英语翻译的基本常识解析
翻译的基本知识
一、翻译的定义
奈达：
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source
language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style. —— Eugene A. Nida
二、翻译的标准
奈达：
The receptors of a translation should comprehend
the translated text to such an extent that they can
understand how the original receptor must have understood the original text.
——Eugene A. Nida
Eugene A. Nida (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011)
was the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory.
四、翻译的方法
1 . 直译（Literal translation）
例子： C.O.D. (cash on delivery) 货到付现
blue chip 蓝筹股
一箭双雕hit two hawks with one arrow
意译（Free translation）
例子：WPA 水渍blue chip 绩优股一箭双雕kill two birds with one stone
一、广告的定义Advertising is the non-personal communication of
information usually paid for and usually persuasive in
nature about products, services or ideas by identified
sponsors through the various media.
—— American Marketing Association
二、广告的分类
1.理性广告（Rational ads）情感广告（Emotional ads）
三、广告的组成部分
1.Headline Subhead Text (body) Logo slogan
I’m lovin’ it! （麦当劳）我就喜欢！
Good to the last drop. （Maxwell coffee）
滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。
Just do it. （耐克运动鞋）只管去做。
We lead, others copy. （Ricoh 复印机）我们领先，别人模仿。Minolta, finest to put you finest. （美能达相机）
第一流的美能达，第一流的你。
I’m More satisfied. （摩尔香烟）摩尔香烟，令我更爱。Have a Break. Have a Kit-Kat. （奇巧巧克力）
轻松一刻，奇巧时刻。
It’s finger-licking good. 吮指回味，其乐无穷。（肯德基）Let us make things better. 让我们做得更好。（飞利浦）
To lighten the burden of womankind. 我们为女人减负。（水晶洗衣机）
The un-cola, 7-up. 非可乐——七喜。
You are not fully clean until you’re Zestfully clean.
干净？用激爽。（激爽，沐浴产品）
Go well, go Shell. 使用壳牌汽油，保您一路不愁。
Born to run. 天生奔驰。
The world leader in oral care. （高露洁）
口腔护理，引领世界。
Originality---Integrity---Innovation. （Levi’s）
独特——完美——创新。
Small. Smart. Smile.
Pentax: See the difference.
小巧。灵便。微笑。
宾得相机：不一样，就是不一样。
No problems too large. No business too small. （IBM）
没有解决不了的大问题，没有不做的小生意。
We take no pride and prejudice. （Time 杂志）
傲慢与偏见，均与我们无缘。
汉英句子的结构差异与翻译
一、汉英句子的结构差异
英语是形合型（hypotaxis）语言
汉语是意合型（parataxis）语言
“西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”
英语句子结构是语法的，汉语句子结构是语义的。
英语句子的基本结构是SV(O)。
2 . 英语多采用静态，汉语多采用动态
例1：The meeting was a success. 会开得很成功。
例2：We are short of hands. 我们正缺人手。
英语被动句多于汉语
例1：A few years ago, it was thought unusual that programs could be called up by viewers to be displayed on their screens at home.几年前，人们还以为，观众打电话要求……
例2：She was asked about 10 questions during the interview. 面试时问了她十来个问题。
4 . 英语多复合长句，汉语多简单短句。
例：I took it for granted that there would be plenty of graduates in the area who would be willing to work for a joint-venture like ours. 我想当然地以为，这地区会有大量的大学毕业生，愿意为我们这样一家合资企业工作。
5.英语多头轻脚重（孔雀尾），
汉语多头重脚轻（狮子头）
例：揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看，号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条，这就是五四运动的一个极大功绩。
A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.
6 . 英语重时态，汉语轻时态。
例：What are you doing? What were you doing at this time yesterday? 你在干什么？昨天这个时候，你在干什么？
7.英语常用间接肯定与否定，汉语常用直接肯定与否定。例1：I can’t agree with you more. 我非常赞同你的意见。
例2：We found the quality of the goods below the standard.
我们发现这些产品的质量没有达标。
8 . 英语多用代词，汉语少用代词。
例：He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.
