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统计学-数理统计在统计学中的地位(The position of statistical mathematical statistics in Statistics)

统计学-数理统计在统计学中的地位(The position of statistical mathematical statistics in Statistics)
统计学-数理统计在统计学中的地位(The position of statistical mathematical statistics in Statistics)

统计学-数理统计在统计学中的地位(The position of statistical mathematical statistics in Statistics)

I. The main characteristics of mathematical statistics and statistics

(1) the main features of mathematical statistics;

The mathematical statistics is based on the random phenomenon limited income observations or experimental data summarized, find rules of the limited data, and the number of rules based on the corresponding overall phenomenon make a subject inference or judgment. Summarized as follows: first, randomness, that is to say, the object of mathematical statistics should be stochastic, deterministic phenomenon is not the content of mathematical statistics. Two is limited, that is to say, the number of random phenomena in mathematical statistics is limited by the number of times. The three is quantitative, that is, mathematical statistics to study the random phenomenon of the number of regularity based, and the quality of random phenomena for the second time. Four is the research method used, mainly for induction. Finally, mathematical statistics has a certain probability reliability through the study of small samples in order to achieve the overall inference. That the overall error sample is an objective existence, but statistics not only focus on the size of the error, the error possibility also pointed out.

According to the characteristics of mathematical statistics, mathematical statistics is one of the most important and active subjects in applied mathematics. Thus! Statistics from the

discipline division, should belong to mathematics, but it focuses on application! Instead of pure mathematical theory or method of research, the methods used are focusing on induction, rather than mathematical deduction.

In summary, the main characteristics of mathematical statistics can be summarized in one sentence, mathematical statistics is a limited number of observations or experiments a number of research results of random phenomena, according to the number of general rules make the applied mathematics has certain reliability inference.

(two) the main characteristics of Statistics

Statistics is a methodology science of collecting, arranging and analyzing statistical data. The purpose of statistics is to explore the internal quantity and regularity of data so as to achieve scientific understanding of objective things.

Statistics from the scope of its research, there are three major areas: data collection, data collation and data analysis. First of all, with the development of statistics, it is difficult to tell which areas are more important in these three fields. Perhaps a lot of people think that data analysis is more important. In the analysis of the United States in 1910 and 1900 two agricultural census data, Lenin pointed out: "all problems, all the difficult task is how these data can exactly from the political and economic situation that the different kinds or types of farmers." This shows the importance of data collation. Study on analysis method of distress statistics in our country is not data in recent years, but the lack of adequate

statistical data valid, which cannot be confirmed or to test the corresponding economic theory, economic model and economic policy data. The importance of data collection is evident. Second, statistics is a methodological science. For a long time, it has been considered that the basic methods of statistical research are numerous observation method, statistical index method, statistical grouping method and model inference method. Especially a lot of observation becomes one of the most important basic characteristics of statistical methods, it can be said that this is one of the fundamental difference between statistical and mathematical statistics or statistics also really has become the modern Western Mathematical Statistics. With the statistics from the purely statistical description of the early development for both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, until some scholars think that the modern statistics should be dominated by statistical inference, supplemented by descriptive statistics, regardless of whether the idea inappropriate, but it can be inferred statistically has played an important role in the modern social life. In fact, inferential statistics has become one of the basic features of modern statistics. Again, the statistics from one day become a science, the phenomenon of quantity research as the basic characteristics, but also their own, emphasized the need for a qualitative understanding of the phenomenon as the foundation.

(three) comparison of mathematical statistics and statistics

Through the above analysis of mathematical statistics and statistical characteristics, the main similarities and differences between mathematical statistics and statistics can

be summarized as follows:

1. from the objective point of view, both focusing on the number of law reveals the general phenomenon, and was claimed to be more qualitative to the overall understanding of the phenomenon as the foundation.

2. from the way of study, through the research on quantitative characteristics of the individual part of overall hope of mathematical statistics, in order to achieve the overall recognition of the corresponding number of features; and both statistics by researching on quantitative characteristics of the general structure of all individuals (if possible or $worth it), in order to achieve the overall understanding the corresponding number of features, also hope that through the research of quantitative characteristics of the individual parts of the overall,

In order to achieve an understanding of the corresponding quantitative characteristics of the population.

