英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
注意事项：
１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；
２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；
Sentences:
1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most
cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.
2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出
了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching
rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.
4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed
to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.
5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.
6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the
kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..
7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in
the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.
8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,
pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.
9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.
10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.
11.Starvation was a remote threat.
12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.
13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the
phone.
14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.
15.She was always a crier any way.
16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.
17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was
very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and
no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)
19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is
compounded by the paucity of the information media.
20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depression
at coming to Prague.
21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of the
oil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.
22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had melted
to a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.
23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% of
those surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.
24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,
surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been a garden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( Tess of the D’urberville P60)
25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraordinary appearance of Car’s back;
which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)
26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hair
reflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)
27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在
床上看着帐子出神.
28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分
害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。（鲁迅，《风波》）
29.语言这东西,不是随便可以学好的.
30.他一想到要返回去,心里就害怕.
31.秋天的后半夜，月亮下去了，太阳还没有出，只剩下一片乌蓝的天；除了夜游的东西，
什么都睡着。华老栓忽然坐起身，擦着火柴，点上遍身油腻的灯盏，茶馆的两间屋子里，便弥漫了青白的光。（鲁迅《药》）
32.华大妈在枕头底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，
又在外面按了两下；便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向屋子里去了。（鲁迅，药）
英汉语言对比练习
Chapter 1 Ⅰ. Answer Questions Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized? 2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized? 3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change（形态变化）in Chinese language? 4. Why English language is more flexible is word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese? 5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences? 6. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）? 7. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language? 8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one? 9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms? 10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）? Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11.综合语的特征是，分析语的特征是。 12. 英语有变化，词序比汉语，但相对。 13. 英语属于语言。 14. 、和是表达语法意义的三大手段。 15. 形态变化就是词的变化，包括形态和形态。 16. 现代英语的变化主要包括、、、、、、、等变化。 17. 汉语的数量助词有，动态助词有、和等。 18. 汉语结构助词、、类似于应用英语形态变化，但缺乏普遍性。 19. 英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是顺序。 20. 汉语的定语一般放在名词的，英语的定语一般放在名词的。 21. 汉语没有形态变化，少用或不用词，没有从句，名词之前定语的长度。 22. 汉语的事件顺序和逻辑顺序是按照、、的顺序。 23.英语的虚词包括、、、、。 24.汉语的虚词包括、和。 25. 英语的语音系统由、、和组成。 26. 汉语的语音系统由、和组成 Ⅲ.Translation between E/C Languages Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief. 27. 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。（what is right is right, what is wrong is wrong, no matter he is a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive）. 28. 她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。 29. 在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必修课。 30.上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。(some went to college, and the other got into business) 31. 这是一部美国的热门影片。 32. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。 33. 如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项： １．英汉语言句法／句式差别； ２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律； Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出 了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
英汉对比翻译word.doc
Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. 一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外，大脑功能下降并非源于往常以为的衰老，实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。 If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. 如果稍微冒点险，进到森林不远处，你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻耕过的林地边缘，春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。 Under U.S. law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. 根据美国法律，所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证，除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由，是在申请一种非移民种类的签证。 “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to co mmunicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “我相信，图兰多在北京上演，将进一步说明，无论歌剧还是电影，艺术是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流，分享情感的最佳媒介”，图兰多的导演张艺谋如是说。 I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. 书中的短短两章，我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落，我都仔细品玩，一唱三叹； 对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词，我都流连徘徊、依依不舍；书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画，一览无余。 Unit2 午后便步行至鹊华桥，雇了一只小船，荡起双桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。上岸进去，入了大门，便是一个房子，油漆已大半剥蚀完了。 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. 外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像，而且他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家，后来，又得病瘫痪在床，家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼，天资聪颖，从小就学习成绩优异。所以，外婆便把家庭的全部希望寄托在二舅身上，节衣缩食地供着二舅上学。 Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best. The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood,
英汉语言对比与翻译2
幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影（×） ●淫秽电影（√） ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子（×） ●绿头苍蝇（√） ●greenfly 绿苍蝇（×） ●蚜虫（√） ●common criminal 普通罪犯（×） ●臭名昭著的罪犯（√） ●common informer 一般的告密者（×） ●职业告密者（√） 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动（×） ●（监禁）苦役（√） ●free love 自由恋爱（×） ●（无婚约的）自由性爱（√） ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩（×） ●宠儿（√） ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维（×） ●天马行空式的（√） 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准
1. 支谦与《法句经序》（229年） “天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语，名物不同，传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难，即语言不同，语境不同，名物不同，翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本，三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦，有五失本也。 一者，胡语尽倒，而使从秦，一失本也。 二者，胡经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不合，斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者，经委悉，至于叹咏，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。 四者，胡有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千五百，刈而不存，四失本也。 五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是： ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的，汉译时改从汉语语法，容易失本； ●二、佛经文字质朴，而汉人喜欢文采，为适合汉语读者，译文作了润饰，容易失本； ●三、佛经的论述，往往不厌其烦，颂文更是翻三覆四，翻译时删繁就简，容易失本； 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”（长行之后，另加的偈颂复述）类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”（总结），
从英汉对比的角度看被动的翻译
从英汉对比的角度看被动的翻译 发表时间：2015-02-02T13:45:31.063Z 来源：《教育学文摘》2014年12月总第142期供稿作者：武亚萍[导读] 东西方文化风俗和语言习惯的差异导致二者在字形系统、词汇系统和语法结构系统等方面表现出了截然不同的特色。武亚萍山西大学商务学院外语系山西太原030006 摘要：英汉两种语言由于隶属于不同的文化体系所以在语言结构和表达上存在诸多的差异，两种语言系统对被动语意的表达差别巨大。相较于汉语的表达方式而言，被动语态在英语语言系统中的运用更为普遍，所以对英语被动语态的翻译更加受到英语研究学界的重视，而如何在尊重两种语言系统差异的情况下合理地对英语被动句进行翻译是近年来英语语言学研究的重点课题。本文在汉英两种语言系统被动语态进行对比的基础上，对英语被动翻译的策略进行了探讨，以期能够促进两种语言系统更好地交流融合。关键词：英语英汉对比被动翻译 英语和汉语在世界语言系统中是两种有着较大差异的语言，分别隶属于西方语系和东方语系。东西方文化风俗和语言习惯的差异导致二者在字形系统、词汇系统和语法结构系统等方面表现出了截然不同的特色。而被动语态是构成两种语言系统必不可少的因素，在两种语系中均有着重要的地位。从英汉对比的角度看，英语语系对被动语态的使用较之于汉语语系更为广泛和深刻，著名的语言学家就曾经指出英语语系对被动语态的广泛使用是英语语系区别于汉语语系最重要的特色。所以对英语被动语态的翻译首先应该从英汉两种语系在被动语态上的对比入手，在掌握两种语言系统中被动语态区别的基础上，对英语被动语态的翻译进行准确的把握。 一、英汉被动语态的对比 英语语言系统在具体表达上注重句式的“型合”，句式结构的变化更为丰富复杂，特别是在be和动词的过去分词这一被动语态的组合中，句式的“型合”表现得更为明显。英语对被动语态的表达通过类似的句式展现出来，明显具有显性的特点。而对于汉语被动语态来说，汉语的语意表现更为含蓄，对被动语态的表达也通常会借助句子的内部连接或句意之间的逻辑关系来展示意义上的被动，具有隐性的特点。 1.英汉结构被动句对比。英汉两种语系的被动语态在结构上存在着相同点，在两种形式的被动句中句子的主语一般都是意义上的受动者，而意义上的施动者则不太重要，可以在句子中表现出来，也可以隐去。但是两种被动句的结构存在巨大的差异。例如在“Many soldiers were killed in the war”一句中，由于句子的阐述者不能明确语意的施动者，所以采用被动句的形式进行表述。而与英语被动句的结构不同，汉语被动句的动词没有时态上的变化，所以汉语被动句不会以动词的过去分词为被动标志，汉语被动式常用能够直接表现被动的“被”字作为结构式被动句的构成条件。例如“糖果被吃掉了”一句中，采用了受动者、“被“字和动词相结合的结构表现被动意义。汉语被动句中的标志词除了“被”以外还有“叫”、“让”等，都能在反映被动意义的基础上构建被动句结构。 2.英汉意义被动句对比。英汉两种语系不仅在结构被动句上存在差异，在语意被动句上也有着明显的不同。当被动句的受动者不会被错认成施动者时，汉语一般选择使用意义被动句。常见的意义被动有两种：一是常见于古文或口语中的逻辑关系上的被动，如“看病难这一问题总算得到解决了”。二是具有感情色彩的“挨、获、遭、承蒙”等词与及物动词相结合表现被动意义，如“承蒙关照，在此表示深深的感谢”。而英语的意念被动句则有所不同，在这种句式中虽然句子仍为主动句的结构，但是句子的主语在意义上却是受动者，常常用于描绘事物的属性状态等，被动意义比较弱。例如“Brazilian fruit tastes delicious”一句利用“taste”表示整个句子的被动意义，而“My father is difficult to request”一句也在主动句的句型中用“difficult”加具有被动意义的不定式结构来表现被动的概念。 二、英语被动翻译的策略 对英语被动句进行翻译可以遵循两种方法，即直译法和意译法。直译法具体来说就是在句子中没有出现施动者时对句子各部分结构的意思按主要成分的顺序进行翻译，直接翻译成带有“被”或其他结构被动句标志的句子。例如在对“Candy has been eaten by harry”一句进行翻译时可以直接利用“被”字翻译成“糖果被哈利吃掉了”。而运用意译法进行翻译时，在句子中有施动者的情况下，可以将句子的施动者直接翻译成汉语句子的主语，将受动者翻译成句子的宾语，如可以将“The mouse was killed by Peter”翻译成“彼得把老鼠打死了”；而当句子中没有施动者时，可以根据句子上下文的内容合理地在翻译中增加施动者，如在对“It maybe asked why I killed them”一句进行翻译时可以根据内容增加主语，合理地翻译为“也许有人会问我为什么将他们杀了”。 三、结语 本文从英汉对比的角度对英语被动翻译进行了探讨，简要说明了英汉被动存在的差别和对英语被动句进行翻译的策略，希望能为相关的英语被动句翻译提供理论借鉴。 参考文献 [1]Nord·Christiane Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained (Translation Theories Explored).New York: Routledge,2014,5。 [2]钟小芳英汉被动语态对比与互译方式[J].吉林省教育学院学报（学科版），2012，28，(2)。 [3]樊斌基于双语语料库的英汉对比与翻译初探[J].重庆科技学院学报（社会科学版），2012，(5)。 [4]朱旭双英汉被动意义表达形式对比及翻译策略分析[J].教育教学论坛，2014，(20)。