他讨厌失败。他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
三、企业名称的翻译
1.音译法
例：ASEM China Co., Ltd. 阿塞姆洁具贸易（中国）有限公
司
Ford Motor Company 福特汽车公司
Bayer China Co., Ltd. 拜耳中国有限公司
Dow Corning (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 道康宁（上海）有限公司
William Grant & Sons Ltd. 威廉·格兰特父子有限公司
Midland Bank 英国米兰银行
2. 直译法
例：Gulf Oil Corporation 海湾石油有限公司
Nippon Electric Company 日本电气公司
International Business Machines Corporation 国际商用机器公司
3.历史沿用法
例：First National City Bank 花旗银行
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行Imperial Chemical Industries 卜内门化工公司
3. 音义结合法
例：EasyJet 易捷航空公司Goodyear Tire & Rubber 固特异轮胎橡胶公司
Benz 奔驰P&G 宝洁公司
直接引用法
例： A. O. Smith A ·O ·史密斯公司IBM (China)
IBM （中国）
一、英语成语翻译技巧
借用法
例1：Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs得寸进尺
例2：Give him an inch and he'll take an ell杀鸡取卵
例3： a rat in a hole瓮中之鳖
直译法
例1：to show one’s cards put / lay (one's) cards on the table 摊牌
例2：at a snail’s pace 蜗牛般的速度
例3：like a fish out of water 如鱼离水
例4：in one ear and out the other 左耳进，右耳出
例4：strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁
3.意译法
例1：by hook or by crook不择手段例2：as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗
3：wolf in sheep's clothing 披着羊皮的狼例4：put all one's eggs in one basket 孤注一掷
汉语联合式四字成语的英译方法
（1）同义词交叉搭配的成语通常只需译出其中一组的意思。
例如：兵荒马乱turmoil of war愁眉苦脸gloomy face
（2）反义词交叉搭配的成语
通常前后两部分都要译出。
例如：貌合神离appear united outwardly but divided at heart 深入浅出explain the profound in simple terms
（3）同义词和反义词搭配的成语
有时只需译出一个部分，有时需要将前后两个
部分都译出。
例如：冷嘲热讽be ironical 温故知新gain new insights through reviewing old material
（4）四字分两组重叠式的成语
只需意译。
例如：马马虎虎carelessly勤勤恳恳diligently
（5）四字分两组正反式成语
只需意译。
例如：悲欢离合sorrow and joy, be near and apart 古今中外anytime and anywhere
1.音译法
例：Philips 飞利浦Fanta 芬达Elizabeth Arden 伊丽莎白·雅顿
省音译法
例：McDonald’s 麦当劳Budweiser 百威
谐音译法例：OMO 奥妙Benz 平治
4.直译法
例：Crocodile 鳄鱼Camel 骆驼Arrow 箭牌
自创法例：Duracell 金霸王Neutrogena 露得清Rejoice 飘柔
不译例：LG NEC3M
Directions: Remove cap. Spray it on the surface of the object and wipe with clean paper towel or dry cloth. Caution: In case of eye contact, clean your eyes with water. If swallowed, drink plenty of water and consult physician immediately.
例1：If you want to interrupt recording, you should press Pause. 例2：Should you encounter any problems during the installation of this fax machine, please refer to the trouble-shooting guide before calling the service center.
频繁使用被动语态
例1：Additional information can be found in the electronic user’s manual which is located on the CD-ROM.
例2：The fan belt tension should be checked regularly.
例3：This product can be used in hot water or steam line with the temperature limited to 225°C.
例1：Tupperware cups have many series, each having its own
designer.
大量使用独立分词结构
例2：Test the effect of the two speakers with both turned to the largest volume.
例3：This phenomenon of howling is caused by the microphone picking up the sound output from the speaker.
大量使用动词不定式
例1：To prevent this, first decrease the volume, then place the microphone so that it is not pointed to the speaker and that there is sufficient distance between the microphone and the speaker. 例2：For a transistor to work properly, it is necessary to apply proper voltages to its electrodes.
商品说明书翻译练习
1.Twice a week it will make the skin even, white and elastic.
2. Apply a small amount to the face and gently massage with circular movement until absorbed. Use after cleaning in the morning and evening or whenever necessary.
3.If the cigarette lighter fails to come back to its normal
position automatically in 18 seconds, it means it may have something wrong, and must be put back to its normal position manually.
3.The drug should not be administered to patients with
known hypersensitivity to penicillin.
一、商务英语中数词的互译
1.实指
例：The first phase of domestic air freight village, which covers an area of about 40,000 square meters, has a yearly handling capacity of 500,000 tons.
