Summary示例

Writing a Summary

The goal of this exercise is to be able to write a summary of the following article using around130words.

Of all the games held throughout Greece,those staged at Olympia in honor of Zeus are the most famous.The Games,like all Greek games,were an intrinsic part of a religious festival.Held every four years between August6and September19,they occupied such an important place in Greek life that time was measured by the interval between them---an Olympiad.Although the first Olympic champion listed in the records was one Coroebus of Elis,a cook,who won the sprint race in776BC,it is generally accepted that the Games were probably at least500years old at that time.According to one legend they were founded by Heracles,son of Alcmene.

The Games were held at Olympia in the city-state of Elis,on a track about32metres(35yards) wide.The racing length was one stade,a distance of about192metres(210yards)which was one length of the track.At the meeting in776BC,there was apparently only one event,the stade,but other events were added over the ensuing decades.In724BC a two-length race,diaulos,roughly similar to the400-metre race,was included and four years later the dolichos,a long-distance race possibly to be compared to the modern1500-or even5000-metre event,was added.Wrestling and the pentathlon were introduced in708BC.The latter was an all-around competition consisting of five events---the long jump,javelin throw,discus throw,foot race,and wrestling.

Boxing was introducing in688BC,and in680a chariot race.In648the pancratium,a kind of all-strength,or no-holds-barred,wrestling was included.Kicking and hitting were allowed;only biting and gouging(thrusting a finger or thumb into an opponent's eye)were forbidden.Between632and616BC events for boys were introduced.And from time to time further events were added including contests for fully armed soldiers,for heralds,and for trumpeters.The program must have been as varied as that of the modem Olympics,although the athletics(track and field)events were limited:there was no high jumping in any form and no individual field event,except in the pentathlon.

Until the77th Olympiad(472BC)all of the contests took place on one day;later they were spread,with,perhaps,some fluctuation,over four days,with a fifth devoted to the closing ceremony presentation of prizes and a banquet for the champions.Sources generally agree that women were not allowed as competitors or,except for the priestess of Demeter,as spectators.In most events,the athletes participated in the nude.

The Olympic Games were originally restricted to free-born Greeks.The competitors,including those who came from the Greek colonies,were amateur in the sense that the only prize was a wreath or garland.The athletes underwent a most rigorous period of supervised training,however,and eventually the contestants were true professionals.Not only were there substantial prizes for winning,but the Olympic champion also received adulation and unlimited benefits from his city.Athletes became fulltime specialists---a trend that in the modem games has caused a long and bitter controversy over amateurism.

The following article is one you can use to practice writing a summary during the next week.Next week you can bring this to class and have me look at it if you choose.This is not a homework assignment but is just an opportunity for you to continue to prepare for the examination.

Love Languages

Do you know what“love languages”are?Love languages are different ways that people show their love to others.We all want to have relationships where we can show our love to others and have them communicate love to us in return.In order to be successful in communicating love,we need to understand what the different love languages are.There are five important love languages that people need to know about to communicate effectively with others.

The first love language is Quality Time which refers to spending time together with the person you are trying to show your love to.This love language will cause people to feel loved when they are taken out on special dates,when their friend changes their schedule to be with them,or when they turn the television off to talk with them.It means giving all of your attention to another person.

Another love language is Words of Affirmation as a way to show your love.Telling your boyfriend or girlfriend how you appreciate them,encouraging them,and through words praising them will show people that you love them.Telling someone“íbelieve in you”can really make someone feel loved.With this love language you can express yourself through both spoken and written words.

Gifts is another type of love language.Gifts are not just material objects,they are expressions of your love.The most important aspect is not the cost,but the fact that you were thinking of them and spent the time to go and buy them a gift.Big or little,your gift will be a symbol of your love for the other person.

Fourth is the love language called Acts of Service which means you express your love by helping someone else.You could offer to go to the store to buy some things that they need when they are busy. You could help them with a difficult assignment or help them fix their bicycle when it is broken.The most important part of this love language is taking the time to do things for them that require thought, energy and time.Don’t wait to only do what they ask you to,but volunteer to show your kindness.

The last love language is Physical Touch.A simple touch on the arm,hug or backrub will convey your love to them.Sit beside them when you have the chance and hold their hand when you are walking down the street.With this love language,just being near them and showing your care through touch will make them feel very loved.

