土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge

一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥

steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads

钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此

prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons

预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法

an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today

在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

力内敛的桥梁和其工作负载的重量。高架桥可能从做系列拱门，虽然其他更经济的结构通常用于今天the corbel arch bridge is a masonry or stone bridge where each successively higher course cantilevers slightly more than the previous course .the steps of teh masonry may be trimmed to make the arch have a rounded shape .the corbel arch does not produce thrust ,or outward pressure at the bottom of the arch ,and is not considered a true arch ,it is more stable than a true arch because it does not have this thrust .the disadvantage is that this type of arch is not suitable for large spans

在牛腿拱桥是砖石或石桥当然，每个先后高悬臂比以前的课程等等。砌体的步骤可能被修剪，使拱有一个圆形的牛腿拱不产生推力，或向外压在拱底部，不被视为一个真正的牌坊，它比真正的拱稳定，因为它没有这种推力，其缺点是，这种弓型不适合大跨度

in some loactions it is necessary to span a wide gap at a relatively high elevation ,such as when a canal or water supply must span a valley .rather than building extremely large arches ,or very tall supporting columns ,a series of arched structures are built one atop another ,with wider structure at the base .roman civil engineers developed teh design and constructed highly refined structures using only simple materials ,equipment ,and mathematics .this type is still used in canal viaducts and roadways as it has a pleasing shape .particularly when spanning water ,as the reflections of the arches form a visual impression of circles or ellipses

在某些位置，必须跨越一个相对较高的海拔悬殊，比如，当一个或供水管必须跨越山谷。而不是建立非常大的拱门，或非常高的支持柱，拱形结构的一系列建one之上另一个在该基地的结构矛盾，发达国家罗马土木工程师设计和建造高度精炼的结构只使用简单的材料，设备和数学。这种类型采用的依然是运河高架桥和道路，因为它有一个可喜的形状，尤其当跨越水，作为拱门反射形成圆形或椭圆形的视觉印象

this type of bridge comprises an arch where the deck is completely above the arch .the area between the arch and the deck is known as teh spandrel .if the spandrel is solid ,usually the case in a masonry or stone arch bridge ,it is called a closed-spandrel arch bridge .if the deck is supported by a number of vertical columns rising from the arch ,it is known as an open-spandrel arch bridge .the Alexander HamiltonBridge is an example of an open-spandrel arch bridge

这种桥型拱其中包括在甲板上完全凌驾于拱的拱之间的甲板面积和拱肩是已知的，如果拱肩是固体，通常是在砖石或石拱桥的情况下，它被称为一个封闭拱肩拱桥，如果甲板是由从拱上升的垂直列数的支持，它被称为拱肩拱桥打开的亚历山大汉密尔顿大桥是一个开放式拱桥拱肩例子

this type of bridge comprises an arch which supports the deck by means of suspension cables or tie bars .the Sydney Harbour Bridge is a through arch bridge which uses a truss type arch .these through arch bridges are in contrast to suspension bridges which use the catenary in tension to which the aforementioned cables or tie bars are attached and suspended

这种桥型包括哪些拱支持的甲板悬挂电缆或拉杆手段。悉尼海港大桥是通过拱桥它采用了桁架拱类型，通过这些拱桥相对于接触网吊桥正在使用哪个其中在紧张上述电缆或拉杆连接和悬浮

also known as a bowstring arch ,this type of arch bridge incorporates a tie between two opposite ends of the arch ,the tie is capable of withstanding the horizontal thrust forces which would normally be exerted on the abutments of an arch bridge

那么作为弓弦拱桥，拱桥采用这种之间的两个拱两端领带型，领带可以承受的水平推力，这通常是对拱桥桥台的已知能够产生力量

4 Suspension Bridges

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders . This type o f bridge dates from thr early 19th century , while bridges without vertical suspenders have a long history in many mountainous parts of the world .