译文：国内航空货运站第一期占地约4万平方米，年吞吐量达50 万吨。
一、商务英语中数词的互译
虚指（1）等值翻译
例1：Two is company, three is none.
译文：两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。
例2：We need to figure out a method to settle these technical problems once and for all.
译文：我们必须想办法一劳永逸地解决这些技术问题。（2）不等值翻译例1：Two heads are better than one.
译文：三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。例2：We have just moved into the new office and everything is at sixes and sevens. 译文：我们刚搬进新办公室，因此东西都是乱七八糟的。
例3：Once bitten, twice shy.译文：一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。
例4：The economic recession has put our new business behind
the eight ball.
译文：经济不景气使我们的新业务处于很不利的处境。例5：We will think twice before we sign that contract.译文：在签署那份合同之前，我们会三思而行。例6：我们都是来自五湖四海。译文：We are from all corners of the country.
二、商务英语中量词的互译
增加量词例1：Would you please provide a receipt for us.
译文：能否请你们给我们开一张收据?
例2：To our dismay, we find three computer screens got broken during shipment.
译文：使我们失望的是, 我们发现三台电脑显示屏在运输途中破裂。
选择量词例1：We would like to order 500 pairs of pliers with the article no. of H846.
译文：我们想订购500把货号为H846的钳子。
例2：The price quoted is for quantities smaller than 5 metric tons. For orders of larger-than-5-ton quantities, we offer a 3% discount.译文：所报价格适用于5公吨以下的订货量。若订货量超过5公吨，我们给予3%的折扣。
二、商务英语中倍数的互译
倍数增加
例1：Our total output of chemical fertilizer this year is
approximately three times as great as that of last year.译文：我们今年的化肥产量大约相当于去年的三倍。
例2：The warehouse under construction is five folds as large as the old one.
译文：正在建造的仓库的大小是旧仓库的五倍。
例3：The registered capital of the pharmaceutical company reached one billion yuan, 4 times the number that we had expected.译文：该药物公司的注册资本达十亿元人民币，比我们与其的高了三倍。例4：The total sales volume in the first quarter rose by 11.2%, compared with the same period of last year.译文：和去年同期相比，今年第一季度的销售总额增长了11.2% 。
例5：The total government revenue reached 5.13 trillion yuan in 2007, a 171% increase over 2002.
译文：全国财政收入在2007年达到5.13万亿元人民币，比2002年增长171% 。
例6：The rate of Vitamin D in the product has increased by a factor of ten due to the use of new technology in manufacturing.译文：因为使用了新的生产技术，该产品中维生素D的含量增长了9倍。
例7：We plan to quadruple our business in your country in the next two years.
译文：我们计划在下面的两年中，将我们在贵国的业务扩大3倍。
例8：The production costs tripled over the last three years.译文：生产成本在过去三年中翻了两番。例9：Our profits have trebled in the last two years.译文：最近两年我们的利润翻了两番。
倍数减少例1：The global revenue of this series of products declined by 21.5% to 19.4 million USD from last quarter.
译文：这一系列产品的全球收入比季度下降了21.5%，达到1940万美元。
例2：The principal advantage of the innovation is a three fold reduction in production cost.
译文：这一革新的主要优点是生产成本下降了四分之三。例3：The personnel expenditure has decreased by a factor of three as against that of 2008.
译文：今年人力资源开支比2008年降低了2/3。
公司名称的翻译
Accountants 会计师事务所agency / agents 代理公司Associates 联合公司
Branch (office / company) 分公司Communications 通信公司Consultancy / consultants咨询公司/ 顾问公司Electronics 电子有限公司Group 集团公司Head office 总公
司
Holdings 控股公司Industries 实业公司Laboratories 制药公司Leasing 出租公司
Networks 网络公司Operator 运营公司Pharmaceuticals 制药公司
Telecommunications 电讯公司
公司内部部门名称的翻译Account Dept. 客户部Accounting dept. 财务部Administration dept. 行政管理部Advertising dept. 广告部Board of directors 董事会Customer service dept. 客户服务部Dispatch dept. 配送部/ 发货部
Export dept. 出口部Human Resource Dept. 人力资源部Logistics dept. 物流部
marketing dept. 市场部Overseas dept. 国际部Personnel dept.
