四级考前冲刺试题一

四级考前冲刺试题

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Is Offering Seats Compulsory for Young Passengers? You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below.

1. 有人认为公交车上年轻人必须给老人让座

2. 有人认为年轻人没有义务给老人让座

3. 你的看法

Is Offering Seats Compulsory for Young Passengers?

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Eat an Apple (Doctor’s Orders)

The farm stand is becoming the new apothecary (药剂师), preparing and giving out apples — not to mention vegetables such as artichokes, asparagus and arugula — to fill a novel kind of prescription.

Doctors at three health centers in Massachusetts have begun advising patients to eat “prescription produce” from local farmers’ markets, in an effort to fight obesity (when someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy) in children of low-income families. Now they will give coupons (赠券) amounting to $1 a day for each member of a patient’s family to promote heal thy meals.

“A lot of these kids have a very limited range of fruits and vegetables that are acceptable and familiar to them. Potentially, they will try more,” said Dr. Suki Tepperberg, a family physician at Codman Square Health Center in Dorchester, one o f the program sites. “The goal is to get them to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables by one serving a day.”

The effort may also help farmers’ markets compete with fast-food restaurants selling dollar value meals. Farmers’ markets do more tha n $1 billion in annual sales in the United States, according to the Agriculture Department.

Massachusetts was one of the first states to promote these markets as hubs of preventive health. In the 1980s, for example, the state began issuing coupons for farm ers’ markets to low-income women who were

pregnant or breast-feeding or for young children at risk for malnutrition (营养不良). Thirty-six states now have such farmers’ market nutrition programs aimed at women and young children.

Thomas M. Menino, the mayor of Boston, said he believed the new children’s program, in which doctors write vegetable “prescriptions” to be filled at farmers’ markets, was the first of its kind. Doctors will track participants to determine how the program affects their eating patterns and to monitor health indicators like weight and body mass index, he said.

“When I go to work in the morning, I see k ids standing at the bus stop eating chips and drinking a soda,” Mr. Menino said in a phone interview earlier this week. “I hope this will help them change their eating habits and lead to a healthier lifestyle.”

The mayor’s attention to healthy eating date s to his days as a city councilman. Most recently he has appointed a well-known chef as a food policy director to promote local foods in public schools and to foster market gardens in the city.

Although obesity is a complex problem unlikely to be solved just by eating more vegetables, supporters of the vegetable coupon program hope that physician intervention will spur young people to adopt the kind of behavioral changes that can help prevent lifelong obesity.

Childhood obesity in the United States costs $14.1 billion annually in direct health expenses like prescription drugs and visits to doctors and emergency rooms, according to a recent article on the economics of childhood obesity published in the journal Health Affairs. Treating obesity-related illness in adults costs an estimated $147 billion annually, the article said.

Although the vegetable prescription pilot project is small, its supporters see it as a model for encouraging obese children and their families to increase the volume and variety of fresh produce they eat.

“Can we help people in low-income areas, who shop in the center of supermarkets for low-cost empty-calorie food, to shop at farmers’ markets by making fruit and vegetables more affordable?” said Gus Schumacher, the chairman of Wholesome Wave, a nonprofit group in Bridgeport, Conn., that supports family farmers and community access to locally grown produce.

If the pilot project is successful, Mr. Schumacher said, “farmers’ markets would become like a fruit and vegetable pharmacy (药房) for at-risk families.”

The pilot project plans to enroll up to 50 families of four at three health centers in Massachusetts that already have specialized children’s programs called healthy weight clinics.

A foundation called CAVU, for Ceiling and Visibility Unlimited, sponsors the clinics that are administering the vegetable project. The Massachusetts Department of Agriculture and Wholesome Wave each contributed $10,000 in seed money. (Another arm of the program, at several health centers in Maine, is giving fresh produce coupons to pregnant mothers.) The program is to run until the end of the farmers’ market season in late fall.

One month after Leslie-Ann Ogiste, a certified nursing assistant in Boston, and her 9-year-old son,

Makael Constance, received their first vegetable prescription coupons at the Codman Center, they have lost a combined four pounds, she said. A staff member at the center told Ms. Ogiste about a farmers’ market that is five minutes from her apartment, she said.

