英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解
Part one:Early and medieval English literature
1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)
2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)
3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)
4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6) 5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)
The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.
The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :
“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)
“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so for th)
6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)
7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)
The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas [?st?nz?],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.
It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.
8.Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions
<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.
Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)
<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)
<3>the founder of English realism(P23)
The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English so ciety of Chaucer’s time
<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)
9.Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)
10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》
Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》
10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》
The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）
Part two:The English renaissance
1.historical background
1.The Reformation(宗教改革)
2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)
3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动）4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6 Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）
2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》
Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)
Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.
BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)
3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy. Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.
4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》
5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world
6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.
The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen《仙后》
7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）
<1>Spenser’s grestestwork,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.
<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice（正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).
<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.
<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism
<5> The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme ababbcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）
8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)
9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）
<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》
<2>New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)
<3>Eassy《随笔》
These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）
Of study《论读书》
10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)
The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.
11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)
A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.
The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.
12.The Interlude(插剧)
13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy
14."University Wits"(大学才子)They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.
15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' smasterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)
Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）
<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.
<2>He first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.
<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.
<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.
16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）---Volpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare
1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本
2.His great Comedies
A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.
3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析
He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
He is tragic, he is the representative of the Jews suffering from racial discrimination and religious persecution
他也是可悲的，他是犹太人遭受种族歧视和宗教迫害的代表。
4.The Character Analysis of Portia 鲍西亚人物形象分析
Portia is a woman of the Renaissance-beautiful, prudent精明的, cultured有教养的, courteous 有礼貌的；谦恭的, resourceful足智多谋的；机智的, decisive果断的，, independent and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespeare’s ideal women.
5.Historical Plays
Henry V is only one ideal king in Shakespeare’s historical plays （P72）
Henry V is the continuation of Henry IV.（P75）
6.great Tragedies
Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello《奥赛罗》, King Lear《李尔王》, and Macbeth《麦克白》are Shakespeare's great tragedies.
7 .Hamlet is considered the summit (巅峰之作)of Shakespeare’s art
The Character Analysis of Hamlet 哈姆雷特人物形象分析
(1)Hamlet is a humanist, he has an unbounded love for the world instead of the heaven.he cherishes a profound reverence for men,and a firm belief in men’s power ang destiny.(P86页，第二段)
(2)Starting from his humanist love of man,he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.In his contact with the people ,he cares for nothing but human worth .（P86，第三段）(3)Hamlet is a man of genius,highly accomplished and educated,a man of far-reaching perception and sparkling wit.He is a scholar ,soldier and statesman.(P87,第二段)
The melancholy of Hamlet 哈姆雷特的忧郁
(4)His melancholy is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.(书上P87标题下第3行)
(5)It is not merely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks.What is more important is to expose the roots of the evil and to establish a regain of justice(P87倒数第六行)
This ,and this only,is the cause of Hamlet’s profound melancholy.(P88)
.8.Features of Shakespeare's Dramatic Works
1. Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in the world literature. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit.(P91)
2. Shakespeare borrowed his plots from old stories of Greek and Roman, Italian and English(P92)
3. Shakespeare’s dramatic works are very elastic. The action develops freely, without being hindered by the classical rules of three unities (i.e. unities of time, place, and action)(P92)
4. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the Song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse.(P93)
5. Shakespeare was a great master of English language. In his drama, he used about 16,000 words. Many of his new coinages and turns of expression have become everyday usage in English life.(P93)
9.William Shakespeare’s sonnets(莎士比亚十四行诗)
Shakespeare had written 154 sonnets.
<1>Theme : in this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry. its theme also for the sigh of life, friendship, love and criticism at social phenomenons.
<2>Sonnet’s end rhyme scheme of: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
It is usual for there to be a pause for thought ("the turn") in the sonnet’s message at the end of each quatrain, especially the 2nd., in order to add tension, with the sonnet resolving to its objective in the final couplet.
Part three:The English Bourgrois Revolution
1. Puritanisim(清教主义)(P99)
The English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak。Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. They closed down London theaters were closed in 1642.