人事部Product development dept. 产品开发部Production dept. 生产部Public relations dept. 公共关系部Purchasing dept. 采购部Quality control dept. 质检部Research and development dept. / R&D dept. 研发部Sales dept.
销售部Training dept. 培训部
名片上通讯地址的缩写符号的翻译
Ave. = avenue blvd = boulevard Bldg = building Corp. = corporation Dept. = department
Rd. = road St. = street
职务、头衔与学衔的翻译
accountant 会计师advisor 调研员inspector 巡视员
agronomist 农艺师architect 建筑师
assistant to president 总裁助理chief engineer 总工程师
chief executive officer 首席执行官chief finance officer 财务总监
chief information officer 信息总监/ 资讯主管chief operating officer 首席运营官
executive director 执行董事executive secretary 行政秘书
deputy general manager 副总经理factory director 厂长managing director / board chairman 董事长office administrator 行政秘书
research fellow 研究员sales executive 销售部经理secretary general 秘书长section chief 科长senior economist 高级经济师standing director 常务理事vice president 副总裁
翻译练习：
①去年，我公司在国内的该类项目的投标取得了接二连
三的胜利。
①每箱货物都装好了，正等待装船。
①如果贵方的第一批货物令人满意，随后将有大批续订。
①贵方每多销售10架钢琴，我方将给你方加0.2%的佣
金。
一、英汉互译中主语的翻译方法
例1：A businessman of today handles more business in a day than a businessman of 1960s could have handled in a month.
译文：今天一位商人一天内所处理的业务比上世纪60年代一位商人一个月能处理的还要多。
例2：That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.
译文：众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
例3：I have been wondering about something and would like to consult you about it.
译文：有件事我一直很纳闷，想咨询一下你。
例4：这件事你不用操心。(topic + comments)
译文：You don’t need to worry about this. (subject + predicate)
例5：This old auditorium has witnessed many ceremonies.
译文：曾经有过许许多多的仪式在这个礼堂里举行。
例6：The year 2004 witnessed the 100th anniversary of that prestigious university.
译文：2004年那所蜚声海内外的大学举行了百年校庆。
例7：He was visited by a bizarre thought. 译文：一个奇怪的念头闪过他的脑际。
二、英汉互译中的增词法和减词法
1. 增词法
例1：While insurance may be arranged by the exporter, the importer is the rightful owner; consequently, claims are usually made by the importer, after discovering a loss.
译文：虽然可能由出口商来投保，但进口商是合法的拥有者。因此，发现损失之后，通常是由进口商提出索赔
例2：After the exhibition, the banquet, the delegates will return to the hotel.
译文：参观展览、出席宴会之后，代表们将回到酒店休息。
例3：Although it spent nearly $2 billion last year advertising its various brands around the globe, Coke saw its share of the critical U.S. cola market decline.
译文：尽管去年斥资20亿美元在全球为其各种品牌做广告，可口可乐公司还是眼看着自己在重要的美国可乐市场上的份额下降。
例4：Although Basis cleans thoroughly, dissolving dirt and makeup deep in the pores of your skin, it’s very, very gentle.
译文：Basis 可以彻底清洁肌肤，清除残留在肌肤深层的污垢和化妆品，但它非常柔和，毫不刺激皮肤。
例5：Packing is designed not only as a form of protection, but also a form to facilitate handling, storage, to prevent pilferage and, more importantly, to help promote the sales.
译文：包装不仅仅是为了保护商品，也是为了便利搬运和库存、防止盗窃，更重要的是，有助于促销。例6：More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.
译文：如果测试更为彻底，也许一开始就能找出故障。
例7：Please read carefully before signing.译文：签名前请仔细阅读内容。
例8：A new type of aircraft --- small, cheap, pilotless --- is attracting increasing attention.
译文：一种新型的飞机正越来越吸引人们的注意——此飞机体积小、价格低、无人驾驶。
例9：After all preparations had been made, the meeting began. 译文：一切准备工作就绪后，会议开始了。
例10：The board of directors discussed my suggestions and supported most of them.