4 悬索桥

悬索桥是的桥的甲板下面悬索挂垂直吊杆的类型。这种类型的桥梁日期从苏氨酸早在19 世纪，同时没有垂直吊杆的桥梁有悠久的历史，世界许多地区山区。

this types of bridge has cables suspended between towers , plus vertical suspender cables that carry the weight of the deck below , upon which traffic crosses . This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance . Like other suspension bridge types , this type often is constructed without falsework

这种类型的桥梁已暂停塔，再加上携带的哪些交通十字架后甲板以下，重量的垂直悬挂电缆之间的电缆。这种安排允许在甲板上将水平或向上弧办理其他手续。像其他悬索桥的类型，此类型通常被构建无支架

the suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge , since any load appiled to the bridge is transformed into a tension in these main cables . The main cables continue beyond the pilares to deck-level supports ,and furture continue to connections with anchors in the ground . the roadway is supported by vertical suspender cables or roads ,called hangers . In some circumstances the towers may sit on a bluff or canyon edge where the road may proceed directly to the main span , otherwise the bridge will usually have two smaller spans , running between either pair of pillars and the highway , which may be supported by suspender cables or may use a truss bridge to make this connection . In the latter case there will be very little are in the outboard main cables .

悬索必须固定两端的桥，因为任何负载应用到桥变成这些主缆线的紧张局势。主缆线继续超越皮拉雷斯到甲板级支持，并继续与地面中的锚点连接的未来。巷道受支持垂直悬挂电缆或道路，称为衣架。在某些情况下可能会坐在塔的一个悬崖或路讯直接向主跨峡谷边缘，否则这座桥将通常有两个较小的跨度，要么对支柱和公路，可能受吊杆电缆或可以使用这个连接的桁架桥之间运行。在后一种情况会有很少的舷外的主缆线是。

The main forces in a suspension bridge of any type are tension in the cables and compression in the pillars . Since almost all the force on the pillars is vertically downwards and they are also stabilized by the main cable , the pillars can be made quite slender , as on the Severn Bridge , near Bristol ,England . In a suspended deck bridge ,cables suspended via towers hold up the road deck . The weight is transferred by the cables to the towers , which in turn transfer the weight to the ground

张力缆线和支柱压缩的任何类型悬索桥的主要力量。由于几乎所有的支柱力量是垂直向下，他们也稳定着主要电缆，作为勋桥支柱可很细长，英国布里斯托尔附近。电缆塔通过暂停中悬浮的桥面，举起了公路桥面。重量由电缆传输到反过来移转重量到地面高塔，

Assuming a negligible weight as compared to the deck and vehicles being supported , the main cables of a suspension bridge will form a parabola . One can see the shape from tje constant increase of the gradient of the cable with liner distance , this increase in gradient at each connection with the deck providing a net upward support force . Combined with the relatively simple constraints placed upon the actual deck , this makes the suspension bridge much simple to design and analyze than a cable-stayed bridge , where the deck is in compression .

假设可以忽略不计的重量为甲板和车辆被支持，悬索桥主缆将形成一条抛物线。人们可以看到从起跑不断增加的衬距线的渐变，这增加的梯度与提供净的向上支撑力在甲板上的每个连接的形状。结合实际的上甲板相对简单的限制，这使得悬索桥斜拉桥主梁，在甲板上哪里去压缩比分析与设计更简单。

The suspension bridge has some advantages over other bridge types:

1 longer main spans are achievable than with any other typesof bridges

2 less material may be required than other bridge types , even at spans they can achieve , leading to a reduced construction cost

3 except for installation of the intial temporary cables , little or no access from below is required during construction , for example allowing a waterway to remain open shile the bridge is built above

4 may be better able to withstand earthquake movements than can heavier and more rigid bridges

悬索桥在其他桥类型的一些优点：

1 长的主跨度是可实现比与任何其他类型的桥梁

更少的材料 2 可能需要比其他桥类型，即使在他们可以实现，跨度导致降低施工成本

在施工期间，除了对初值的临时电缆，从下面很少或没有访问安装 3 是必需的例如允许继续开放施乐航道桥上面生成

4 可能能够更好地抵御地震运动不是可以更重、更严格的桥梁

. However , the suspension bridge has some disadvantages either compared with other bridge types