Just knowing about these love languages is not enough as the way in which people feel loved by others is different.It is important to know which love language is strongest for the person you are trying to love.Sometimes if you serve them they will feel more loved than if you give them a gift.Or perhaps holding their hand will not be as meaningful to them as if you had spent two hours together.I recommend that you find out what the love language is of the person you are trying to love.Don’t forget that there is more than just one love language.As you learn how to give and receive love,you will find that your relationships with others will be richer and more satisfying.

Summary Example:

In this article,the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece.It is generally accepted that these Games started around1276BC although the first champion was recorded in776BC.In the first Games there was only one event,however as time went on different events were added.Longer distance running races were first added and then other events like wrestling and the pentathlon.They even added events specifically for boys and armed soldiers. Originally the games were played on one day but this changed to five days.Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators.The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals.However a trend started where athletes became full-time specialists which has caused a lot of controversy.

英文summary写作范例

Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them

《行政许可法》的立法背景、基本原则

《行政许可法》的立法背景、基本原则 和对政府管理的影响 主讲人 :国家行政学院副院长袁曙宏教授 大家好，今天我给大家讲授《行政许可法》。首先讲授《行政许可法》的基本理论。《行政许可法》今年7月1号就要正式实施。党中央、国务院对这部法律非常重视，国务院专门开了几次会议进行讲究，贯彻实施。今年1月6号，温家宝总理在省部长贯彻实施行政许可法的会议上做了重要讲话，专门进行部署。国家行政学院专门对省部长进行了一个星期的培训。对一部法律的实施这么重视，这在建国以来可能是第一次，充分说明这部法律具有极其重要的地位。 首先我要给大家介绍第一个问题：行政许可的含义、由来和功能。什么叫行政许可，它是怎么发展来的，有什么重要的功能？我们给《行政许可法》下了一个定义，行政许可是指行政机关根据公民、法人和其他组织的申请，经依法审查，准予其从事特定活动的行为。比如公民要开出租车，先要向出租车管理机关提出申请，出租车管理机关就会审查，认为你符合法定条件，就会让你来开出租车。这样一个活动、这样一个行为，就叫。根据这样一个定义，行政许可有四个含义，四个特征。 第一个特征，行政许可是一种外部行政行为。行政许可通俗意义上讲，就是行政审批。但是它不包括行政机关的内部审批，它是一种外部行政行为。比如行政机关内部的提职，一个处长要当局长，这种审批就不是行政许可。行政机关财务的审批、出国的审批，这些都不是行政许可。只有公民、法人和其他组织申请了，相关单位批准，这才叫行政许可。所以它是一种外部行政行为，不是指行政机关内部的一种审批。像我刚才讲的出租车司机，再比如你要办一个学校，民办学校要审批，也是行政许可。这是第一个特征。 第二个特征，它是一种以申请的行政行为。行政机关对老百姓的审批，必须先有老百姓提出申请，没有申请，行政机关就不能批准公民办一个学校，那是不可能的。它不像行政处罚，也不像行政强制。当然老百姓不可能提出行政机关对自己进行处罚、进行拘留的申请。所以行政许可必须是一种依申请的行政行为，

summary要怎么写

30个词的摘要怎么写？ 写摘要应主要注意以下四个方面： 一、内容上：抓主要信息点 抓住文章的主要信息点、剔除细节信息是写摘要的基本要求。那么，哪些是文章的主要信息点呢？下面就议论性文章和叙事类文章分别举例加以说明。 1、议论性文章的主要信息点 议论文的内容包括“观点（或问题）、论据、结论“三个方面，所以写议论文的摘要就是要把这三个方面说清楚。这里需要注意两点：一是议论文的主体部分是论证的过程，论据占有很大的部分，但在写摘要的时候，不需要详细写论证的过程，因为它有很多细节信息，而细节信息是写摘要所应该剔除的，所以议论文的摘要应当将“观点、论据、结论”三个方面同等对待，这就如同画卡通人物，在人体的“头、身、脚”三大结构中，“身”本来是人体的主要部分，但在卡通画里，“头、身、脚”的比例几乎同等，特写“头”和“脚”能够达到突出重点的目的。二是所给的原文可能是议论文中节选的一个片段，不一定有完整的“观点+论据+结论”三个方面，所以写作时需要具体分析。 【例一】 原文：（见下面的分析部分，每句话前面的编号代表原文的顺序） 分析：这是一篇议论文中的部分片段，文中提出了三个主要观点，每提出一个观点之 摘要内容：（1）美国有很多汽车；（2）开车消耗了大量的（石油）资源；（3）生产车的过程也消耗了大量的资源（如运输、展览、维修等）。如果摘要概括了以上三个方面的内容，就是比较全面的，而且抓住了重点。