译文：董事会讨论了我的各项建议，对其中多数表示支
持。
例11：Inflation was and still is a major problem of the country. 译文：通货膨胀过去是、现在也仍然是该国的一个主要问题。
例12：Newsmen were flying off to Atlanta for the Atlanta 500. 译文：记者纷纷飞到亚特兰大去报道500英里汽车大奖赛。例13：Morgan Stanley译文：摩根斯坦利证券公司
2. 减词法
例1：I hope you will enjoy your stay here.译文：希望您在这儿过得愉快。
例2：If I had known it, I would not have come here.译文：早知如此，我就不来了。
例3：The crisis, however, proved short-lived.译文：然而这次危机为时并不长。
一、用词特点
（1）大量使用专有名词
例1：At the age of 37, already a star on the American business scene (he was president of HJ Heinz company, then one of the biggest food companies on the planet), Tony O’Reilly had taken his first step into the media world by buying control of the Irish Independent, a staid and down-at-heel newspaper based in his native Dublin.
【英语】高考英语翻译专题训练答案及解析
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上海高考英语翻译题与答案(最新整理)
Part 1 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1、格林先生本周日要去拜访一位朋友，此人精通理财之道。（who） 2、人们是否会推迟退休还有待于讨论（remain）。 3、无论任务多么艰巨，我们都要不遗余力地完成。（However） 4、许多公司在雇佣员工时，相对于能力而言，更看重个性。（emphasis） 5、如果双方在这些事务上能达成共识，就有可能在新的领域进一步合作。（If...） 1、Mr. Green is going to visit\see a friend this Sunday, who knows a lot about money matters. 2 、It remains to be discussed whether people will delay retiring. /Whether people will delay retiring remains to be discussed. 3、However hard the task is, we should spare no efforts to accomplish it. 4 、Many companies put more emphasis on personality than on capability when they employ staff members. 5 、If both the parties can agree on these issues, they are likely to further cooperate（have further cooperation）in the new field. Part 2 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.每年圣诞期间百货店里的商品都减价出售。(sale) 2.如今人们非常关注的是食品安全和空气质量。(concern) 3.无论多么艰难，交给咱们的任务都必须按时完成。(however) 4.专家们一入座外语节的演讲比赛就在王校长的主持下开始了。(Hardly) 5.遍布城市每个角落的星巴克(Starbucks) 满足了人们适应快节奏生活的需要。(adapt) 1.The goods in the department stores are all on sale at Christmas every year. 2.Nowadays what people are (very) much concerned about is food safety and air quality. Food safety and air quality are people’s major concerns nowadays. 3.However hard/ difficult it is, the task given to us must/ should be completed/ fulfilled on time. 4.Hardly had the experts sat down/ got seated/ seated themselves/ taken (their) seats when the speech contest of the Foreign Language Festival (that was) hosted by Principal Wang s tarted. 5.The Starbucks in every corner of the city have met/ satisfied/ meet/ satisfy people’s needs/ demands to adapt to a/ the fast-paced life. Part 3 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1、孩子们总是对周边的一切都非常好奇。(curious) 2、她在比赛中表现出色，给评委留下了深刻的印象。(which) 3、一进学校，她就意外得知有一所名校录取她了。(No sooner…) 4、奇怪的是，这些年轻人对这些我们都耳熟能详的歌曲却一无所知。(know)
翻译基本理论知识
翻译概述（1） 一、学科特点 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠："漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，p.80), 是"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息"（谭载喜：《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司，1984，p.10）。翻译虽为个体所承作，却是一种社会活动，一门综合性很强的学科。它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。就前者而言，翻译经过千百年来各国翻译家的共同努力，已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系，并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。随着科学的日益进步，这种体系和模式正处在不断地完善之中。就后者而言，翻译是人类社会活动的产物，具有很强的实践性。翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的；翻译理论产生于翻译实践，反过来又指导实践，实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。可以说，没有社会实践就不会有翻译理论的产生；没有翻译理论作为指导，翻译实践就会难免走弯路。因此，学好翻译既要重视翻译理论的学习，又要加强翻译实践；理论联系实际，这是我们学好翻译的必由之路。 二、为什么可能有翻译 翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要，因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同文化的民族之间进行沟通，而这一全过程都离不开翻译。正如Steiner和张培基所说的那样：Translating it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) 翻译是沟通各族人民的思想，促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手段，
高三英语翻译专项训练及答案