1 Considerable stiffness or aerodynamic profiling may be required to prevent the bridge deck vibrating under high winds

2 the relatively low deck stiffness compared to other (non-suspension) types of bridges makes it

more difficult to carry heavy rail traffic where high concentrated live loads occur

3 some access below may be required during construction , to lift the intial cables or to lift deck units . This access can often be avoided in cable-stayed bridge construction

悬索桥但是，有一些缺点，要么相比其他桥类型

1 个相当大的刚度或气动性能分析可能需要防止桥面振动下高风

2 其他（非暂停）类型的桥梁相比的相对较低的甲板刚度更难以进行重轨交通高浓度活荷载发生

施工升降机的初值的电缆或提起甲板单位，可能需要一些访问下面3。这种访问通常可以避免在斜拉桥施工

5 Cable-stayed Bridges

A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge that consists of one or more columns , with cables supporting the bridge deck . There are two major class of cable-stayed bridges : In a harp design , the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching cables to various points on the tower so that the height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment . In a fan design , the cables all connect to pass over the top of the towers .

5 斜拉桥

斜拉桥是包含一个或多个列，用电缆支撑桥面的桥梁。有两个大类的斜拉桥结构：在竖琴设计中，电缆由近乎平行塔上的各点连接电缆，因此，附件的每条电缆塔的高度是类似于距离从塔沿空留巷对其较低的附件。在风扇设计中，所有的电缆连接到传递塔的上方。

Compared with other bridge types ,the cable-stayed is optimal for spans longer than typically seen in cantilever bridges and shorter than those typically requiring a suspension bridge . This is the range in which cantilever spans would rapidly grow heavier if they were lengthened , and in which suspension cabling does not get more economical were the span to be shortened.

相比其他桥类型，斜拉桥是最优的跨度比通常看到悬臂桥梁长和短于那些通常需要悬索桥。这是悬臂梁跨度将会迅速成长较重的如果他们被加长的范围，在哪个悬浮缆线连接不会获得更多经济被缩短的跨度

A multiple-tower cable-stayed bridge may appear similar to a suspension bridge , but in fact is very different in principle and in the method of construction , In the suspension bridge , a large cable is made up by "spinning" small diamter wires bewteen two towers , and at each end to anchorages into the ground or to a massive structure . These cables form the primary load-bearing structure for the bridge deck . Before the deck is installed , the cables are under tension from only their own weight . Smaller cables or roads are then suspended from the main cable , and used to support the load of the bridge deck ,which is lifted in sections and attached to the suspender cables . As this is done the tension inthe cables increases, as it does with the live load of vehicles or persons crossing the bridge . T he tension on the cables must be transferred to the earth by the anchorages , which are sometimes difficult to construct due to poor soil condition.

多塔斜拉桥结构可能会出现类似的吊桥，但事实上是非常不同的原则和方法的悬索桥建设、大型电缆组成的"旋转"小径线的距离两个塔，和每个月底入地碇泊处或大规模的结构。这些缆线形成的主桥承载结构。在甲板上安装之前，电缆正在紧张只是他们自身的重量。较小的电缆或道路然后暂停从主电缆，并用于支

持的负载，并取消各节中的吊杆电缆相连的桥面。因为这是张力在电缆的增加，因为它符合活载的车辆或过桥的人。T 他张力电缆必须转入地球的碇泊区，有时难以应付贫瘠的土壤条件构建的。

In the cable-stayed bridge , the towers form the primary load-bearing structure .A cantilever approach is often used for support of the bridge deck near the towers , but ares furture from them are supported by cables runing diectly to the towers. This has the disadvantage , compared with the suspension

bridge ,that the cables pullto the sides as opposed to diectly up, requiring the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression loads ;but has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist a horizontal pull of the cables , as in the suspension bridge . All static horizontal forces are balanced so that the supporting tower does not teng to tilt or slide , needing only to resist such forces from the live loads