3. from the research methods, the corresponding characteristics of mathematical statistics mainly depends on the characteristics of small sample statistical mathematics principle to infer the overall distribution of value; and statistics or the corresponding characteristics of statistical inference mainly depends on the eigenvalues of large sample statistical mathematics principle to infer the overall value distribution.

4. from the main scope of their research, mathematical

statistics focused on quantitative analysis of the samples and statistics; not only pays attention to the quantitative analysis of the sample data, and attention on the overall analysis, quantitative obtained all the data at the same time, the research methods of data collection and data processing method.

5. from the mathematical deduction of the overall use of sample data, the probability theory is the common foundation. Especially as one of the basic methods of statistical method of mass observation, its mathematical basis is the law of large numbers in the theory of probability statistics; large sample can be easily inferred from the mathematical basis of general characteristics of it is the central limit theorem in probability theory, and whether it is the law of large numbers or the central limit theorem is also the foundation of mathematical statistics.

Although the 6. statistics emphasize the application, but it is a mathematical discipline, focusing on the application of the method based on mathematical statistics; more emphasis on research and application of analysis method to solve the problem of social economic and the number of scientific research and the mathematical basis of the method itself, by the theory of statistics corresponding to in fact, research, scientific research on the mathematical basis of statistical inference method, is one of the research areas of mathematical statistics.

From the above characteristics and comparison of mathematical statistics and statistics, can see clearly that with the

development of modern statistics and in the social political and economic life play a growing role in the trend, ideas and methods to study the issue of mathematical statistics on the development of statistics has produced revolutionary influence, but important, mathematical statistics and statistics are two subjects different, can not simply be "unified".

Two, the status of mathematical statistics in Statistics

Statistics and statistics are two different disciplines, they can not replace each other, can not be like over the years some scholars proposed that, to establish a statistical matter, or the integration of statistics, its essence is to combine mathematical statistics and statistics. But the direct consequences of their fusion is now used by some colleges and universities in statistics textbooks, both have statistical content, there are statistical components, we in fact, neither fish nor fowl, simple splicing content and content is the statistics of the statistics. This is a sad thing about China's statistics, statistics textbooks and statistical teaching in recent years: losing oneself and blindly wanting to connect with the west". The author believes that in order to straighten out the relationship between mathematical statistics and statistics, it is necessary to make a thorough study of the status of mathematical statistics in statistics.

(1) the status of mathematical statistics in the development of statistical thinking

Statistics, as a social practice, has a history of several thousand years. It is people's simple understanding of

statistics. With the continuous development of social productivity, the contemporary statistics has not imprison and plan to the unification of "category.

1. statistics it is recognized as one of the most powerful weapons of the society, has been widely applied in many fields of society, politics, economy, science and technology, and each area has its complexity and diversity, the simple "unification", namely a comprehensive survey is almost impossible, but fully understand the regularity of contact number the basic situation of every area and different areas, necessary for modern social management. The ideas and methods of mathematical statistics, naturally for statistics by mathematical statistics, namely for the development of modern statistics lit a spark of scientific thought to solve complex problems, as part of the total to lay the foundation of the mathematical description of overall

The 2.20 century since 30s, with the formation of the government to effectively intervene the national economic concept, the government in the social economic life as a direct participant, the global data based on the master, greatly promoted the development of statistical thinking, not only spend a lot of money on the statistics "weapon" for development, is more important specification for statistical behavior from the angle of legislation. In today's statistical laws and regulations of many countries, the importance of sampling survey is clearly defined. For example, in China in 1996 5 menstrual changes after the promulgation and implementation of the "People's Republic of China statistical law" second chapter tenth clearly stipulates: "the statistical investigation shall

be based on periodical censuses, mainly through regular sampling surveys, by statistical reports, key investigation and comprehensive analysis as supplement, collection, finishing the basic statistical data".

The basic principle of sampling survey is based on the inferential principle of mathematical statistics. It can be seen that the inferential position of mathematical statistics in statistical practice has been established in the form of law.

