, and institutions like the news media. But if the book has one major shortcoming, it’s that authors don’t spend enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses in these weeping changes.

In their book, the authors provide the most authoritative volume to date that describes — and more importantly predicts — how the Internet will shape our lives in the coming decades. They paint a picture of a world in which individuals, companies, institutions, and governments must deal with two realities, one physical, and one virtual.

At the core of the book is the idea that “technology is neutral, but people aren’t.” By using this concept as a starting point, the authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs. pessimist dichotomy (对立观点) that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society. In an interview with TIME earlier this week, Cohen said although he and his co-author are optimistic about many aspects of the Internet, they’re also realistic about the risks and dangers that lie ahead when the next five billion people come online, particularly with respect to personal privacy and state surveillance(监视). “互联网的大规模普及推动着历史上最令人兴奋的社会、文化和政治变革，不像早期的变化，这一次的影响是全球性的，”施密特和科恩在他们的新书《新数字时代》写道。

或许，当现在无法使用网络的五十亿人能上网时，最深刻的影响将到来。作者做了出色的工作，研究互联网对个人，政府和机构（如新闻媒体）的革命性影响。但如果这本书有一个主要的缺点，那就是作者没有花足够的时间对互联网企业在这些变化中的作用进行批判。

在他们的书中，作者提供了最具权威性的数据量来描述—更重要的是预测—未来几十年互联网将如何塑造我们的生活。他们描绘了一个世界的图景：个人、企业、机构和政府必须应对的两个现实，一个是真实的，一个是虚拟的。

在这本书的核心观念是，“技术是中性的，但人不是“利用这一概念为出发点，旨在超越现在熟悉的乐观者与悲观者二分法（对立观点），最近有关于互联网的崛起最终将对社会有利还是有害的争论，常常可以看到这种对立观点。本周早些时候，科恩在接受《时代周刊》采访时说，虽然他和他的合著者对互联网的很多方面持乐观态度，但是，他们也很现实地看待五十亿人上网的风险和危险，特别是有关个人隐私和国家监督方面。

Passage 11

Good afternoon, and welcome to England. We hope that your visit here will be a pleasant one. Today, I would like to draw your attention to a few of our laws.下午好，欢迎来到英国。我们希望您在这里的访问将是愉快的。今天，我想提请你注意我们的一些法律。

The first one is about drinking. Now, you may not buy alcohol (酒) in this country if you are under 18 years of age, nor may your friends buy it for you.首先是

关于饮酒。在英国，未满十八岁不能买酒，您的朋友也不能为您买酒。

Secondly, noise. Enjoy yourselves by all means, but please don’t make unnecessary noise, particularly at night. We ask you to respect other people who may wish to be quiet.第二是关于噪音，您可以尽己所能让自己玩得愉快，但是，请不要发出不必要的噪音，尤其是在晚上的时候，我们希望您能尊重那些爱静的人。Thirdly, crossing the road. Be careful. The traffic moves on the left side of the road in this country. Use pedestrian crossings (人行横道) and do not take any chances when crossing the road.第三，关于过马路。要注意。在英国，车辆靠左行驶、过马路的时候要走人行横道，不要冒险。

My next point is about litter (throwing away waste material in a public place). It is an offence (违法行为) to drop litter in the street. When you have something to throw away, please put it in your pocket and take it home, or put it in a litter bin.下面我要

讲的是关于垃圾的（在公共场合乱丢废物）。在街上扔垃圾是违法的。当你有东西要扔的时候，请把它放到袋子里带回家，或者扔到垃圾箱里

Finally, as regards smoking, it is against the law to buy cigarettes or tobacco (烟草) if you are under 16 years of age.最后，关于吸烟，16岁以下买烟卷或者烟草是违法的。

I’d like to finish by saying that if you require any sort of help or assistance, you should contact your local police station, who will be pleased to help you.最后我要说的是，如果您需要任何帮助，您可以联系当地警察局，他们乐意效劳。

Now, are there any questions?

现在，还有问题吗？

历年大学英语四级翻译真试题及范文答案、、、、

历年大学英语四级翻译真试题及范文答案、、、、

12月大学英语四级考试翻译题目 许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不但被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，因此中餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skil l but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-look ing. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different place s of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to se ek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不论怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Info rmation Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this phenomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not n ecessary, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of p eople think it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern. "你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 "Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until th e 18th century does it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of th e most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China b ut also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture. 中国结最初是由手工艺人创造的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换