【例二】 原文：（见下面的分析部分，每句话前面的编号代表原文的顺序） 分析：这是一篇比较完整的议论文，从语言上看可能是中学生的习作，文章的结构包括“提 摘要内容：（1）方言影响交流，必须推广普通话；（2）推广的方式包括：强调普通话的重要性、在教育等行业强制推行、全民教育普及；（3）推广普通话具有重要的意义。 2、叙事类文章的主要信息点 叙事类文章的内容包括“主题、情节和主旨”三个方面，其中情节是主要部分，“主题”和“主旨”有时藏于“情节”之中。但在写摘要时，不能仅仅描写情节，必要时要点出“主题”和“主旨”。 【例三】 原文：（见下面的分析部分，每句话前面的编号代表原文的顺序） 分析：这是一篇叙事类文章，夹叙夹议地讲了我父亲教育子女的一些故事情节，其中主题和主旨都隐藏在文字当中，分析如下

行政许可法学习笔记

行政许可法复习笔记 第一节、行政许可的概念和原则 一、行政许可的概念 行政许可，是指行政机关根据公民、法人或者其他组织等行政相对人的申请，经依法审查，准予其从事某种特定活动的行为。按照行政许可法规定的行政许可的含义，行政许可的特征一般是： 1、行政许可是一种依申请的行政行为。没有行政相对人的申请，行政机关不能主动予以许可。 2、行政许可存在意味着法律的一般禁止。行政许可的内容是国家一般禁止的活动，为适应社会生活和生产的需要，对符合一定条件者解除禁止，允许其从事某项特定活动，享有特定权利和资格；许可是对禁止的解除，没有法律的一般禁止，便不存在行政许可。例如，制作、运输、销售爆破物品是国家一般禁止的行为，但国家为了国防安全社会需要，对符合条件的组织和个人准许实施这类行为。 3、行政机关对行政相对人的申请要依法审查。这是行政机关必须依法履行的职责，对符合法定条件的申请人即应准予申请，对不符合法定条件的申请要坚决拒绝，否则就要追究行政机关及相关责任人的法律责任。 4、行政许可是授益性行政行为。行政许可不同于行政处罚和行政征收，它不是对相对人课以义务或者惩罚，而是赋予相对

人某种权利和资格的授益性行政行为。如开业、生产、经营许可，这类许可使相对人获得了某种权利；而律师证、会计师证的颁发，则使相对人获得了从事相应职业的资格。 5、行政许可的目的在于抑止公益上的危险或影响秩序的因素。不得随意将许可制度与创收相联系，不得烂设许可、乱收费。 6、行政许可是要式行政行为。行政许可应遵循一定的法定程序，并应以正规的文书、格式、日期印章等形式予以准予。许可证是行政许可行为的主要表现形式，书面许可是行政许可形式上的特点。 相关法条：第二条本法所称行政许可，是指行政机关根据公民、法人或者其他组织的申请，经依法审查，准予其从事特定活动的行为。 二、行政许可的原则 （一）行政许可法定原则 行政许可法定原则是是指有权机关履行行政许可职责应当 遵循合法原则，必须严格按照宪法和法律、法规、规章规定的职责权限、范围、条件和程序设定行政许可，并以法律、法规所确定的内容和程序，实施许可。同时相对人也必须遵守法律规范，服从行政机关管理。无论是行政许可机关还是行政相对人，只要存在违法行为，一律要受到法律制裁。具体包括4项内容： 1、行政许可制度的设置必须有法律依据 2、行政许可申请人的资格和能力必须符合法定条件，其申