英汉语言对比与翻译作业
英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。（萨克雷）
英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)
英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一
语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等
英汉语言对比练习答案2
1．翻译下列句子，注意调整语序 1）A reader’s perception of the loose, slangy, colloquial, shirt-sleeved quality of much modern prose will be sharpened if he has experienced the conscious elegance of eighteenth-century writers and the solemn lecture-hall pronouncements of the Victorians. （按照逻辑顺序译） 【译文】如果一位读者读过18世纪作家的作品，体会到其刻意追求典雅的语言风格，又读过维多利亚女王时代的人在演讲大厅上所作的庄严的发言，他定能更深刻地理解很多现代散文作品那种结构松散、口语色彩浓、好用俚语、不拘形式的语言风格。 2）He felt a qualm in his stomach, and it was more in memory of his own loneliness than anticipation of hers.（按照信息中心译） 【译文】他感到一阵心酸，与其说是预见了她的凄凉，倒不如说是想到了他自己的孤独。 3）Based on national realities and taking reasonable aspects of foreign economies, Chinese economists are working to establish socialist market economy, which ensures economic activities follow the requirements of the law of value and the changing relationship between supply and demand. （按照搭配需要译） 【译文】在立足本国实际和借鉴海外经济合理成分的基础上，中国经济学者正致力于建立社会主义市场经济，要保证经济活动遵循价值规律的要求，适应供求关系的变化。 4）For example, a girl student who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed.（按照时间顺序）【译文】例如，有位女学生，原来学习很吃力，但自从换了一盏好台灯，并把桌子从床边搬开以后，学习就取得了长足的进步。
英汉对比与翻译作业答案
The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段： 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲，他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展，维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一：姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二：他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一：开车他没有经验。 译文二：他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一：我眼下有口饭吃，还不是多亏了你吗？ 译文二：还不是多亏了你，我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一：婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二：婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三：我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一：Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二：Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三：Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话，多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二：We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二：German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋，已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二： It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着，扶了洪教头，羞颜满面，自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意：请大家在做作业之前，仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” （Static vs. Dynamic）两章内容。
英汉语言对比-练习题-2-reference answers
Chapter 2 Ⅰ. Answer Questions 15This is because English language has rigid rules on sentence structure centered on subject-predicate；English sentences are developed from subject-predicate structures. 16The simplest English sentence consists of only a subject and a predicate, based on which many components are attached or derived. And the verb is the core, the number of nouns attachable to the verb is called the verb’s valence. As Chinese language focuses on internal theme instead of external representation, Chinese sentences can hardly be classified according to verb variation like English sentences are 17SV, SVP,SVO, SVOO,SVOC 18Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative. 19A) to add modifiers; B) to extend the elements in the basic sentence a) grammatical concord; b) notional concord; c）principle of proximity 20It can be verbs, nouns, or adjectives; it can be one verb or more than one verbs or nor verbs; it can be one word or word phrases. Nouns and pronouns （包括代词） verbs：吃饭好 words referring to time, location, conditions：只有下定决心才行preposition：由你负责此事 phrases：我疯了怎么可能？我就这样怎么了？ 21Theme sentences; transitive sentence; relative sentences; exclamative sentence; existential sentence; ownership sentence; descriptive sentence; and explicative sentence 22In summary, Chinese sentences are characterized in three uncertainties—Uncertainty of subject; uncertainty of predicate; uncertainty in the relation between subject and predicate. 23Chinese sentence variation is embodied by large number of ambiguous sentences and full sentence and minor sentences. For example: 他欠你的钱；是前天发的电报；房间干干净净。 24Jespersen points out, analysis means suppleness, and synthesis means regidity; in analytic language you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connexion. Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks 25名词性短语和动词性短语 26.主语+谓语；主语+动词+表语；主语+动词+宾语；主语+动词+
英汉语言对比
Comparative Studies from a Macroscopic View Point According to some linguists, noticeably Mr. Lian Shuneng in his Contrastive Studies on English and Chinese, ten contrasts indicate the disparity between the English and the Chinese languages. 1. Synthetic vs. Analytic English is a synthetic language marked with inflexions (曲折变化形式) while Chinese is an analytic language without any inflection, which is usually implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as “着、了、过”etc. For example: ?During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children. ?Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. 2. Compact vs. Diffusive