3. as the social economic activities of the main business units, in the background of the development of world economic globalization and regional economic integration, not only does not have sufficient funds and technical support in a comprehensive investigation, sometimes not necessary through a comprehensive survey to obtain comprehensive data production by camp, which is enough to provide the corresponding sample survey reliable data as the basis of enterprise production and management decision-making. This also shows that mathematical statistics has micro realistic needs, and opens up an unlimited broad prospect for micro economic management activities. In the application of micro statistics, there is a solid ideological foundation.

4. statistical concept, is not only the description of characteristics of the development of history with historical data, and more emphasis on contemporary through the collection and analysis of historical data, to predict the future, based on this prediction is also based on the principle of mathematical statistics. That is to say, to find out the internal quantity and regularity of the data from the

historical time series data, so as to grasp the future trend, that is, the function of the mathematical statistics analysis principle in the prediction of time series data, is equally important.

(two) the status of mathematical statistics in statistical methods

With the establishment of the idea of solving realistic problems in mathematical statistics, the importance of mathematical statistics in statistical methods has been correspondingly established.

The law of the 1. major numbers sets up a connecting link for the application of mathematical statistics in statistics. Large number of observation is one of the basic methods of modern statistics, and the law of large numbers is the foundation of a large number of statistical observation without a large number of observation support, then statistical analysis of the basic indicators: the average number and relative number, it loses its role and significance of the visible position in mathematical statistics statistical methods allow all doubt.

The 2. central limit theorem paves the way for the application of mathematical statistics in statistics. Master sample distribution of eigenvalues is key to infer the overall sample, and the central limit theorem shows that as long as the sample size is sufficiently large and, since the value of the overall characteristics of the unknown sample approximate normal distribution. Thus, as long as the use of a large number of

observations obtained randomly enough sample data, the statistics can be almost all treatment method used in statistics, which on the other hand also indirectly opened up the field of statistical method and its dominant position in the modern statistical inference methodology in.

3. the theory of sampling distribution in mathematical statistics provides the theoretical guarantee for the application of the methods of variance analysis and orthogonal design in modern statistics. In particular, the role of orthogonal design in the field of industrial and agricultural production and its contribution to the economy have attracted much attention of foreign scholars. According to some Japanese experts, "at least 10% of Japan's economic development has been attributed to orthogonal design."." This shows the practical significance of mathematical statistics in the application of statistical methods.

(three) the status of mathematical statistics in statistical content

Statistics is a methodological science on how to collect, collate and analyze statistical data. No matter how much impact the development of mathematical statistics of statistical thoughts, regardless of mathematical statistics in the statistical methods in what position, status of mathematical statistics in statistics is mainly reflected in the statistical analysis of the status. The actual effect of mathematical statistics on data collection and collation is much less than that of statistical analysis. That is to say, statistics, as a methodology science, has a much larger field of study than

mathematical statistics. Try to replace the statistical viewpoint with the statistics clearly is not correct, also trying to replace the statistics with statistical point of view is not correct, after all, mathematical statistics as a mathematical discipline has its own irreplaceable characteristics. Therefore, the status of mathematical statistics in statistical content can only be mainly reflected in statistical analysis.

1., the research of statistical data collection method is still one of the main contents of modern statistics. As mentioned earlier, in our country, how to obtain a large number of real and effective statistical data is one of the urgent tasks we are facing. Untrue and incomplete statistical data can make the macro management of the country "economic theory", the economic model and the statistical test of economic policy, and the production and operation forecast and decision-making of the enterprise can not be effectively carried out. Thus, the correctness of the view that the quality of statistical data is the life of all statistics is correct. The statistics in the statistical data collection effect only reflected in the statistical data survey methods, sampling survey method is how to organize the implementation of the way, to emphasize the collection method in statistics.

2. same raw statistics,

The collation data obtained by different finishing methods can be completely different, and the same method can be used to analyze them. The conclusion may be completely opposite. This is enough to illustrate the importance of statistical

arrangement. However, mathematical statistics is difficult to play an effective role in statistical collation. After all, the mathematical statistics research is based on small samples, and statistical research is based on large samples. If statistics are not based on a large sample or population of all individuals, statistics may really be reduced to mathematical statistics.