“It worked wonders,” said Ms. Ogiste, who bought and prepared eggplant, cucumbers, tomatoes, summer squash, corn, bok choy, parsley, carrots and red onions. “Just the variety, it did help.”

Ms. Ogiste said she had minced some vegetables and used them in soup, pasta sauce and rice dishes —the better to disguise the new good-for-you foods that she served her son.

Makael said he did not mind. “It’s really good,” he said.

Some nutrition researchers said that the Massachusetts project had a good chance of improving eating habits in the short term. But, they added, a vegetable prescription program in isolation may not have a long-term influence on reducing obesity. Families may revert to their former habits in the winter when the farmers’ markets are closed, these researchers said, or they may not be able to afford fresh produce after the voucher program ends.

Dr. Shikha Anand, the medical director of CAVU’s healthy weight initiative, said the group hoped to make the veggie prescription project a year-round program through partnerships with grocery stores.

But people tend to overeat junk food in higher proportion than they undereat vegetables, said Dr. Deborah A. Cohen, a senior natural scientist at the RAND Corporation. So, unless people curtail (减少) excessive consumption of salty and sugary snacks, she said, behavioral changes like eating more fruit and vegetables will have limited effect on obesity.

In a recent study led by Dr. Cohen, for example, people in southern Louisiana typically exceeded guidelines for eating salty and sugary foods by 120 percent in the course of a day while falling short of vegetable and fruit consumption by 20 percent.

The weight clinics in Massachusetts chosen for the vegetable prescription test project already encourage families to cut down on unhealthy snacks.

Even as Ms. Ogiste and her son started shopping at the farmers’ market and eating more fresh produce, for example, they also cut back on junk food, she said.

“We have stopped the snacks. We are drinking more water and less soda and less juice too,” Ms. Ogiste said. “All of that helped.”

1. Dr. Suki Tepperberg suggested that many overweight children .

A) have consumed too much meat

B) dislike fruits and vegetables by nature

C) mainly come from wealthy families

D) will have more vegetables if provided

2. Besides poor obese children, the vegetable “prescription” program is also helpful for .

A) doctors at the health centers

B) farmers in the local market

C) restaurants serving fast food

D) manufactures providing concerned medicine

3. In the new children’s program, what doctors need to do is .

A) evaluating the effect of the program B) writing prescriptions at a farm stand

C) giving vegetable coupons to farmers D) developing novel medicine to fight obesity

4. According to the phone interview, why did Thomas M. Menino support the current farmers’ market

nutrition programs?

A) He hoped to promote local foods in the whole city.

B) He wanted to change children’s unhealthy lifestyle.

C) He was persuaded by his food policy director to do so.

D) He had to fulfill his “healthy eating” promise made years ago.

5. Some people support the vegetable coupon program because they think .

A) eating more fruits and vegetables can solve the problem of obesity

B) the program will encourage overweight children to take more exercises

C) it will save the patients a large amount of money on medical treatment

D) eating habits changed under doctors’ interventions will do patients good

6. What do we know about Wholesome Wave from the passage?

A) It is a nonprofit group that specializes in weight control.

B) It sponsors healthy weight clinics in local farmers’ markets.

C) It tries to make fresh food available to poor families.

D) It is giving vegetable coupons to pregnant women.

7. What happened to Leslie-Ann Ogiste after she got the first vegetable coupons?

A) She successfully lost a lot of weight.

B) She spent a total of four pounds on vegetables.

C) She got her weight down a bit.

D) She gained weight due to the variety of the food.

8. According to some nutrition researchers, the vegetable prescription program will have limited effect

on obesity if carried out _____________________________________.

9. To effectively reduce obesity, Dr. Deborah A. Cohen suggested overweight people eat less

_____________________________________.

10. In Ms. Ogiste and her son’s current diet, fresh vegetables are increased while junk food is

_____________________________________.

Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

11. A) He does not have a good hearing.

B) He has been driving madly for a year.

C) He never takes what she says seriously.