2017年英语四级翻译答案

2017年12月 (卷一） 华山位于华阴市，据西安120公里。华山是秦岭的一部分，秦岭不仅分割陕南与陕北，也分隔华南与华北。与从前人们常去朝拜的泰山不同，华山过去很少有人光临，因为上山的道路极其危险。然而，希望长寿大人却经常上山，因为山上生长着许多草药，特别是一些稀有的草药。自上世纪90年代安装缆车以来，参观人数大大增加。 Huashan(Mount Hua) is situated in Huayin City, 120 kilometers away from Xi'an. It is part of the Qinling Mountains, which divides not only Southern and Northern Shaanxi, but also South and North China. Unlike Taishan, which became a popular place of pilgrimage, Huashan was not well visited in the past because it is dangerous for the climbers to reach its summit. Huashan was also an important place frequented by immortality seekers, as many herbs grow there especially some rare ones. Since the installation of the cable cars in the 1990s, the number of visitors has increased significantly. （卷二） 泰山位于山东省西部。海拔1500余米,方圆约400平方公里。泰山不仅雄伟壮观,而且是一座历史文化名山,过去3000多年一直是人们前往朝拜的地方。据记载,共有72位帝王曾来此游览。许多作家到泰山获取灵感,写诗作文,艺术家也来此绘画。山上因此留下了许许多多的文物古迹。泰山如今已成为中国一处主要的旅游景点。 Mountain Tai , 2,700 m above sea level and 400 square kilometers, which is located in the western part of China. It enjoys not only the magnificent sight, but the high reputation for its historical culture. Mountain Tai is a place of worship for pilgrims for 3,000 thousand years.According to the record, it was visited by 72 emperors in total. Many writers obtain inspiration and compose poems and compositions by visiting Mountain Tai. Besides, artists also draw paintings here. Consequently, there are a lot of cultural relics

大学英语四级翻译练习题 篇汇总

2017年6月大学练习题13篇汇总 1.中国菜 请将下面这段话翻译成英文： 中国菜(cuisine)是中国各地区、各民族各种菜肴的统称，也指发源于中国的烹饪方式。中国菜历史悠久, 流派(genre)众多，主要代表菜系有“八大菜系”。每一菜系因气候、地理、历史、烹饪技巧和生活方式的差异而风格各异。中国菜的调料(seasoning)丰富多样，调料的不同是形成地方特色菜的主要原因之一。中国菜强调色、香、味俱佳，味是菜肴的灵魂。中国饮食文化博大精深，作为世界三大菜系之一的中国菜，在海内外享有盛誉。 参考翻译: Chinese cuisine is a general term for the various foods from diverse regions and ethnic groups of China. It also refers to cooking styles originating from China. With a long history, Chinese cuisine has a number of different genres, the main representatives of which are "Eight Cuisines". Every cuisine is distinctive from one another due to the differences in climate, geography, history, cooking techniques and lifestyle. Chinese cuisine contains a rich variety of seasonings, which is one of main factors contributing to different local special dishes. Chinese cuisine lays emphasis on

大学英语四级考试真题及答案.doc

2016 年12 月大学英语四级考试真题及 答案 【篇一：2016 年12 月大学英语四级翻译作文题目及答 案】 翻译一： 在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋 友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把 它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运与快 乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水写中国人名被看 成是一种冒犯行为。 as a symbol of good luck, longevity and happiness in chinese culture, the color of red can be seen everywhere during springfestive and other festive/ joyous occasions. cash is usually put in red envelopes as gifts for relatives and close/intimate friends. also, red is much-welcomed / fashionable in china because of its association with chinese revolutions and the communist party. however, red does not always represent / equal to good luck and joy. red was previously used to write the names of the deceased so it is seen as an offence to write chinese people ’s names in red ink. 翻译二 随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘 在婚礼上穿着白色婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。然而，在 中国传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住， 白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病 人。同样，礼金也不能装在白色信封里，而要装在红色信封里。 with the reform and opening-up of china, a great many young people nowadays prefer to hold western-style wedding: the bride wears white wedding gown because the color is considered to symbolize purity/is considered as the symbol of purity. however, in tradition chinese culture, white is often used on funerals. so, do bear in mind that white flowers should never be used as a gift to celebrate someone ’s recovery, especially not for the aged or those who are seriously ill.

英语四级真题阅读理解(带翻译)

Passage1 Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。 I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。 Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导 We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。 Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。 Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is

2018年12月大学英语四级翻译真题汇集

2018年12月大学英语四级翻译真题汇总 【手机改变阅读方式】 由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人的速度增长。这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式。他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。大量移动应用程序（apps）的开发使人们能用手机阅读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。但调查显示，尽管智能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。（164字） In recent years, the number of Chinese smartphone users has been growing at an alarming rate as the result of the rapid development of communication networks. This has dramatically changed the ways of reading for many people. They now often read news and articles on their smartphones instead of buying traditional newspapers. The development of a large number of mobile apps enables people to read novels and other forms of literature works on their mobile phones. Therefore, the sale of paper books has been affected. But the survey indicates that, despite the steady growth of the mobile phone reading market, more than half of the adults still prefer to read paper books. 【手机改变支付方式】 过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。随着移动互联网的出现，手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势。18到30岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大群体。由于现在用手机付款很容易，许多消费者在购物时宁愿用手机付款，而不愿用现金或信用卡。为了鼓励人们多消费，