高三英语翻译专项训练及答案 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。（visit） 2．街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。（bring） 3．在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。（apology）4．这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。（what） 5．申请材料需要精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。（in order that） 【答案】 1．Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1．本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一，说明此处的乐趣应该用复数，必须是可数名词，因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit，需要谨慎处理，是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai，同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．本题难度不大，重点是明亮的色彩的表达，可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．本题考察what引导的主语从句，以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．本题主要考固定词组的掌握，为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school，have…knowledge/ understanding of…，overall，accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子
历届高考英语翻译真题(含答案)
历届高考中译英真题答案 -2012-4 2012年春考 1. It will take several months to finish the task. 2. A concert was held in the park last weekend. 3. Neither he nor his classmates like taking extra classes after school. 4. Many old people who live alone hope that their kids will visit them often. 5. The moment he stepped on
the foreign land, Li Hua realized that it was important to follow the local customs. 2011年秋考 1. Why not / Why don’t you book tickets online / reserve the ticket(s) on the Internet? 2. I often mistake Wang Hai for his twin brother because they look so similar / very much alike. 3. As for parents, nothing can be compared with their children’s physical and
mental health. 4. No longer has she kept in touch with us since she went abroad for further study / education. 5. If you can find whatever learning method (that) suits you, your study / learning efficiency is likely to improve remarkably. 2011年春考 1. We enjoyed a wonderful performance last night. 2. The (super) highway to Nanjing is/was/has been
专业知识与翻译
PPT: 第二页： When you have already acquired a good ability in translation, it’s important for you to storage professional knowledge in mind as more as possible. 1.In financial field: when it comes to 供给and 需求，we say supply and demand in stead of provision and need。 第三页 2.After this week’s disappointing economic figures, China’s central bank said Saturday that it would reduce the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves. If you have some specific professional knowledge, you know what does“the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves”mean the moment you see the expression. It means“存款准备金”which is given to the central bank by commercial bank. 3.. The financial futures and options markets which now encircle the globe have risk as their keynote. How to translate “financial futures”and “options markets”？ It means “期货”and “期权”。So it can be translated into“金融期货与期权是目前全球范围内最具冒险性的金融衍生产品”。 第四页：with the development of science and technology , more and more materials concerning science and technology are required to be translated, which puts a high demand on us translators. 1. For example, in scientific and technological area: bedplate has a lot of meanings,such as“底座”、“机座”、“座板”、“底板” 在Cylinder block and bedplate are made of cast-iron．(气缸体和底座均由铸铁制成)句中，we translate “bedplate”to“底座”，it is because in diesel engine，“bedplate”means“底座”或“机座”，not“底板”。However,this sentence: The frame may or may not be provided with a bedplate．(机座可连同底板供应，也可不带底板)，“bedplate”should be translated into “底板”，because底板is a part of electrical machine. 2. In scientific English, different words may have the same meaning. In radio technology, vacuum tube，electron tube名称不同，实际上是同一件东西，如果不知道这一点，而是分别译为“真空管”和“电子管”，译文势必引起混乱。又如比较常见的“AC generator”和“ahemator”都指交流发电机。
常见英文合同翻译与详解
常见英文合同翻译与详解
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。 合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and co mpletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other s um as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manne r prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correc t and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provi de documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，
【英语】高考英语翻译专题训练答案