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

行政许可便民原则

目录 摘要 (1) 一、行政许可法中对便民原则的规定 (2) 二、现实状况 (4) 三、前景 (5) 摘要 行政许可是指行政机关根据公民、法人或者其他组织的申请，经依法审查，准予其从事指定活动的行为。国家机关要为人民群众提供快捷、方便的服务。行政许可实施中的便民就是要方便公民、法人或者其他组织申请和获得行政许可，降低行政许可的成本。便民原则是我国法制的一项重要原则，在诉讼、复议、仲裁等制度中，都体现了便民原则。行政机关的权力来源于人民，其工作是为人民服务，为人民谋福利。因此，行政机关在执行职务过程中，要密切同人民群众的联系，方便人民群众办事。但是，过去在行政审批过程中，也出现了实施行政许可的环节过多、手续繁琐、时限过长、“暗箱操作”、人民群众办事难的情况。这就需要从法律上、制度上解决问题。

关键词：行政许可便民原则 一、行政许可法中对便民原则的规定 《行政许可法》第六条实施行政许可，应当遵循便民的原则，提高办事效率，提供优质服务。 内容：1.相对集中行政许可权 2. 一个窗口对外（义务性规定） 3. 统一办理、联合办理或者集中办理（倡导性规定） 4.不必使用申请书格式文本；如必要，免费提供；一次性 告知；禁止要求提供不必要的材料和重复提供材料；当场 决定；期限制度。 为了防止上述情况的出现，本法把方便人民群众办事作为一项原则规定下来。具体要求有：一是方便公民、法人或者其他组

织申请。除依法应当由申请人到行政机关办公场所提出行政许可申请的外，申请人可以委托代理人提出行政许可申请。行政许可申请可以通过信函、电报、电传、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件等方式提出。对行政许可申请还应当尽量做到当场受理、当场决定。申请人提交的申请材料存在可以当场更正错误的，行政机关应当允许申请人当场更正，不得以此为由拒绝受理行政许可申请。二是公开办事程序和制度。行政机关应当将法律、法规、规章规定的有关行政许可的事项、依据、条件、数量、程序、期限以及需要提交的全部材料的目录和申请书示范文本等在办公场场所公示。三是推行集中受理和统一受理。行政许可需要行政机关内设的多个机构办理的，应当确定一个机构统一受理行政许可申请，统一送达行政许可决定。实行“一个窗口”对外，防止多头受理、多头对外。依法应当由地方人民政府两个以上部门分别实施的行政许可，本级人民政府可以确定由一个部门受理行政许可申请并转告有关部门分别提出意见后统一办理，或者组织有关部门联合办理、集中办理。其目的是尽量减少“多头审批”。四是相对集中行政许可权。省级人民政府经国务院批准，可以将几个行政机关行使的行政许可权相对集中，由一个行政机关行使有关行政机关的行政许可权。这些都是方便人民群众申请行政许可的重要措施。

有关summary的写作技巧

有关s u m m a r y的写作技 巧 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】

Summary的写法1 一、概括原文 （一）阅读 1.读懂文章 读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章 按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3.概括主旨 写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 （二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题 给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the

author…….）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用 注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 “ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” “His courage in battle might without exag geration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式

英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式

摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：

1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”

summary例子和问题详解

The Development of Writing Few people would disagree with the belief that primitive man learned to speak long before he developed a system of writing. But while his early spoken language may have been nothing more than a few sounds, early man could transmit messages across distances by means of signals from drums, smoke and fire. It was probably a desire to record messages that led to the development of alphabets. For early man, who could speak and who could send messages, could not put those messages into permanent form. The desire to have permanent records may not be easily understood in today’s world where electronic science has made disk and tape recordings commonplace. If early man wanted to leave records of past events to remind him of good times and bad, he had to depend on his memory, and on primitive markings such as piles of stones, cuttings on sticks, etc. The limitations of this system led early man to turn to rock drawings for the expression of sophisticated ideas. This form of writing depended on pictures to convey ideas, and although more advanced than previous developments, it was still too limited for man to be entirely satisfied. Man finally was able to develop a system of picture writing that associated symbols and sound. This system, which was originated by the early Sumerians and the Egyptians more than 3,000 B.C., is based on the same principle that we sue today in most world alphabets. It was about 1,000 B.C. that the Phoenicians took the complicated picture alphabets of the Egyptians and simplified then into about 30 symbols, each one standing for a