D) He is always impatient with her.

12. A) He is poor at remembering numbers.

B) He can’t remember Mary’s phone number.

C) He doesn’t know Mary’s phone number at all.

D) He doesn’t want to tell her Mary’s phone number.

13. A) They should go to see the man’s father.

B) A guy named Tom will go to a new place.

C) The woman might go with the man to see his mother.

D) Going to see the new kid is the best thing they can do.

14. A) Their first child is very lovely.

B) They don’t want children for the time being.

C) They will start a family as soon as they get married.

D) Mrs. Smith wishes t o have children, but her husband doesn’t.

15. A) He has done what he shouldn’t.

B) He has done more than enough.

C) He has done as much as he could.

D) He hasn’t done as much as he could.

16. A) The man paid a lot to join the gym.

B) The man has been working too hard.

C) The man has improved his physical condition.

D) The man has paid off his debts through hard work.

17. A) Margaret wanted to return some magazines to the woman.

B) Margaret wanted to lend some magazines to the woman.

C) Margaret wanted to borrow some magazines from the woman.

D) Margaret wanted to get some magazines back from the woman.

18. A) She didn’t go to the game.

B) She also left the game before it was over.

C) She’s also curious about who won the game.

D) She was sitting right behind the man at the game.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

19. A) Everybody’s talking about E-mail nowadays.

B) If you don’t have one, you will be out of time.

C) It’s the easiest way to communicate with other users.

D) It’s printed on every card people exchange with others.

20. A) It may not be of a high level of security.

B) It cannot contain any commercial information.

C) You can only use the free E-mail account at home.

D) It is difficult to get access to the website with such service.

21. A) Internet Explorer. B) IE and Windows.

C) The operating system. D) Additional software.

22. A) Print an E-mail address on her card. B) Check her hardware and software.

C) Pay the ISP for the E-mail account. D) Try to get a free E-mail account.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

23. A) Tennis sets. B) Computer and TV set.

C) Bookcase and book shelf. D) Refrigerator and kitchen stuff.

24. A) Sell them to the second-hand bookshop.

B) Advertise them on the university notice boards.

C) Advertise them in the student newspaper for sale.

D) Give them to the second- and third-year students for free.

25. A) It may not pay well. B) It may not come on time.

C) It may not take the goods. D) It may charge the quote.

Section B

Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One

Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.

26. A) Moved. B) Annoyed.

C) Delighted. D) Discouraged.

27. A) Ask him for pity. B) Tell him the truth.

C) Tell him a white lie. D) Ask others to help you.

28. A) Remember all their names. B) Remember just their last names.

C) Remember a couple of names first. D) Remember as many names as possible.

Passage Two

Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

29. A) Cycling around a lake. B) Motor racing in the desert.

C) Playing basketball in a gym. D) Swimming in a sports center.

30. A) It is popular in Portugal and Spain.

B) It causes water shortages around the world.

C) It pollutes the earth with chemicals and wastes.

D) It needs water and electricity to keep its courses green.

31. A) It is an outdoor sport. B) It improves our health.

C) It uses fewer resources. D) It is recommended by experts.

32. A) To show people the function of major sports.

B) To encourage people to go in for green sports.

C) To discuss the major influence of popular sports.

D) To introduce different types of environment-friendly sports.

Passage Three

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

33. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

34. A) To ask the family for help.

B) To make a study of financial courses.

C) To do research on the price of college.

D) To get to know how to ask for financial aid.

35. A) To introduce college life.

B) To make JohnsonReview popular.

C) To help audiences find the right college.

D) To suggest ways to prepare for college learning.

Section C

Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your

own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

Millions of people are enrolled in evening adult education (36) __________ across America. Community colleges have become popular and their (37) __________ have increased rapidly. Large universities are (38) __________ more courses in the evenings for adult students. In this way, the (39) __________ for more education is being met.

One reason for this is that many older people are changing their (40) __________. They are looking for different careers. Another reason is that repair costs of many (41) __________ things have recently greatly (42) __________. Adults are taking courses like plumbing and electrical repair. This way they hope that the high costs for repairs can be (43) __________.