3. the influence of mathematical statistics on statistical data analysis is significant. Not only in the estimation of the large sample overall parameters of non parametric estimation, correlation and regression analysis, the overall pattern of judgment, a general parameter and two overall parameter hypothesis test, variance analysis and orthogonal design and many other content, but also in the description of the most basic indicators in Statistics: average number and relative number the calculation principle. Perhaps it is inconceivable that in the content system of modern statistical methods there is a lack of mathematical statistics of the methods and principles of large samples.

Three, change the concept of statistical communication

The characteristics of mathematical statistics and statistics are studied, and status of mathematical statistics in the statistical analyses, the reality let us return to the dissemination of knowledge in statistics, we can see more clearly what I'm doing now, still need to be improved, in the future how to do a better job in what hand.

(1) the transformation of the concept of statistical knowledge dissemination is mainly embodied in the following three

aspects:

1. what is statistics?. This is the most basic understanding of statistics, and can be achieved by strengthening the dissemination of statistical knowledge. In modern statistical work, although "unification" still has very important practical significance, but in our statistical teaching and other ways of the dissemination of statistical knowledge, must not be limited to this. Not only to make people of different social classes, to understand the statistics on the understanding of the role of the reality of social life, and let them know the statistics in the national macro management, business forecasting, decision-making, and the importance of economic theory # economic model, economic policy test, from the statistical investigation that all classes of the people's initiative participate in and cooperate with the statistical agencies at all levels to carry out, in order to ensure statistical data integrity. This requires that China should strengthen statistical knowledge, universal education and publicity and education of statistical laws and regulations, and open up a variety of ways and means of statistical knowledge dissemination. This is the basic concept of statistical communication.

2., why do the direct participants in statistical activities understand why they do so?. Obviously, this is a higher level of demand for statistical communication. Knowing why to do so is to know the principle of statistics, which does not require all citizens to know. In fact, only those who have a certain knowledge base may really understand them, and their approaches are mainly through statistical teaching activities in

Institutions of higher learning. This raises the challenge of teaching college statistics: what should students teach in a statistical class?. The author has been engaged in Statistics Teaching for many years, and believes that the principles of statistical methods should be explained to students in the statistics class. The classroom teaching of statistics should not be too much emphasis on the statistical knowledge of the publicity and how to engage in statistical activities, and should be pay more attention to the teaching of statistical methods the mechanism of dissemination of ideas, but in the teaching of the reality of our country University statistics and not really formed.

3., how to do statistics, which is the specific application of statistical methods. It can be said that the teaching of statistics in China's colleges and universities is essentially to teach students how to do practical statistical work. How to collect and sort out data, how to use formulas to calculate certain indicators, etc.. It is obvious that middle school students can do such work. And why is it necessary to organize the implementation of the investigation of the data, collation, why do you want to calculate?. Not only the teacher's introduction is not enough, but also the depth of the teaching material is not enough.

Thus, the dissemination of statistical knowledge should be broadly defined on three levels: first, the dissemination of basic knowledge of statistics. Two is how to carry out specific statistical activities. Three, why is it possible to carry out statistical activities in such a way?. There are differences in the objects of communication at different levels. Knowing

what statistics is, how to do statistics, and the relative understanding of why it should be done, is very low. Perhaps as long as the number will count, will write the neighborhood committee aunt, you can engage in data collection, and will apply the formula of a secondary school students can calculate the X*2 distribution of the statistics of the sample value. But knowing why to do so, without the corresponding mathematical statistics knowledge, is absolutely impossible. On the other hand, with the popularity of computers and the development of statistical data processing software,

The use of computers to analyze data has become very simple, and even a child can teach the use of statistical processing software, in which case. Is it important for students to know why statistics do not become important? On the contrary, it is more important for students to understand why they are in a college classroom.

Four, the direction of the reform of statistical textbooks in China

From the statistics of the spread of the concept of different levels of requirements, knowledge structure and mathematical statistics in statistics and the status of the students, it is imperative to reform the current university statistics teaching content system and teaching philosophy.

1., remove the content in the current statistical textbooks and mathematical statistics, and strengthen the mathematical statistics content of large samples, that is, to increase the mathematical basis of large sample statistical distribution.

