英语论文

The Standard Cost System

In general, a standard cost system consists of three basic activities. They are (1) standards setting, (2) accumulation of actual costs, and (3) variance analysis.

1. Standards setting

In establishing a standard cost system, the first step is the creation of standards. To setting standards is very complex, one that requires skills that often surpass the expertise possessed by the average accountant. Generally, a team effort is needed and involves participation from many different areas within the organization. In a manufacturing entity, for example, all persons who have responsibility for prices and quantities of finished product inputs should assist in the standard-setting process.

Poorly conceived standards result in inappropriate measures of performance and may cause serious problem with employee acceptance of the system. Very tight standards calling for performance levels that impossible to reach may cause behavioral problems. Very loose standards result in a lack of productiv ity which negatively affects profits and the firm’s competitive position and ultimately its long-term survival.

Direct material standards are based on product specifications established after an intensive analysis of material requirements has been performed. Supposedly, this analysis of material requirements has found the best kind of material for the purpose, and has determined the proper quantity of material to be used, after making due allowances for the processing losses that are an inevitable part of most firm’s manufacturing activities. The standard direct material cost is then determined by multiplying the standard quantities by the standard prices supplied by a company’s purchasing department. It is assumed that the purchasing department has investigated （调查，研究）sources （发源地）of supply and has selected vendor (销售员) who can provide the desired quantity and quality of materials at a good price, and that questions concerning economical quantities to buy have been answered. Since material prices are often very difficult to predict, there is a tendency in practice for firms to use prevailing prices as their standard prices and to make frequent changes to keep their standard price sheets up to date.

3. Variances of direct material, direct labor, and factory overhead.

A variance is the difference between an actual cost and its corresponding standard cost. So the variance may be favorable or unfavorable. A variance is favorable if actual cost is below standard cost, and it is unfavorable if actual cost is above standard. Variances are typically expressed in dollars and in sufficient detail to permit cost analysis and control.

For example, a company actually cost $ 60 000 to make 500 units of VCD. The standard cost of one VCD is $ 126. Therefore, the standard cost of five hundred units of VCD is $ 63 000. The actual cost of making the 500 units of VCD is $ 3 00 less than standard cost. Because the actual cost is less than standard cost, the variance is favorable.

In this example, the variance is total variance, and management often needs more detailed information. The details are provided by calculating separate variances for material, labor, and overhead typically, two variances are calculates for each prime resource used in production. One for the quantity of resource used. It measures if the amounts of materials or labor used were more or less than the standard. The other for the cost of the resource, which measure if the price paid for materials or the wage rate paid for labor was more or less than standard.

Accounting information is administrator, investors and creditors, etc to improve management, appraising the financial situation, making the investment decision, guard against operational risks of main basis. The distortion of accounting information will give managers, investors and creditors may bring immeasurable loss. Especially with the accelerating of marketization, enterprise listed became the only state-owned market. According to the company law and the securities law requirements, certain profit level is the company becomes the accurate listed companies to achieve the prerequisites, these conditions, many enterprises has racked its brain through the accounting regulation to "create" a profit. The accounting information distortion ostensibly is management problems, or unit the leadership or accounting personnel individual behavior, but its essence, basically have the following reasons:

(a) from the macroscopic level analysis the reasons of accounting information distortion, mainly is the judgment enterprise accounting system operating system foundation and environmental conditions, these factors on the quality of accounting information is often fundamental influence.

(2) from the micro analysis the reasons of accounting information distortion, mainly judgment enterprise accounting system operation affect whether each decisive factors existing in a reasonable way, these factors on the quality of accounting information is the most direct impact.

当前，我国事业单位会计核算主要采用收付实现制。虽然这种制度可以对事业单位的现金收支进行有效的控制，但随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的日趋完善、公共财政框架体系的构建、政府职能的不断转变等会计环境和社会环境的变化，收付实现制的弊端和不足日益突显：会计信息缺乏真实性和有效性，不能更好地防范和化解财政风险；无法全面、准确地记录和反映事业单位的财务状况；难以真实、准确地反映事业单位提供公共产品和公共服务的成本耗费与效率水平，等等。由此可见，收付实现制已经不能满足我国事业单位发展和社会经济发展的需要，必须在此基础上对事业单位的会计制度进行改革和发展。鉴于此，笔者通过收集事业单位会计核算的相关资料并进行整理分析，得出如下结论：事业单位会计核算引入权责发生制必将成为事业单位会计发展和改革的一种趋势。本文即就事业单位会计核算引入权责发生制的可行性分析、具体建议和措施、主要经济业务的会计处理及信息披露等相关问题展开探讨。

关键词：事业单位会计；权责发生制；收付实现制At present, our country mainly adopts institution accounting period. Although this system on institutions can cash receipts and effective control, but with China's socialist market economy system, the improvement of public finance system of government functions, the changing environment and the social environment accountant such as

changes of revenue and expenditure, the disadvantages and deficiency becoming increasingly apparent that the accounting information authenticity and effectiveness of, can better guard against and defuse financial risks, Unable to fully and accurately record and reflect the financial institutions, To accurately reflect the true and institutions provide public products and public service cost and efficiency, etc. Thus, the revenue and expenditure has not meet our institutions and social development and the need of economic development, must be based on the accounting system for business unit of reform and development. In view of this, the author collected institution accounting related data and analysis, the conclusion: institution accounting into the accrual accounting will become the development and reform of a trend. This article will introduce accounting institution accrual of feasibility analysis, Suggestions and measures, and the main economic business accounting information disclosure and discusses related issues.

Keywords: institution accounting, The accrual, Revenue and expenditure

随着网路的发展，计算机作为对信息处理最为快捷有效的工具，在各行各业中得以广泛应用。在会计这门学科中，会计电算化的出现使会计信息处理有了质的飞跃，随着互联网出现的，全球信息处理网络化成为历史的必然趋势，单机工作系统的不足日趋明显，为了适应环境变化，网络会计应运而生，弥补了传统会计电算化的不足，成为传统会计发展的新领域。随着网络会计的产生，对传统手工会计造成必然的影响。本文就网络会计对传统会计的影响进行探讨。

【关键词】网络发展会计电算化传统会计With the development of computer network, as the most efficient and effective information processing tools, in the professions are widely used. This subject in accounting, accounting computerization has made the accounting information processing with a qualitative leap, along with the global Internet network information processing, the inevitable trend of history, single work system, in order to adapt to the environment more obvious changes, network, accounting for the deficiencies of traditional accounting computerization, become the new field of traditional accounting development. As the network of accounting for the traditional manual accounting cause inevitable impact. This network of the influence of traditional accounting accounting is discussed in this paper.

关键词：Network development 、Accounting computerization、Traditional accounting

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