(44)_____________________________________________________________________________. Engineers, teachers and businessmen are taking adult education classes. They have found that more education is needed to do their jobs well. (45) _____________________________________________________________________. Accounting and business courses are also taken by many adult students. Some students attend classes to earn degrees.

(46) ___________________________________________________________________. The lives of many people have been enriched because of adult education.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) Section A

Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.

There was a time when red meat was a luxury for ordinary Americans, or was at least something special: cooking a roast for Sunday dinner, ordering a steak at a restaurant. Not anymore. Meat consumption has more than 47 in the United States in the last 50 years.

Now a new study of more than 500,000 Americans has provided the best 48 that our love for red meat has exacted a high price on our health and limited our life span. The study found that, other things being 49 , the men and women who consumed the most red and processed meat were likely to die sooner, 50 from one of our two leading killers, heart disease and cancer, than people who consumed much 51 amounts of these foods.

To prevent deaths 52 to red and processed meats, people should eat a hamburger only once or twice a week instead of every day, a small steak once a week instead of every other day, and a hot dog every month and a half instead of once a week. In 53 of red meat, non-vegetarians (非素食者) might consider poultry and fish. Likewise, those who ate the most fruits and vegetables also tended to live 54 .

Anyone who worries about global well-being has yet another reason to consume less red meat. A reduced 55 on red meat for food could help to save the planet from the 56 effects of environmental pollution, global warming and the lessening of fresh water.

Section B

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

The work on atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons (氯氟化碳) led eventually to a global CFC ban that saved us from ozone-layer reduction. Do we have time to do a similar thing with carbon emissions to save ourselves from climate change?

Not a hope at all. Most of the “green” stuff is very close to a big trick. Carbon trading, with its huge government grants, is just what finance and industry wanted. It’s not going to do a thing about climate change, but it’ll make a lot of money for a lot of people and postpone the moment of reckoning.

I am not against renewable energy, but to spoil all the decent countryside in the UK with wind farms is driving me mad. It’s absolutely unnecessary, and it takes 2,500 square kilometers to produce a gigawatt (十亿瓦特) —that’s an awful lot of countryside.

Work to sequester (隔离) CO2(carbon dioxide) is also a waste of time. It’s a crazy idea — and dangerous. It would take so long and use so much energy that it will not be done.

And, nuclear power is a way for the UK to solve its energy problems, but it is not a global cure for climate change. It is too late for emissions reduction measures.

Yet we are not doomed. There is one way we could save ourselves and that is through the massive burial of charcoal (木炭). It would mean farmers turning all their agricultural waste — which contains carbon that the plants have spent the summer sequestering — into charcoal, and burying it in the soil. Then you can start shifting vast quantities of carbon out of the system and pull the CO2 down quite fast.

What we can do is getting farmers to burn their crop waste at very low oxygen levels to turn it into charcoal, which the farmer then ploughs into the field. A little CO2 is released but the bulk of it gets converted to carbon. You get a few per cent of bio-fuel as an additional product of the burning process, which the farmer can sell. This scheme would need no subsidy (补贴): the farmer would make a profit. This is the one thing we can do that will make a difference.

57. According to the passage, carbon trading .

A) probably saves people from climate change

B) benefits some financially but not environmentally

C) has contributed a lot to carbon emissions reduction

D) makes huge money for governments around the world

58. What does the author say about wind farms in Britain?

A) The gain does not equal to the loss.

B) They can help solve world’s energy problems.

C) They would be perfect if they take up smaller space.

D) They will waste the government lots of time and money.

59. W hat’s the author’s opinion on nuclear power?

A) It’s one of the emission reduction measures that should be advocated.

B) It’s only applicable to Britain but not the whole world in emission reduction.

C) It’s of no help to the current global climate as a sl ow way to pull CO2 down.

D) It’s a good way to solve both the energy and pollution problems in the world.