2. emphasizes the teaching of the laws of large numbers and the contents of central limit theorems. Although these two theorems are pure statistical problems, but because of its mathematical statistics teaching, teachers often do not pay enough attention, because of the small sample problem is the main problem, the mathematical statistics and therefore may be passed over, and they just is an important link of statistics and statistics. Therefore, in statistical textbooks, the content must be increased and highlighted.

3., increase the content of statistical method mechanism. Not only in the statistical inference mechanism of statistical inference methods, but also the mechanism of statistical data collection methods and methods.

4. preparation of statistics teaching materials suitable for specific professional needs, in the premise of strengthening mechanism are introduced various statistical methods, combined with different students professional practice, introduces specific application of statistical methods in relevant disciplines, so that all students are able to take the statistical method of quantitative analysis accurately. Applied to the practical work in the future.

大数据对统计学的冲击与机遇

本科毕业论文(设计) 论文题目:大数据对统计学的冲击与机遇 学生姓名:黄耀真 学号: 1004100311 专业:统计学 班级:统计1003班 指导教师:朱钰 完成日期:2014年 4月 10日

大数据对统计学的冲击与机遇 内容摘要 2010年,全球数据跨入了ZB时代,据IDC预测,至2020年全球将拥有35ZB的数据量,大量数据实时地影响我们工作、生活,甚至国家经济、社会发展,大数据时代已经到来。基于数据关系的内在本质决定了大数据与统计学之间的必然关系,大数据对统计学产生了冲击又提供了机遇。本论文首先对现代统计学体系作了简要介绍。根据统计方法将统计学分为描述统计学和推断统计学,首先从大数据对描述统计学的冲击进行分析,体现在:对搜集数据方法的冲击、对搜集数据类型的冲击、对数据存储方法的冲击。再者对推断统计学的冲击进行总结。大数据对统计学的机遇体现在:抽样平均误差的降低、统计学作用范围的扩大及统计学家地位的提升。 关键词:大数据统计学冲击机遇

The impact and opportunities of big data on statistics Abstract:In 2010,the quantity of data rcached ZB level.According to IDC,there will be at least 35zettabytes of stored data in 2020.Massive data are affecting our life,even the economy and the development of society.The Big data era alredy come.From the perspective of subject, big data can be regarded as a new dataanalysis method due to its function in storage, integration, processing and analysis formass data. The intrinsic nature of big data based on data relationships determines thecertain connection with statistics, thus big data brings both challenges andopportunities to the development of statistics. The statistical was divided into descriptive statistics and inferencial statistics. The challenges of descriptive statistics embodied in the impact on method of data collection, the impact on data type and the impact on data storage.The summary of inferencial statistics.Besides, strengthen convincingness of statistical result,extended statistics system, wilder functionfield as well as higher status of statistician. Key words:Big data statistics impact opportunity

统计学(回归分析)演示教学

统计学论文(回归分析)

◆统计小论文11财一金一凡 11060513 指数回归分析 ●摘要:指数,根据某些采样股票或债券的价格所设计并计算出来的统计数 据,用来衡量股票市场或债券市场的价格波动情形。 ●经济学概念:从指数的定义上看,广义地讲,任何两个数值对 指数函数图像 比形成的相对数都可以称为指数;狭义地讲,指数是用于测定多个项目在不同场合下综合变动的一种特殊相对数。 指数的应用和理论不断发展,逐步扩展到工业生产、进出口贸易、铁路运输、工资、成本、生活费用、股票证券等各个方面。其中,有些指数,如零售商品价格指数、生活消费价格指数,同人们的日常生活休戚相关;有些指数,如生产资料价格指数、股票价格指数等,则直接影响人们的投资活动,成为社会经济的晴雨表。至今,指数不仅是分析社会经济的景气预测的