John Milton
1.His poems
On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity（《在基督诞生的早上》Il Penseroso(《幽思的人》，Lycidas 《利西达斯》（expressing the pathos hisfriend’s premature death and attack the reigion.）(P102) On his Deceased Wife《梦亡妻》------his only love sonnet
2.His pamphlets
1.His first entry into political conflict------pamphlets on marriage
2. In 1644, Areopagitica《论出版自由》, it is a declaration of people’s freedom from press.
3. Milton’s work as the spokesman of the Revolution
Defence of the English People《为英国人民辩护》, Second Defence of the English People《为英国人民辩护续篇》
4. his last pamphlet----The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth《建立自由共和国的已有和便捷之路》
5. His major works:Paradise Lost《失乐园》,Paradise Regained 《复乐园》,Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
6. A:The Story of Paradise Lost（P107）
Paradise Lost is Milton's masterpiece, It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan's temptation of Eve; the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.
B:Theme and Characterization(P108)
The relation between God ,Satan ,Adam and Eve
The poem, at the outset, was "to justify the ways of God to man",.But the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God's authority.
In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot.Satan who rose against God ,though defeated, still sought for revenge.
Adam and Eve embody Milton's belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge denied them by God, It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.
The Image of Satan(P108-109)
The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. As a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. It is always from him that deep counsels, unlooked-for resources and courageous deeds proceed. It is he who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost
all the sons of Adam. （P108）Though feebler, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy.
Samson Agonistes and Milton（力士参孙和弥尔顿）(P110)
Like Samson, Miltion has also suffered from an unwise marriage ,blindness ,persecuted by his enemies,and yet is unconquerable.
Milton’s contribution(P111)
<1>Milton was political in both his life and his art.He was a active pamphleteer of the English Revolution.
<2> Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence on later English poetry.
<3> Milton is a great master of blank verse.He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.
<4> Milton is a great stylist. He his famous for his grand style,which is the result of his lifelong classical and biblical study.
<5> Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.
John Bunyan（约翰·班扬）
<1>The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》is a religious allegory（宗教寓言）(P114)
<2>The traveler’s name is Christian, and he represents every Christian in human world. Started from the city of Destruction(毁灭之城), through the Slough of Despond（灰心沼泽）, Vanity Fair （名利场）, Doubting Castle（怀疑城堡）, faces and overcomes demon Allpollyon（恶魔阿波尼奥）,finally comes to the Dlelctable Mountains （愉快山脉）and the Celestial City（神圣之城）. The Pilgrim’s Progress represented that every Christian must go through in the quest for salvation.
<3>The Celestial City (神圣之城) is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century.（P115）
<4>One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair (名利场)and the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful are described.Here Banyan satirize the state trials of the England (抨击英国国事审判制度)(P115)
Metaphysical Poets(玄学派诗人)（P116）
The Metaphysical Poets appeared at about the beginning of the 17th century. John Donne is the founder of the Metaphysical School of poetry. The works of these poets are characterized ,by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. (P116)
With a rebellious spirit,the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved,withGod,or with himeself. （源于百度百科“玄学派诗歌”）
玄学派诗人具有强烈的叛逆精神，试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。诗中的意象都是从现实的生活中提取。诗歌的形式经常都是以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。
Cavalier Poets（骑士派诗人）（了解）
Another school of poetry prevailing in the period were the Cavalier Poets. Who’s poets
oftencourtiers and soldiers. They sided with the king to fight against the revolution.
John Dryden(约翰·德莱顿)------All for love《一切为了爱》
An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗》（establish hid position as the leading critic of the day）Part Four:The Eighteenth Century
Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)（P126-127）
The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches to place all branches of science at the service of manking by connecting them with the actual needs and requirement of people.
Classicism(古典主义)(P128)
1.The classicists modeled fixed laws and rules from Greek and Latin writers
2.standards of drama<1>they used rimed couplet instead of blank verse. <2>They observed the three unities----the unities of time, place and action.<3> regularity in construction<4>the representation of types
3. They thought poetry should lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic and each group should be guided by some peculiar principles.
4.Prose should be precise, direct and flexible.
Richard Steele（理查德·斯梯尔）
<1>The Christian Hero《基督教英雄》，he first displayed his moralizing sprit(说教热情)
<2>In 1709 Steele started a literary periodical named “The Tatler”.《闲谈者》，to enlighten,as well as to entertain coffeehouse-goers.