【英语】高考英语翻译专题训练答案 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2．将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3．没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4．家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5．虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1．I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2．It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3．There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4．Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5．While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析： 1．翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be acc ustomed to doing“习惯于做……”。 2．这句话使用了句型：It’s up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。 3．这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。 4．这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5．这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点：考查翻译句子 2．高中英语翻译题：Directions:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．任何人都不可能轻而易举获得成功。(ease) ________________________ 2．遇到紧急情况一定要冷静，否则可能会造成严重后果。(or) ________________________ 3．我们只有学会尊重人际间的差异，才能避免误会，与他人建立和谐的关系。(Only) ________________________ 4．令教练欣慰的是，整个辩论队齐心协力，克服了遇到的各种困难，最终所有的努力都得
(英语)高考英语翻译真题汇编(含答案)及解析
（英语）高考英语翻译真题汇编(含答案)及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。（visit） 2．街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。（bring） 3．在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。（apology）4．这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。（what） 5．申请材料需要精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。（in order that） 【答案】 1．Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1．本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一，说明此处的乐趣应该用复数，必须是可数名词，因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit，需要谨慎处理，是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai，同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．本题难度不大，重点是明亮的色彩的表达，可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．本题考察what引导的主语从句，以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．本题主要考固定词组的掌握，为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school，have…knowledge/ understanding of…，overall，accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子
翻译基础知识
翻译基础知识 一、翻译的分类 1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质，可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）、语符翻译（inersemiotic translation）。 2.按翻译主体的性质，可分为人工翻译、机器翻译（Machine Translation）两类。 3.按翻译的工具和成品形式，可分为口译和笔译。 4.按翻译的客体，亦即所译资料的性质，可分为文学翻译（literal translation）和实用翻译（pragmatic translation）。 二、译家译论 1.支谦：在三国时期，支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨，不加文饰”的译经原则。 2.道安：晋、前秦时道安在《革卑婆沙序》中提出，“案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句， 余尽实录。”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多，最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。其意思是，翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目，有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的，因此必须慎之又慎。 3.彦琮：北朝末年及隋初，彦琮著《辨证论》，它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论，他主张译经 “宁贵朴而近理，不用巧而背源”。可见他是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。 4.玄奘：唐代僧人玄奘的指导原则是：“既须求真，又须喻俗”。“求真”即追求准确，要力求“忠 实原作”，这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。同时必须“喻俗”，亦即使群众理解，这就是说要“通顺”。玄奘在译经中成功地运用了补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法等等翻译技巧。 5.马建忠：清末，马建忠在其《马氏文通》中提出“善译”之说：“必先将所译者与所以译者两国之 文字，深嗜笃好，字栉句比，以考彼此文字孳生之源，同异之故。所有当相之实义，委曲推究，务审其声音之高下，析其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理精深奥折之所由然。” 6.林纾：林纾强调在翻译时译者应该投入自己的主观感情，译者须与原作者或作品中人物的心灵 相交流。 7.鲁迅：鲁迅在《且介亭杂文二集》里说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一 则保存着原作得丰姿”。也就是说既要通顺，又要忠实。所谓忠实，是指内容上的“信”；所谓通顺，是指表达上的“顺”。 8.茅盾：文学翻译的目标是“艺术创造性翻译”——用一种语言把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使 读者读译文时能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。 9.钱钟书：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文 习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的‘投胎转世’，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像经过翻译似的。” 10.傅雷：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”“两国文字词类的不 同，句法构造的不同，文法与习惯的不同，修辞格律的不同，俗语的不同，即反映民族思想方式的不同，感觉深浅的不同，观点角度的不同，风俗传统信仰的不同，社会背景的不同，表现方法的不同。以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点，必须像伯乐相马，要“得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”。而即使最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。”
中文常用口语地道翻译解析