英语四级阅读理解基础练习及答案翻译

英语四级阅读理解基础练习及答案翻译 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《英语四级阅读理解基础练习及答案翻译》的内容，具体内容：在英语学习过程中,阅读理解能力是学习 者发展语言能力的基础和手段。国内的各类英语考试中几乎都有阅读理解题型,大学英语四级考试也不例外。大学英语四级阅读理解试题是试卷中 分值最重的题型，为了提... 在英语学习过程中,阅读理解能力是学习者发展语言能力的基础和手 段。国内的各类英语考试中几乎都有阅读理解题型,大学英语四级考试也 不例外。大学英语四级阅读理解试题是试卷中分值最重的题型，为了提高大家的阅读水平，下面是我为大家带来英语四级阅读理解基础练习，希望对大家的学习有所帮助! 英语四级阅读理解基础练习一： Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18 and 21 years), children are encouraged, but not forced, to "leave the nest" and begin an independent life. After children leave home they often find social relationship and financial support outside the family. Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, nor do children usually ask permission of their parents to get married, Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses (配偶) through other friends, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institutions, Although

2015年6月13日全国大学英语四级翻译真题及答案

2 015年6月13日全国大学英语四级翻译真题及答案 大米 在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多数种植水稻，人们通常以大米为食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。 In the mind of Westerners,Chinese people have the closest connection to rice,basic food for the Chinese.For a long time,rice occupies a very important position in the Chinese diet.There is even a saying that "even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice".People in south China plant and live on rice,while people in the most parts of North China cannot plant rice due to excessively dry and cold weather. The main crop there is wheat. In China, some people use flour to bake bread,while most people make steamed bread and noodles with flour. xx 中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到20年建成的一个太空站。目前，中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时，它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。 快递 据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier service）将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此，快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。

大学英语四级CET-4阅读理解(1)

大学英语四级阅读理解（1）We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming(把......按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every

大学英语四级真题-翻译

今年考的三套翻译题均是跟中国的公共交通相关的内容，介绍了公交车、飞机、地铁服务的提升，以及市民生活水平的提高。展现了我国社会的发展和人民幸福水平的提升。 交通方式这一话题是考生日常所熟知的，也比较贴近考生的生活，词汇对于考生来说不是问题，“公交车”、“航空”等都是小学初中就接触到的词汇，但是需要考生去积累一些组合词汇，例如：“私家车private car”、“老年市民senior citizens”等。 对段落内容的理解也不是难事，毕竟交通方式是生活中老生常谈的话题，主要的难点在于一些固定的句式和搭配，例如“随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高”是考生耳熟能详的“万金油”句式。 诸如此类句式还有：“曾是……used to be…”、“越来越……more and more…”这些表达应该是考生在平时的学习中慢慢积累的。 此外，时态语态也是考生容易出错的点，由于汉语和英语表达习惯的不同，汉语中不常用被动，或者即使表达被动的意思也不会体现在句式上，例如：“公交车设施不断更新”，从字面并没有任何提示是被动，但语义的理解却带有被动的含义，翻译成英语时一定要体现出“be+过去分词”的结构。 又如“许多城市……一直努力……”,需要判断，这个动作发生在过去的某个时间节点，一直持续，并还可能持续下去，最后确定此处应选用现在完成进行时，在平时的学习中，应理解每种时态对应的情况，才能更加贴切地表达出原文所要传达的意思 句子的语序调整仍值得考生注意。时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语和方式状语仍然是重要的考点，一般情况下都要后置。 其次是句型的变化。注意运用被动语态(从中英文语用习惯以及动词发出者的逻辑主语去改句子)、插入语(例如，“包括许多农民和外出务工人员”)、there be 句型(非人主语+有/存在。例如，中国有越来越多的城市开始建设地铁)和It为形式主语的句子(例如，乘飞机出行对大多数中国人来说是难以想象的)进行改句，防止句式单一。 过去，乘飞机出行对大多数中国人来说是难以想象的。 In the past, travelling by airplane was unimaginable for most Chinese.

大学英语四级阅读理解试题及标准答案.

大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案.

————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 2

3 大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四） 十六 Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly. 1.Pruning should be done to ______. a.make the tree grow taller

(完整版)历年大学英语四级翻译真题

历年四级段落型翻译真题 Roger Li 2014 年6 月大学英语四级翻译 试卷一：中餐许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition) 。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。 译文： Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is viewed as not only a skill but also a form of art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Although cooking methods and food ingredients vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 试卷二：信息技术 信息技术(Information Technology) ，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。译文： As Chinese citizens are attaching increasing importance to the rapidly developing Information Technology, some colleges even set it as a compulsory course. In regard to this, people hold different opinions. Some people view it as unnecessary move, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Other thinks it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology arouses public concern. 试卷三：茶文化 " 你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties) 期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18 世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。译文： "Would you like tea or coffee?" That 's a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners would choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture. 试卷四：中国结 中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里

大学英语四级阅读理解试题

大学英语四级阅读理解试题 Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindnenss. Yet, dark glasses or not , they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes,and even snowblindness,when exposed to several hours of "snow light" . The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow- covered , a man's eyes frequently find nothing to foucs on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of tsomething to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never sotp searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid coversthe eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs, then is obsured,and the result is total, even though temporary,snowblindness. Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are