Steele use the pen name:Isaac Bickerstaff(艾萨克·别克斯塔夫): a recluse（隐士）
style of expression(表达方式):the correspondence 书信，come out three times a week(一周发行3次)
<3>In 1711, Addison collaborated with Steele to create a literary periodical called “The Spectator”.《旁观者》,daily paper(日报)
Alexander Pope （亚历山大·蒲柏）
代表作：The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》mock-heroic poem 讽喻诗。An Essay on Criticism 《批评论》a didactic poem (说教诗)written in heroic couplet。Essay on Man《人论》a philosophical poem(哲理诗) written in heroic couplet TheDunciad《群愚史诗》Pope' s famous satirical poem（批评诗）
Jonathan Swift（乔纳森·斯威夫特）（写作特征P145，看一下）
The Battle of the Books 《书战》（written in the form of parable寓言）A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》（attack om pedantry in the literature world of the time）Bickerstaff Almanac《比克斯塔福历书》
Gulliver' s Travels《格列佛游记》中的四部分故事的讽刺意义
<1>.Lilliput (小人国):a satire on the Tories(托利党) & the Whigs(辉格党)
<2>Brobdingnag(大人国):a satire on English lords and ladies
<3>Flying Island（飞岛国）:a satire on corrupted philosophers & projectors
<4>country of horses(慧马国):a satire on the conflicts of English society
His pamphlets(P143-144)(内容详见课本)The Drapier' s Letters《一个布商的书信》, were written of the actual social struggle against the devalue（贬值）of the Irish coin.A Modest
Proposal《一个小小的建议》reaches the climax(巅峰) of Iraland(爱尔兰系列)
Daniel Defoe’s (丹尼尔·笛福)Novels :Captain Singleton, 《辛格顿船长》, a novel of adventure；Colonel Jacque, 《陆军上校杰克》, a novel of adventure；Moll Flanders, 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》is written in the form of autobiography（自传）
The Character Analysis of Robinson Crusoe,《鲁滨逊漂流记》人物形象分析
<1>The novelwas based on the experiences of a Scotch sailor called Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned on a desert island and lived there alone for four years. <2>Robinson is a real hero,hismarvellous capacity for work,his boundless energy and persisitence in steuggling again nature and makes her bend before his will.Tthe best part of the novel is Robinson alone struggled against the force of nature on the island<3>Robinson is the origin of colonial expansion,he is also the colonial pioneer(殖民扩张者的原型，殖民主义者先驱)<4>He represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same ti me mindful of his own profit. Robinson’s every voyage is connected with some commercial enterprise. Though Robinson labors for his own existence, yet as soon as a native appeared, he assumes the role of master. Here, lies colonization in germ.<5>The limition of Defoe is that he doesn’t condemn Negro-slavery.
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
中世纪英国文学概述
中世纪英国文学概述 中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
英国文学概述-王守仁
英国文学概述－王守仁 英国文学概述 英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利?乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔（Thomas More, 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解 Part one:Early and medieval English literature 1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3) 2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3) 3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5) 4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6) 5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8) The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles : “matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers) “matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so for th) 6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11) 7.The ballads(民谣)(P17) The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas [?st?nz?],with the second and fourth lines rhymed. It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood. 8.Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions <1>Father of English poetry in 14th century. Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26) <2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26) <3>the founder of English realism(P23) The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English so ciety of Chaucer’s time <4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行) 9.Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20) 10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》 Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》 10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下） Part two:The English renaissance