60. To reduce carbon emission fast in the world, the author suggests .

A) capturing and sequestering CO2 in the air

B) building more nuclear power plants

C) planting more trees to absorbing CO2

D) burying burnt crop waste into the field

61. According to the passage, one advantage of the author’s proposal is that .

A) it can produce charcoal most of which can be used as fuel

B) it does n’t involve any international cooperation or negotiation

C) it brings extra income to farmers and saves government money

D) it needs no advanced technology or expensive equipment

Passage Two

Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

A few years back, the decision to move the Barnes, a respected American art institution, from its current location in the suburban town of Merion, Pa., to a site in Philadelphia’s museum district caused an argument — not only because it shamelessly went against the will of the founder, Albert C. Barnes, but also because it threatened to dismantle (拆开) a relationship among art, architecture and landscape critical to the Barnes’s success as a museum.

For any architect taking on the challenge of the new space, the confusion of moral and design questions might seem overwhelming. What is an architect’s responsibility to Barnes’s vision of a marvelous but odd collection of early Modern artworks housed in a rambling(布局凌乱的) 1920s Beaux-Arts pile? Is it possible to reproduce its spirit in such a changed setting? Or does trying to replicate (复制) the Barnes’s unique atmosphere only doom you to failure? The answers of the New York architects taking the commission are not reassuring.

The new Barnes will include many of the features that have become virtually mandatory (强制性的) in the museum world today —conservation and education departments, temporary exhibition space, auditorium, bookstore, café— making it four times the size of the old Barnes. The architects have tried to compensate for this by laying out these spaces in an elaborate architectural procession that is clearly intended to replicate the peacefulness, if not the fantastic charm, of the old museum.

But the result is a complicated design. Almost every detail seems to ache from the strain of trying to preserve the spirit of the original building in a very different context. The failure to do so, despite such an earnest effort, is the strongest argument yet for why the Barnes should not be moved in the first place.

The old Barnes is by no means an obvious model for a great museum. Inside the lighting is far from perfect, and the collection itself, mixing masterpieces by Cézanne, Picasso and Soutine with second-rate paintings by lesser-known artists, has a distinctly odd flavor. But these apparent flaws are also what have made the Barnes one of the country’s most charming exhibition spaces.

But today the new Barnes is after a different kind of audience. Although museum officials say the existing limits on crowd size will be kept, it is clearly meant to draw bigger numbers and more tourist dollars. For most visitors the relationship to the art will feel less immediate.

62. The Old Barnes becomes the successful museum mainly because of .

A) the beneficial geographical position in a suburban town

B) its unique design and orderly collection of arts

C) the influence of its founder Albert C. Barnes

D) the perfect connection among art, architecture and landscape

63. The biggest challenge architects face in building the new Barnes is .

A) the ethical and design problems

B) the difficulty to retain its original peacefulness

C) the lack of confidence in undertaking the task

D) the difficulty to put all the artworks in a smaller space

64. According to the passage, the new Barnes will .

A) be completely the same as the old one B) take up more space than the old one

C) be changed into an art education center D) be forced to be modern in appearance

65. Why does the author oppose to relocate the Barnes?

A) The relocation means disrespect to the person who runs it.

B) Architectures’ complicated desi gn will make the museum charmless.

C) The spirit of the old Barnes will be gone in a different place.

D) The multiple functions of the new Barnes will destroy the collection.

66. What do we know about the old Barnes from the fifth paragraph?

A) It is a good example of the great modern museums.

B) It is downgraded by the mixture of different paintings.

C) The world-famous painters’ works make it a charming place.

D) It is the seeming imperfection that makes it attractive.

Part V Cloze (15 minutes)

Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a 67 . All we really know is that men, unlike

a n i m a l s,s o m e h o w i n v e n t e d c e r t a i n

68 to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with e a c h other; and that later they agreed 69 certain 67. A) myth B) wonder

C) mystery D) peculiarity

68. A) sounds B) gestures

C) signs D) movements

69. A) in B) with

C) of D) upon

70. A) spelt B) combined

C) related D) copied

signs, called letters, which could be 70 to represent those sounds, and which could be handed 71 . Those sounds, whether spoken, 72 written in letters, we call words.