塔斜拉桥，形成主承力结构。悬臂方法通常用于从他们未来支持的电缆运行紧跟在对塔附近塔，但战神桥面的支持。这样做的弊端，相比悬索桥，电缆负值，紧跟在相对于双方要求要坚强些抵制产生水平压缩桥面加载；但不是要求抵制的缆线，如在悬索桥横向拉动坚定碇泊区的优势。所有静态水平力的平衡，以便支持塔不会不倾斜或幻灯片，只需要抵制这种势力的活荷载的滕

key advantages of the cable-stayed form are as follows

1 much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge , so that deformations od the deck under live loads are reduced

2can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower ; and the cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck

3 for a symmetrical bridge , the horizontal forces balance and large ground anchorages arer not required

斜拉桥窗体的主要优点如下：

1 更大刚度比悬索桥，以便变形敖活荷载作用下的甲板减少

2can 拟建的悬挑出从塔；和电缆行事，临时和长期的支持，在桥面

对称桥3，水平力量平衡和不需要的地面大碇泊区所做

A further advantage of the cable-stayed bridge is that any number of towers may be used .This bridge form can be as easily built with a singer tower , as with a pair of towers . However , a suspension bridge is ususally built only with a pair of towers .

斜拉桥的另一个优点是可以使用任意数量的塔。此桥的窗体可以与一对塔一样轻松地建立歌手塔。但是，仅有一对塔建六点钟悬索桥。

6 Truss Bridges

a truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements which may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . Truss bridges are one of the oldest

types of modern bridges , A truss bridge is economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials.

6 钢桁桥

桁架桥是一座桥，连接可能会强调从紧张、压缩，或有时两者都动荷载响应的元素组成。钢桁桥是最古老的现代桥梁类型之一，桁架桥是兴建，其有效地利用材料由于经济。

Truss girders , lattice girders or open web girders are efficient and economical structural systems , since the members experience essentially axial forces and hence the material is fully utilized . Members of the truss girder bridges can be classified as chord members and web members . Generally , the chord members resist overall bending moment in form of direct tension and compression and web members carry the shear force in the form of direct tension or compression . Due to their efficiency . truss bridges are built over wide range of spana . Truss bridges compete against plate girders for shorter spans , against box girders for medium spans and cable-stayed bridges for long spans ,

桁架梁、格梁或打开web 梁是高效、经济的结构体系，因为成员经验基本上轴向力，因此这种材料充分的利用。桁梁桥的成员可归类为弦委员和web。一般情况下，弦成员抵制整体弯曲力矩的形式直接拉伸和压缩和web 成员进行的直接拉伸或压缩形式的剪力。由于对他们的工作效率。拥有广泛的什帕尼亚建钢桁桥。钢桁桥板梁的较短的范围，对中等跨度箱梁斜拉桥结构的大跨度的竞争

For short and medium spans it is economical to use parallel chord trusses such as warren truss ,Pratt truss , Howe truss ,etc.to minimize fabrication and erection costs. Especially for shorter spans tne Warren truss is more economical as it requires less material than either the Pratt or Howe trusses . However, for longer spans ,a greater depth is required at the centre and variable depth trusses are adopted for economy .In case of truss bridges that are continuous over many supports ,the depth of the truss is usually larger at the supports and smaller at mid-span

它是使用经济的短期和中期跨如沃伦、普惠桁架、豪桁、一整套的平行弦杆桁架制作及安装成本最小化。尤其是对于短跨：沃伦是更经济，因为它需要比的普惠或豪桁架的资料较少。然而，更长时间的跨度，更大的深度是需要在中心和可变深度桁架通过经济。情况下在许多支持连续钢桁桥、桁架的深度通常在支持较大和较小，在撞击