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学总结表
英国文学总结表
History of English Literature Historic al period Liter ary Perio d Repres entative writer s Representati ve works Signifi cance Old English (410-10 66) Anglo -Saxo n (poetr y) Beowulf The national epic of the English people. Mediev al Englan d (1066-1 400) (The Wars of Roses, Foundi ng of the Medi eval / Midd le Engli sh (poetr y, roma nce and balla Geoffre y Chauce r Canterbury Tales (masterpiece ), The House of Fame, Troilus and Criseyde, The parliament of fowls. The founder / father of English poetry, and the earliest forerunner of realism. The Arthurian legends: Sir Gawain and the
Tudor Dynasty ) d) Green Knight Robin Hood Ballads: Lytell Geste of Robin Hood《罗宾 汉英雄事迹 小唱》 The Pre- Elizabet han and Elizabet han Ages (1400-1 603) (The Reform ation and the Enclosu Renai ssanc e (Hum anism ) (Poet ry and dram a) Thomas More Utopia The forerunner of modern socialist thought. Edmun d Spenser The Faerie Queene (Spenserian stanza) He has great influences on all the later poets. Christo pher Marlow e Tamburlaine 《铁木耳转》 Dr. Faustus 《浮士德悲 剧》The Jew The greatest pioneer of English drama. He reformed the
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点 1.英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts 2.英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征服Norman Conquest之后。 3.古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian）；BEOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗national epic of England），人物角色(Beowulf,Grendel, Grendel's mother, Fire Dragon,Wiglef)，修辞手法（头韵法alliteration，暗喻metaphor，低调陈述understatement） 4.诺曼征服人物William the Conqueror，骑士Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）, 《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事matters of Britain。骑士的优良传统美德（忠诚loyalty） 5.威廉朗莱德William Langland作品《耕者皮尔斯》Piers the Plowman（十四世纪以梦境dream vision呈现的作品）
6.乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Father of English Poetry），主要作品The Canteberry Tales，文学贡献（英雄双行体Heroic Couplet，净化purified LONDON 音dialect），葬于西敏寺大教堂Westminster Abbey，为此建立诗人角Poet's Corner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32 朝圣者pilgrims），选作P45(时间April，地点Tabard Inn，人物，巴斯妇人的故事Wife of Bath)，抑扬五步格iambic pentameter （轻音unstressed syllable+重音stressed syllable） 7.实行政教分离者（亨利八世Henry VIII）Religious Reformation:The King broke off with the Pope. 8.托马斯摩尔Thomas More的《乌托邦》Utopia，宣扬财产property与困境poverty 分离和建立理想国度ideal state。 9.托马斯怀亚特Thomas Wyatt把十四行诗sonnet引入英国，分离为莎士比亚体Shakespearian Sonnet和斯宾塞体Spencerian Sonnet，十四行诗源于意大利
现代主义英国文学概述
现代主义英国文学概述 现代主义文学时期（1918-1945） 20世纪初，本涅特、威尔斯、高尔斯华绥坚持维多利亚时代的现实主义传统进行创作，用写实的方法记载社会转型时期资产阶级社会和家庭发生的变化。但他们很快就受到来自现代主义文学的挑战。按照弗吉妮亚·伍尔芙（Virginia Woolf， 1882-1941）的说法，1910年是英国小说从传统现实主义到现代主义变化的重要年份。第一次世界大战无疑加速了这一变化。战争中，大批无辜青年充当炮灰，白白丧生。一战之后，不少英国人对文艺复兴以来人文主义有关人性、人类前途的基本观念乃至基督教文化传统的信念发生了动摇。社会思想观念的深刻变革，促使现代主义文学蓬勃发展，英国小说也面目一新。D.H.劳伦斯（D. H. Lawrence）是煤矿工人的儿子，他将视线投向两性关系，对西方文明的缺陷进行反思。《查特莱夫人的情人》（Lady Chatterley's Lover）曾因为大胆的性爱描写而在英美两国被查禁。他的《儿子与情人》（Sons and Lovers）、《虹》（The Rainbow）、《恋爱中的女人》（Women in Love）等小说将社会批评与性心理探索巧妙结合起来，猛烈抨击资本主义工业文明。作为对现实主义文学的反拨，现代主义文学追求心理真实，注重直接观察人物的心理活动，直接体验人物的内心感受，在内心世界这面镜子上折射出丰富多彩的外部现实。出生于书香世家的伍尔芙的突出成就是意识流小说。她的《达罗卫夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）和《到灯塔去》（To the Lighthouse）等作品突破传统的时空观，将意识流手法运用得出神入化，还体现出女作家对于女性存在的历史及现状的独特反思。来自爱尔兰的詹姆斯·乔伊斯（James Joyce，1882-1941）被认为是继莎士比亚后英语文学史上最伟大的作家，他的旷世之作《尤利西斯》（Ulysses）给英国传统小说带来一场革命。《尤利西斯》情节简单，主要记载迪达勒斯、布卢姆和布卢姆的妻子莫莉三个人物的日常琐事。小说实际上只写了爱尔兰首府都柏林一天里的事情。这一天是1904年6月16日，乔伊斯与他未来的妻子娜拉曾在这一天首次幽会，除此以外，它是都柏林历史上最普通不过的一个日子。乔伊斯在小说中力图展现的是生活的本质和对人的精神世界的探索，《尤利西斯》因此被有的评论家誉为表现了西方"现代社会的全部生活和全部历史".《尤利西斯》的成功在于意识流描写表面上纷纷扬扬，漫无边际，实际上结构齐整，周密严谨。 20世纪20年代是英国文学史上又一个辉煌的黄金时代，文坛群星璀璨，佳作迭出。在诗歌领域，T. S. 艾略特（T. S. Eliot， 1888-1965）1922年发表《荒原》（The Waste Land），运用大量的神话描绘战后西方世界精神失落的景象，表达人的再生的希望。他的诗作代表了