重要工具,而且被应用于经济效益、生活质量、综合国力和社会发展水平的综合评价研究。 引言:在这个市场经济发达的年代,企业的发展尤为突出,针对年度销售额进行的指数回归分析,能够有效的对企业进行监管和提高发展水平。通过对标准误差、残差、观测值等的回归分析,减少决策失误,使企业更好的发展。销售额是企业的命脉,也是企业在经营过程中的最重要的参考指标,针对年度销售额的指数回归分析,切实保障了企业在当今竞争中的地位与经济形势。 一、一元线性回归模型的基本理论 首先是对线性回归模型基本指数介绍:随机变量y与一般变量x的理一元线性回归模型表示如下: yt = b0 + b1 xt +ut(1)上式表示变量yt 和xt之间的真实关系。其中yt 称作被解释变量(或相依变量、因变量),xt称作解释变量(或独立变量、自变量),ut称作随机误差项,b0称作常数项(截距项),b1称作回归系数。 在模型 (1) 中,xt是影响yt变化的重要解释变量。b0和b1也称作回归参数。这两个量通常是未知的,需要估计。t表示序数。当t表示时间序数时,xt和yt称为时间序列数据。当t表示非时间序数时,xt和yt称为截面数据。ut则包括了除xt以外的影响yt变化的众多微小因素。ut的变化是不可控的。上述模型可以分为两部分。(1)b0 +b1 xt是非随机部分;(2)ut是随机部分。 二、回归模型初步建立与检验

应用统计学期末复习

应用统计学期末复习重点(按题型整理) 一、填空题(10分) 1.统计学的三种含义:统计工作;统计数据或统计信息;统计学 2.统计学的研究对象是群体现象 3.根据统计方法的构成不同,可将统计学分为描述统计学和推断统计学,根据统计方法研究和应用的侧重不同,可将统计学分为理论统计学和应用统计学。 4.统计研究的基本方法:大量观察法,实验设计法,统计描述法和统计推断法 5.标志是说明总体单位特征的,而指标是说明总体特征的, 6.标志按其性质不同分为数量标志和品质标志两种。按其变异情况可以分为不变标志和可变标志,可变标志称为变量。 7.统计总体具有三个基本特征,即同质性、大量性和变异性。 8.统计指标按其作用可分为总量指标、相对指标、平均指标,按所反映总体的内容不同,可以分为数量指标和质量指标。 9.总量指标指在一定时间、地点条件下说明现象总体的规模和水平的指标,其表现形式为绝对数。 10.总量指标按其反映时间状况不同,可以分为时点指标和时期指标,按指标数值采用的计量单位不同可以分为实物指标,价值指标,劳动量指标。总量指标按其说明总体内容不同,可分为总体标志总量和总体单位总量 11.平均指标说明分配数列中各变量值分布的集中趋势,变异指标说明

各变量值分布的离中趋势 12.计量尺度的类型有定类尺度,定序尺度,定距尺度,定比尺度,根据四种计量尺度计量结果,可将统计数据分为三种类型:名义级数据,顺序级数据,刻度级数据。 13.对名义级数据通常是计算众数,对顺序级数据,通常可以计算众数、中位数;对刻度级数据,同样可以计算众数和中位数,还可以计算平均数。 14.全面调查方式有统计报表制度,普查;非全面调查有重点调查、典型调查、抽样调查。 15.常用的抽样调查组织形式有简单随机抽样,类型随机抽样,机械随机抽样,整群随机抽样,阶段随机抽样。 16.统计分组的关键在于正确选择分组标志和合理划分各组界限 17.按分组标志的多少,统计分组可以分为简单分组和复合分组;按分组标志性质不同,统计分组可以分为品质分组和数量分组;按分组作用和任务不同,有类型分组、结构分组和分析分组。 18.离散变量可作单项式分组或组距式分组,连续变量只能做组距式分组。 19.从统计表的内容看:统计表由主词和宾词两部分构成,从统计表的形式看:统计表包括总标题、横行和纵栏标题、数字资料 20.平均指标可分为两类:计算均值和位置均值。 21.根据算术平均数、众数和中位数的关系,次数分布可以分为对称分布,左偏分布,右偏分布。

统计学第三版

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回归系数经济意义:销售收入每增加1万元,销售成本会增加0.786万元。 (1)可决系数为: 回归标准误: (2)检验统计量为: 所以是显著不为零 (3)预测: 95/100的预测区间为: 即(664.579 ,674.153) 6 解(1)样本容量: (2) (3) (4),