The power of words, then, lies in their 73 —the things they bring up before our minds. Words become 74 with meaning for us by experience; and the 75 we live, the more certain words 76 to us the happy and sad 77 of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us 78 .

Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal 79 to our minds and emotions. This 80 and telling use of words is what we call 81 style. 82 all, the real poet is a master of words. He can 83 his meaning in words which sing like music, and 84 by their position and association can 85 men to tears. We should, 86 , learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech or writing silly and vulgar. 71. A) down B) out

C) by D) off

72. A) and B) yet

C) also D) or

73. A) functions B) associations

C) roles D) links

74. A) filled B) full

C) live D) active

75. A) happier B) sadder

C) shorter D) longer

76. A) reappear B) recall

C) remember D) recollect

77. A) incidents B) cases

C) events D) affairs

78. A) raises B) increases

C) improves D) emerges

79. A) intensively B) extensively

C) broadly D) powerfully

80. A) charming B) academic

C) conventional D) common

81. A) written B) spoken

C) literary D) dramatic

82. A) Over B) After

C) At D) Above

83. A) transfer B) communicate

C) convey D) transmit

84. A) which B) that

C) what D) how

85. A) engage B) make

C) move D) force

86. A) therefore B) however

C) furthermore D) nevertheless

Part VI Translation (5 minutes)

Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.

87. Medical research has shown that the widespread use of cigarettes

___________________________ (促进了癌症的增加).

88. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, ___________________________

(电视完全取代报纸是不可能的).

89. I don’t think it advisable that Tom _________________ (被委以该职) since he has no experience.

90. We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage __________________________ (映入眼帘).

91. Frankly speaking, I’d rather you _______________(别为这做任何事) for the time being.参考答案

Part I Writing

【范文】

Is Offering Seats Compulsory for Young Passengers?

In recent years, there have been many dispu tes about young’s giving seats to the elderly on buses. Some people maintain that the elderly are physically weak and are more prone to falling and getting hurt when standing on a moving bus. Therefore, young people, especially those taking the priority seats, have obligation to offer the seats to senior citizens to prevent potential hurt.

Some people, however, think the other way. Young passengers, they say, pay for the bus trip, so they enjoy the same right as senior citizens to use seats on the bus. Besides, many young riders, though physically strong, can’t escape being exhausted by a day’s work and are in great need of the seats on buses too. Forcing them to give up the seats seems inhuman and unfair.

In my view, whether it is compulsory for the young to give up their seats to needy riders depends on the kind of seats they take. In general, it is a moral requirement for young passengers on regular seats to do so. However, for those sitting on priority seats, it is a legal obligation.

大学英语四级模拟试题四(附含答案解析)

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Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those hours. Five thousand hours, I am told, are what a typical college undergraduate spends working on a bachelor's degree. In 10,000 hours you could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. You could have learned several languages fluently. If it appealed to you, you could be reading Homer in the original Greek or Dostoyevsky in Russian. If it didn't, you could have walked around the world and written a book about it. The trouble with television is that it discourages concentration. Almost anything interesting and rewarding in life requires some constructive, consistently applied effort. The dullest, the least gifted of us can achieve things that seem miraculous to those who never concentrate on anything. But Television encourages us to apply no effort. It sells us instant gratification(满意). It diverts us only to divert, to make the time pass without pain. Television's variety becomes a narcotic(麻醉的), nor a stimulus. Its serial, kaleidoscopic (万花筒般的)exposures force us to follow its lead. The viewer is on a perpetual guided tour: 30 minutes at the museum, 30 at the cathedral, 30 for a drink, then back on the bus to the next attraction—except on television., typically, the spans allotted arc on the order of minutes or seconds, and the chosen delights are more often car crashes and people killing one another. In short, a lot of television usurps(篡夺;侵占) one of the most precious of all human gifts, the ability to focus your attention yourself, rather than just passively surrender it. Capturing your attention—and holding it—is the prime motive of most television programming and enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle. Programmers live in constant fear of losing anyone's attention—anyone's. The surest way to avoid doing so is to keep everything brief, not to strain the attention of anyone but instead to provide constant stimulation through variety, novelty, action and movement. Quite

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