法语工程词汇-字典词典-建筑土木工程报价用语

法语工程词汇-字典词典-建筑土木工程报价用语

. 工程报价用语 LCF/ALGERIE/ORAN ================================

目录 1、土方 (1) 2、下部结构 (1) 3、上部结构…………………………………………………………………………… .1 4、圬工-抹灰 (2) 5、面层………………………………………………………………………………2～3 6、防水…………………………………………………………

(3) 7、木门窗....................................................................................... (3) 8、金属门窗…………………………………………………………………………3～4 9、铝合金门窗及幕墙……………………………………………………………4～5 10、暖卫洁具………………………………………………………………………...5～7 ～洁具 (5) ～龙头和配件………………………………………………………………… 5～6 ～管子 (6) ～饮用水/内部消

防………………………………………………………………...6～7 ～排污排废 (6) 11、电………………………………………………………………………………7～10 ～电器设备 (7) ～电线及护管.............................................................................. (8) ～配电盘…………………………………………………………………… …… 8～10 ～干管 (10) 12、油漆和玻璃…………………………………………………………………..10～11

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

(完整版)土木工程专业英语常用词汇

Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖

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土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语翻译

(1)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including Canada and the United States, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. (1)混凝土和钢筋混凝土在每个国家都被用作建筑材料。在许多国家，包括加拿大和美国，钢筋混凝土是一种主要的工程结构材料。 (2)The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction. (2) 钢筋混凝土建筑的广泛存在是由于钢筋和制造混凝土的材料，包括石子，沙，水泥等，可以通过多种途径方便的得到，同时兴建混凝土建筑时所需要的技术也相对简单。 (3)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, building of all sorts, underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. (3)混凝土和钢筋混凝土被应用于桥梁，各种形式的建筑，地下结构，蓄水池，电视塔，海上石油平台，以及工业建筑，大坝，甚至船舶等。 (4)Reinforce concrete structures consist of a series of individual members that interact to support the loads placed on the structure. The floor of concrete buildings is often built of concrete joist-slab construction. (4)钢筋混凝土结构由一系列单独构件组成，这些构件通过相互作用共同抵抗施加在结构上的荷载。混凝土建筑的楼层通常采用肋梁楼盖的形式。 (5)A series of parallel ribs or joists support the load from the top slab. The reactions supporting the joists apply load to the beams, which in turn are supported by the columns. (5)一系列的平行梁肋或次梁抵抗其上楼板传来的荷载，次梁的反力作为荷载施加在主粱上，主粱则支承在柱上。 (6)The slab transfers load laterally to the joists, and serves as the top flange of the joists, which act as T-shaped beams that transmit the load to the beams running at right angles to the joists. (6)楼板将荷载垂直传递给次梁，并且作为上翼缘和次梁一起形成T形截面梁，将荷载传递给与次梁正交的主粱。 (7)Some floors of have a slab-and-beam design in which the slab spans between beams, which in turn apply loads to the columns. (7)一些楼层被设计成梁板结构，即楼板直接支承在相邻的主粱上，主粱再将荷载传递到柱上。 (8)Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage or temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. (8)混凝土的抗压能力很强但抗拉能力很弱。因此，当荷载、受约束的收缩或温度变化所引起的拉应力超过其抗拉强度时，混凝土中的裂缝就会开展。 (9)The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a form or mould in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. (9)钢筋混凝土构件的制作需要一个与构件形状相同的模子，其必须具有足够的强度以抵抗湿混凝土的重量和流动压力。 (10)The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting

土木工程专业英语词汇汇总

A Type Wooden Ladder A字木梯 A-frame A型骨架 A-truss A型构架 Abandon 废弃 Abandoned well 废井 Aberration of needle 磁针偏差Abnormal pressure 异常压力abnormally high pressure 异常高压Abort 中止 abrasion 磨损 Abrasion surface 浪蚀面 abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机Abrasive Cutting Wheel 拮碟abrasive grinding machine 研磨机Abrasive Grinding Wheel 磨碟abrasive particle 磨料颗粒 Absolute address 绝对地址Absolute altitude 绝对高度Absolute damping 绝对阻尼Absolute deviation 绝对偏差Absolute flying height 绝对航高Absolute gravity 绝对重力 absolute permeability 绝对渗透率absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute temperature 绝对温度absorbability 吸收性；吸附性absorption 吸收 abutment 桥墩 abutting end 邻接端 acceleration 加速 acceleration lane 加速车道Acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration pedal 加速器踏板accelerator 催凝剂；加速器；催化剂acceptance criteria 接受准则 access 通路；通道 access door 检修门；通道门access lane 进出路径 access panel 检修门 access point 入口处；出入通道处access ramp 入口坡道；斜通道access road 通路；通道 access shaft 竖井通道 access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道access staircase 通道楼梯 access step 出入口踏步 access tunnel 隧道通道 accessible roof 可到达的屋顶accessory 附件；配件accident 事故；意外 accidental collapse 意外坍塌 accommodate 装设；容纳 accredited private laboratory 认可的私 人实验室 accumulator 储压器；蓄电池 accuracy limit 精度限制 acetylene cylinder 乙炔圆筒 Acetylene Hose 煤喉 Acetylene Regulator 煤表 acid plant 酸洗设备；酸洗机 acid pump 酸液泵 acid tank 酸液缸 acidic rock 酸性岩 acoustic couplant 声耦合剂 acoustic coupler 声音藕合器；音效藕 合器 acoustic lining 隔音板 acoustic screen 隔声屏 Acoustic wave 声波 acrylic paint 丙烯漆料(压克力的油漆) acrylic sheet 丙烯胶片(压克力的胶片) active corrosion 活性腐蚀 active earth pressure 主动土压力 active fault 活断层 active oxidation 活性氧化 actual plot ratio 实际地积比率 actuator 促动器；唧筒；激发器 adapt 改装 adaptor 适配器；承接器；转接器； addition 增设；加建 additional building works 增补建筑工 程 additional horizontal force 额外横向力 additional plan 增补图则(附加的平面 图) additional vent 加设通风口 additive 添加剂 Address 地址 adhesive 黏结剂；胶黏剂 adhesive force 附着力 Adhesive Glue 万能胶 Adhesive Reflective Warning Tape 反 光警告贴纸 adit 入口；通路；坑道口 adjacent construction 相邻建造物 adjacent level 相邻水平 adjacent site 相邻基地 adjacent street 相邻街道 adjoining area 毗邻地区 adjoining building 毗邻建筑物 adjoining land 毗邻土地 adjoining structure 毗邻构筑物 adjustable 可调校 Adjustable Wrench Spanner 昔士 adjuster 调节器 adjustment 调校；调整 Administrative Lawsuit 行政诉讼 Administrative Remedy 行政救济 admixture 掺合剂；外加剂 advance directional sign 前置指路标 志；方向预告标志 advance earthworks 前期土方工程 advance warning sign 前置警告标志 advance works 前期工程 aeration 曝气 aeration tank 曝气池 aerial 天线 Aerial mapping 航空测图 aerial photograph 航测照片 Aerial photography 航照定位 aerial rapid transit system 高架快速运 输系统 aerial ropeway 高架缆车系统 aerial view 鸟瞰图 aerofoil 翼型 aerosol 悬浮微粒；喷雾 aerosphere 大气圈 affix 贴附 aftercooler 后冷却器 afterfilter 后过滤器 aftershock 余震 agent 作用剂；代理人 aggradation 堆积 aggregate 骨材；集料；碎石 aggregate area 总面积 aggregate grading 骨材级配 aggregate superficial area 表面总面积 aggregate usable floor space 总楼地板 空间 agitator 搅拌器；搅动机 air bleeding 放气(空气渗出) air blower 鼓风机 air brake 气压制动器 Air chambor 气室 air circuit 空气回路 air circuit breaker 空气断路器 air cleaner 空气滤清器