行政许可法的知识点

行政许可法 2003年8月27日全国人大常委会通过，2004年7月1日起施行。 全省教育系统召开贯彻实施《行政许可法》视频工作会议 发布时间:2004-03-10 13:47 本站3月10日讯（张晓北）10日上午9时，全省教育系统贯彻实施《行政许可法》视频工作会议召开，主会场设在省教育厅四楼大会议室，省教育厅全体干部、厅直属单位主要领导、各市（行署）教育局领导及工作人员，参加了会议。省教育厅厅长张永洲同志出席会议并讲话，省教育厅助理巡视员钱福永同志主持会议。 《中华人民共和国行政许可法》于2003年8月27日经第十届全国人大常委会第四次会议审议通过，并于今年7月1日起正式施行。这是一部规范政府行为的重要法律，是我国民主法制建设的又一座里程碑。此次会议，旨在推进全省教育系统领导干部学习宣传、贯彻实施行政许可法。会上全体与会人员收看了国务院法制办主任曹康泰同志在我省实施《行政许可法》工作会议上的讲话录像。 一、行政许可的概念界定 行政许可是指行政机关根据公民、法人或者其他组织的申请，经依法审查，准予其从事特定活动的行为。行政许可的前提是法律的普遍禁止,一般社会成员不能从事法律所禁止的业务。行政许可的特征： (1)行政许可是依申请的行政行为。 (2)行政许可是对一般禁止解除的行为。目的是抑制公益上的危险和影响秩序的因素。 (3)行政许可是一种授益性法律行为。 (4)行政许可是要式法律行为。除了遵循法定程序，还应具有正规的文书、格式、日期、印章等形式。 张 xx 诉某公安分局拒签证明案 原告 : 张×× , 男 ,49 岁 , 某厂下岗职工。

被告 : 某公安分局。 原告张××系下岗职工 ,1995 年决定开办营业性印刷部。其便向辖区内工商行政机关递交了从事个体工商业申请书。但依照国家规定 , 开办印刷业须先得到当地公安机关的批准。张××遂到辖区内的公安分局办理手续 , 遭到拒绝。由于没有公安机关的同意证明 , 工商机关未给张××颁发“营业执照”。张乂乂起诉公安机关，要求签发同意其开办印刷部的证明。 公安分局认为，未办成营业执照是工商机关的原因，与本机关无关。即使公安机关开了证明，也只是一种意见，不是行政许可，一审法院采纳了公安分局的意见，以被告不合格驳回起诉。 二审法院审理后认为, 依照《城乡个体工商户管理暂行条例》及其《实施细则》的有关规定 , 张××开办印刷部须先征得辖区内公安机关的批准。公安机关出具的“审查同意证明”实际上就许可了张××开办印刷部的资格 , 该 "审查同意证明"就是一种行政许可行为。尽管公安机关签发的 "审查同意证明" 虽不是通常所见到的许可证或执照 , 但却完全符合许可证的性质。因此 ,该案属于人民法院受案范围。遂终审裁定撤销一审裁定并发回重审。 二、行政许可的分类 1、一般许可与特殊许可：驾证、营业执照与持枪证、专卖证 2、行为许可与资格许可：如生产经营许可与驾驶证、律师证 3、独立许可与附文件许可：驾证、律证与商标、专利证、建设许可证 4、权利性许可与附义务许可：护照、驾证与建设用地许可证 三、行政许可法的立法宗旨 1.规范行政许可的设定和实施 许可设定权，就是规定公民、法人或者其他组织从事某些特定的活动，需要事先经行政机关批准的权力。许可法规定，享有行政许可设定权的，只有法律、行政法规(包括国务院决定)、地方性法规以及省级人民政府规章。 行政许可的实施是指行政机关依照法定的程序，审查批准公民、法人或者其他组织的行政许可申请，并作出准予或不准予行政许可决定的行为。实施行政许可，应禁止暗箱操作，实行"一个窗口"对外，减少多头审批等。 2.保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益 实施许可，行政机关可批准，可撤销、吊销、注销已发许可证，对被许可人进行监管。正确运用上述权力，就可以保护被许可人的合法权益。同时，许可法规定相对人享有陈述权、申辩权；有权申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼；有权依法要求赔偿，也体现了这一点。 3.保障和监督行政机关有效实施行政管理