中文常用口语地道翻译解析（翻译公司：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0411536623.html,提供）： 1、这山望着那山高 The grass is always greener on the other hill. 人都是这山望着那山高，对自己的状况没有满意的时候。 Almost all people see that the grass is greener on the other hill. They never feel satisfied with what they've already got。 2、上瘾get into one's blood 说来也怪，很多不好的事往往会使人上瘾。 It's astoundingly funny that many harmful things usually get into our blood。 3、发牢骚 beef 他坐在那里什么事也不干，总是发牢骚，真烦死人。 I'm really bored stiff with his sitting there doing nothing but beefing。 4、等不及了 champ at the bit 咱们快点吧，孩子们都等不及了。 Let's shake the leg. The kids are champing at the bit。 5、点头哈腰bow and scrape 从她在老板前点头哈腰地那个模样，你就知道她是个什么人了。 From the way she's bowing and scraping in front of the boss, you'll know what sort of person she is。 6、疯疯癫癫go gaga 对他的话不要太在意了，他总是疯疯癫癫的。 Don't take what he says so seriously. He's always going gaga。 7、说话不算数go back on one's words 他那个人说话从不算数，我们可不能依靠他。 We cannot account on him. He always goes back on his words。 8、废话连篇beat one's gums 谁喜欢坐在那里听你的废话连篇？ Who would enjoy sitting there listening to your beating your gums? 9、恩将仇报 bite the hand that feeds one
【英语】高三英语翻译专项训练及答案含解析
【英语】高三英语翻译专项训练及答案含解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate tbe following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我们打篮球的时间到了。 (time) 2．他设法把游客及时送到了机场。 (manage) 3．你今晚能来参加我的生日聚会? (possible) 4．应该鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。(encourage) 5．我对学生所谈的电子产品一无所知，我发现自己落伍了。(ignorant) 6．尽管遭受如重的自然灾害，但只要不灰心，我们终会克服暂时的困难。(Although...) 【答案】 1．It’s time for us to play basketball. 2．He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time. 3．Is it possible for you to attend my birthday party this evening? 4．Young people should be encouraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points. 5．Being ignorant of the electronic products the students are talking about, I find myself left behind. 6．Although we are suffering such a severe natural disaster, we will eventually overcome the temporary difficult as long as we don’t lose heart. 【解析】 1．考查time的用法。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，it is time for sb to do sth “该到某人做某事了”。为固定句型。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：It’s time for us to play basketball。2．考查manage的用法和一般过去时。分析句子可知，本句为一般过去时，manage to do sth“设法做某事”为固定短语。in time“ 及时”为介词短语，在句中作状语。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time。 3．考查possible的用法和一般现在时。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，it is possible for sb to do sth “ 某人做某事是可能的”，it作为形式主语完成整个句子，不定式作为真正主语。再根据其它汉语提示。故翻译为：Is it possible for you to attend my birthday party this evening? 4．考查encourage的用法。encourage sb. to do sth.的被动语态形式就是sb. be encouraged to do sth.另外，此题还考查短语according to（按照）和strong points(长处，特长)。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：Young people should be encouraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points。 5．考查形容词短语作状语、定语从句以及find的用法。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，主语为I ，谓语为find， find oneself done表示“发现自己被…”,left behind是“被落在后面了”作宾语补足语。Being ignorant of the electronic products the students are talking about 为形容词短语作原因状语从句。products 为先行词，在后面的定语从句中，作talk about的
(完整版)高考英语翻译专项练习(附答案)
1.这部以真人真事为原型的电影很感人。(base) 2.众所周知，知识始于实践。(begin) 3.一直要想方设法讨好老板，真让我厌烦。(bore) 4.这个获胜者冈她的画而获得了一等奖。(award) 5.做志愿者的经历让我受益匪浅。(benefit) 6.无论你到何处，都要牢记在心：人国问禁，人乡随俗。(bear) 7.一些减肥广告已经在电视上停播了。(ban) 8.人们普遍认为吸烟有害健康。(It．．) 9.显而易见，这个国家的人每时每刻都可喝到新鲜牛奶。(available) 10.昨天发生的事怪不得孩子们。(blame) 11.由于大雾，从上海飞往北京的航班延误了近两小时。(because of) 12.正要付钱的时候，我的信用卡不见了。(when) 13.那本蓝封面的词典不是我的。(belong) 14.我想你不是很清楚这对我有多重要。(aware) 15.这部历史小说引人人胜，我简直爱不释手。(bear) ． 16.他从图书馆借了一些参考书而不是侦探小说。(borrow) 17.过了许多年这一秘密才被泄露出来。(before) 18.我尽量避免遇到他，冈为他总是使我厌烦。(avoid) 19.你最好不要玩火，会伤到自己的。(or) 20.每一种药物都有副作用，对健康可能造成损害。(bad)
21.听到那一激动人心的消息，我情不自禁地大哭起来。(burst) 22.做幼儿同老师需要极大的耐心。(call) 23.恐怕他们遇到交通堵塞了。(catch) 24.作为班上的尖子学生．她有能力解答这些数学题。(capable) 25.现在年轻人所缺乏的，不是书本知识，而是实践经验。(not．．but) 26.父母双方必须对养育子女承担同等的责任。(bring) 27.她的计划听上去很好，可是我们实施起来将困难重重。(carry) 28.上周因为生病我缺了一些课，但是我会努力赶上大家的。(catch) 29.如果您方便的话，今晚我想去您府上拜访。(call) 30.这位作家专心致志于写作，以致忘了自己重病在身。(bury) 31.她不在乎报酬，对她来说重要的是她的实验。(care) 32.我会待在宾馆．以防有电话。(in case) 33.警方正在竭尽全力查明火灾的导凶。(cause) 34.他不仅意识到了自己的弱点，而且想克服它。(not only．but also) 35.救援队在地震发生后不久就设法赶到了那里。(break) 36.为了承担得起出国的费用，你无论怎样节俭都是不过分的。(cannot．too) 37.在空调房间待太久会使人生病。(cause) 38.小心点．别从车上摔下来。你才刚学会骑车。(careful) 39.除了等待进一步通知，我们别无他法。(but) 40.不要打扰James，他正忙于学校音乐会的操练。(busy)