(5)用F检验:, 整体对有显著影响,但不能确定单个对y的贡献。 1.理解原假设与备择假设的含义,并归纳常见的几种建立原假设与备择假设的原则. 答:原假设通常是研究者想收集证据予以反对的假设;而备择假设通常是研究者想收集证据予以支持的假设。建立两个假设的原则有: (1)原假设和备择假设是一个完备事件组。(2)一般先确定备择假设。再确定原假设。(3)等号“=”总是放在原假设上。(4)假设的确定带有一定的主观色彩。(5)假设检验的目的主要是收集证据来拒绝原假设。 2.第一类错误和第二类错误分别是指什么?它们发生的概率大小之间存在怎样的关系? 答:第I类错误指,当原假设为真时,作出拒绝原假设所犯的错误,其概率为。第II类错误指当原假设为假时,作出接受原假设所犯的错误,其概率为。在其他条件不变时,增大,减小;增大,减小。 3.什么是显著性水平?它对于假设检验决策的意义是什么? 答:假设检验中犯第一类错误的概率被称为显著性水平。显著性水平通常是人们事先给出的一个值,用于检验结果的可靠性度量,但确定了显著性水平等于控制了犯第一错误的概率,但犯第二类错误的概率却是不确定的,因此作出“拒绝原假设”的结论,其可靠性是确定的,但作出“不拒绝原假设”的结论,其可靠性是难以控制的。 4.什么是p值?p值检验和统计量检验有什么不同? 答:p值是当原假设为真时,检验统计量小于或等于根据实际观测样本数据计算得到的检验统计量值的概率。P值常常作为观察到的数据与原假设不一致程度的度量。统计量检验采用事先确定显著性水平,来控制犯第一类错误的上限,p 值可以有效地补充提供地关于检验可靠性的有限信息。值检验的优点在于, 它提供了更多的信息,让人们可以选择一定的水平来评估结果是否具有统计上的显著性。 5.什么是统计上的显著性? 答:一项检验在统计上是显著的(拒绝原假设),是指这样的(样本)结果不是偶然得到的,或者说,不是靠机遇能够得到的。显著性的意义在于“非偶然的 1 1.相关分析与回归分析的区别与联系是什么?

高职高专统计学教学特点浅析

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[经济学]统计学在财务管理中的应用

统计学在财务管理中的应用学了一个学期的财务管理和企业经营管理统计学,确实发现了财务管理中会用到一些统计学的知识。 一.单项资产的风险与收益 1.计算预期收益率 市场需求各类型(旺盛、正常、低迷)发生的概率不同,股票的收益率不同,因此,可以用统计学中求期望的方式计算每个公司预期能有多少收益,从而比较各个公司盈利的多少及其可能性。 2.作概率分布图 在财务管理中也需要做概率分布图。将收益率用图表示,可以了解各种可能结果的变动情况,如果是柱形图的话,各柱的高度表示给定结果发生的可能性。如果时间与精力允许找出每种可能的需求水平对应的概率,并找出每种需求水平下的股票收益率,则条目更多,且能得到一条描绘概率与结果近似关系的连续性曲线。 概率分布图越集中、越尖,那么实际结果接近预期值的可能性越大,背离预期收益的可能性越小。由此,概率分布越集中,股票对应的风险越小。 3.计算标准差 为了能准确度量封信啊的大小,利用标准差这一度量概率分布密度的指标。

步骤: (1)计算预期收益率 (2)每个可能的收益率减去预期收益率得到离差 (3)求各离差平方,并将结果与该结果对应的发生概率相乘,然后将这些乘积相加,得到概率分布的方差。 (4)最后,秋初访查的平方根,即得到标准差 4.计算变异系数 变异系数度量了单位收益的风险,为项目的选择提供了更有意义的比较基础。由于变异系数同时反映了风险与收益,股在处理两个或多个具有显著不同预期收益的投资项目时,他是一个更好的风险度量指数。 二、证券组合的风险与收益 1.证券组合收益 证券组合的预期收益,使之组合中单向证券预期收益的加权平均值,权重为整个组合中投入各项证券的资金占总投资额的比重。 2.证券组合的风险 不同于收益,组合风险通常并非组合内部单项资产标准差的加权平均数,事实上,完全可能利用某些风险的单项资产组成一个完全无风险的投资组合。在这一过程中,需要用到统计中的计算相关系数和协方差的知识。 当股票收益完全负相关时,所有的风险都能被分散掉。而当股票收益完全正相关时,则风险无法分散。

数据统计在统计学中的地位

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