英国文学史分时期总结作家作品
英语文学史分时期总结作家作品
英专英国文学考试重点总结Summary of Chapter One 3教学文稿
Summary of Three Major Poets in 14th-Century England Chapter one 1. Historical Background ? The Normans conquered in 1066 In 1066, William the Conqueror and his Norman warriors defeated the Anglo-Saxons and made themselves masters of England. The Norman Conquest ended the purely Anglo-Saxon period and started a new period in English history ---- the Medieval Period in England (1066-1485). In the medieval period, chivalry was the important code of behavior for the knights. It served as a law that bound the often-lawless warriors. Violating the code of chivalry could mean the loss of honor. 2. Middle English For three centuries after the Norman Conquest, three languages were used side by side in England. Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, spoken at courts and used in churches and schools. In the 14th century thousands of words and expressions were borrowed from French and Latin and Greek, and many inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified. 3. Religious Literature By far the largest proportion of surviving Middle English literature is religious. 4. Romance and the Influence of French Literature Medieval romance was a type of literature that became a popular form of literature in the Middle Ages. Romance, in the original sense of the word, means the vernacular (native) language, as opposed to Lain, and later it means a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights.
英语国家概况之英国文学
时间时期代表人物作品 5世纪-1485 中世纪文学 Middle Ages The Book of Kells Beowulf 贝奥武甫 Geoffrey Chaucer 英国诗歌之父 The Canterbury T ales 坎特伯雷故事 15世纪后期-17世纪初期文艺复兴 The Renaissance Christopher Marlowe The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus Ben Jonson 无 William Shakespeare 200首长诗 154首十四行诗（sonnet） 38部戏剧 17世纪17世纪文学King James I the Holy Scriptures（King James Bible） Francis Bacon Essays 论说文集 The Novum Organum新工具 The New Atlantis新大西岛 John Milton （a master of the blank verse 素体诗）Areopagitica 论出版自由Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙 17世纪后期-18世纪中期启蒙时期 The Enlightenment 18世纪初新古典主义 New Classical Jonathan Swift 英国文学史上最伟 大的讽刺散文作家 Gulliver＇s travel格列佛游记（Lilliput小人国→ Brobdingnag大人国→laputa飞岛国→yahoo） Robert Burns Holy Willie＇s prayer 圣威列的祈祷 To a Mouse 致小鼠 To a Louse 致虱子 Comin＇thro＇the Rye穿过麦田 Auld Lang Syne. 友谊地久天长 Daniel Defoe Moll Flanders 摩尔·弗兰德斯 Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾孙漂流记 1798-1832 1785-1830 浪漫主义 The Romantic Period Wordsworth和 Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集（浪漫主义时期的 Declaration of Independence ） William Wordsworth The Prelude My Heart Leaps up When I Behold（Daffodils咏水 仙） I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Samuel Taylor Coleridge Biographia Literaria 文学传记 The Rime of Ancient Mariner古舟子吟 Robert Souther 无 Lord Byron Childe Harold＇s pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记 Don Juan 唐璜
相关文档
- 英国文学复习资料
- 英国文学名词解释复习要点
- 英国文学复习资料
- 最全面英国文学史知识点总结复习过程
- 英国文学期末考试复习要点
- 英国文学简史期末考试复习要点_刘炳善版(英语专业大三必备)
- 完整word版英国文学简史复习资料整理版
- 考研英国文学复习要点(参照教材刘炳善《英国文学简史》)解析
- 英国文学复习提纲
- (完整word版)英国文学选读复习资料
- 英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结
- 英国文学史期末复习重点
- 刘炳善英国文学简史复习提纲
- 考研英国文学史复习要点
- 英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结
- 英国文学史及选读复习资料整理
- 英国文学 复习资料
- 英国文学复习资料
- 英国文学名词解释复习要点
- 英国文学复习资料