The internationa monetary system and exchange rate

The internationa monetary system and exchange rate The earliest international monetary system was known as the gold standard under which countries pledged to change their paper currencies into gold when requested to do so. The gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value for most of the 19th century till the end of the First World War. Major trading countries followed this system and the British Pound was the most important currency in international business as a result of the economic, political and military power of the United Kingdom, hence the term sterling-based gold standard.

The pressure caused by the First World War on economy coupled with the impact of the Great Depression put an end to the fixed exchange rate system. The Bank of England was no longer able to redeem its paper currency for gold at par value and allowed its value to be determined by supply and demand. With Britain abandoning the gold standard, there appeared different areas in the world. Some countries pegged their currencies to the sterling, some countries to the US dollar and some to the French Franc, forming the “sterling area”, “dollar area” and “franc area”. This period witnessed the degeneration of the international monetary system as some major countries vied to devaluate their currencies to make their export goods more competitive. The benefits brought about by their devaluation were needless to say, offset by what their competitors did. International trade contracted and economic conflict finally led to the Second World War.

Towards the end of the Second World War representatives of 44 countries gathered at Bretton Woods to renew the gold standard on a greatly modified basis. One important fruit of the conference is the creation of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund.

The Bretton Woods Conference established a US dollar based gold standard. Because of the dominating economic and political influence of the United Stated, the dollar replaced the sterling as the major vehicle for international settlement. Though all the Bretton Woods participants agreed to peg their currencies to gold, only the United States pledged to redeem the dollar for gold at the request of the central bank of a foreign country. Under the new fixed exchange rate system, each participant promised to maintain the par value of its currency, allowing a fluctuation of only one percent.

The country concerned had to intervene if the market value of its currency goes

beyond the range. Under special circumstances, a country was allowed to adjust the

par value of its currency. Thus the Bretton Woods system is said to be using an adjustable peg . The new system was also called by some people the “New Gold Standard System.” This relative stability in exchange rates facilitated international business till the beginning of 1970s.

Under the Bretton Woods System, people would hold dollars so long as they trusted

the convertibility of the dollar into gold. With the increase of foreign dollar holdings to finance trade expansion, the faith of dollar holders decreased in the ability of the United States to redeem the dollar for gold. To reduce the demand

for the dollar as a reserve currency, the special drawing right was created. Used

to settle official transactions at the IMF, SDRs are sometimes called paper gold. Despite the new liquidity injected by SDRs into the international monetary system,

the United States was still unable to meet the demands of foreign dollar holders

for gold. On August 15, 1971 the US Administration announced severing link between

the dollar and gold, signifying the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Since then, international business has relied increasingly on the flexible exchange rate system. Most major currencies began to float in the foreign exchange market. Other currencies followed a fixed exchange rate by pegging themselves to a major currency such as

the dollar, or the French Franc and float with it. From 1976 countries ceased to stipulate gold par value to their paper currencies leaving the price of their respective currency to be decided by the interaction of supply and demand.

Factors influencing the exchange rate include the following:

1．International balance of payment. It has a direct bearing on the supply and demand of foreign exchange. The value of one’s own currency will go up with favorable balance of payment and drop with BOP deficit.

2．Inflation. It is closely related to the real value of the currency and the competitiveness of the commodity. When inflation intensifies, the value of the currency will drop relative to foreign currencies and vice versa.

3．Interest rate. Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency and vice versa.

The above factors may work alone or collectively. Sometimes their influences may offset each other. Generally speaking, however, international balance of payment

is the most important factor in deciding the trend of exchange rate. In addition,

foreign exchange policies, political events and speculation activities may also have

a role to play in the fluctuations of exchange rate.

The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float. The central banks take various measures to intervene in the price of its currency.

So the current practice is often called a managed float or dirty float. The common

measures taken for intervention are:

1．When the price of a foreign exchange goes too high, the central bank may

increase its supply by selling it out of its foreign exchange reserves. And in the

opposite case, it can buy the currency in the market to increase its reserves.

2．When the price of a foreign exchange goes too high, the government may raise

the discount rate to absorb foreign fund to increase foreign exchange income of the

country and vice versa.

3．In case of acute exchange rate fluctuation, a government may have to resort

to foreign exchange control or raise foreign loans to make up its balance of payment

deficit and lower the demand for foreign exchange.

The two different exchange rate systems each has its own advantages. The fixed

exchange rate system reduces the riskiness of international business and is also

an important measure to curb inflation. However the system is vulnerable to

disorderly changes in currency value. The most recent example is the Asian Financial

Crisis of 1997～1998 when the fixed exchange rate adopted by some Southeast Asian

countries like Thailand and Indonesia collapsed and dealt a heavy blow to the economy.

Under the flexible exchange rate system fluctuations of the exchange rate within

a definite period of time will not immediately affect domestic money circulation

and is helpful to the stability of the economy. Flexible exchange rate can also

protect domestic currency from the impact of foreign idle funds and helps to prevent

the drain of foreign exchange reserve. But frequent wild swings of the value of

currencies will increase the riskiness of trade and affect international investment.

Exchange rates are published daily in two different ways. A direct exchange rate

is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. In a direct quote,

an amount of foreign currency, usually one unit or one hundred units is taken as

the standard and the equivalent amount of home currency is marked after it. An

indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.

In an indirect quote one unit or one hundred units home currency is taken as the

standard and the equivalent of foreign currency is given. For instance 100 USD/826. 57RMB （or 826. 57RMB/100USD） is direct exchange rate from the Chinese perspective and indirect exchange rate from the American perspective. The two different quotes are used in different countries or regions mainly as a tradition or for convenience. Most countries or regions including China use the direct quote, but the United States and Britain use the indirect quote.

There are three types of foreign exchange price. The buying rate refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency. The selling rate is the rate by which a bank sells a currency. The medial rate is the average of the two. It is used in transactions between the banks and is not applicable to common customers. The difference between the buying rate and the selling rate varies from 1per mil to 5 per mil which constitutes the profit of the bank. In the case of direct quote, the first figure after the fixed amount of foreign currency is the buying rate and the second figure is the selling rate. And in the case of indirect quote the first figure after the fixed amount of home currency is the selling rate and the second figure is the buying rate.

aanthe的用法区别修订版

a a n t h e的用法区别 集团标准化小组：[VVOPPT-JOPP28-JPPTL98-LOPPNN]

三人行教育a,a n,t h e的用法区别（一）a, an的用法 1.a：用于辅音音素（不是辅音字母）开头的词前，表示单数的数量“一”。 a book a desk 2.an：用于元音音素（不是元音字母）开头的词前，表示单数的数量“一”。 an apple a big apple an old man 3.元音字母：以元音字母Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo开头的单词基本都是以元音音素开头 Uu较特殊 4.辅音字母：26个字母中，除了5个元音字母，其他是辅音字母 5.特殊情况：an umbrella（u发元音） a useful english book （u发辅音） an hour（h是辅音字母，但它不发音） 练习一：用a, an, the填空 1._____book 2._____apple 3._____orange 4._____uncle 5._____eraser 6._____ math book 7._____new book 8._____old book 9._____teacher 10.______English 11.____ hour 12._____good teacher 13.____idea 14.____good idea 15.____island 16.____ astronaut （二）the的用法 1.一般用于特指：The girl is my sister. 那个女孩是我的妹妹。

2.第二次出现：There is a book on the desk. The book is mine. 书桌上有一本书，那本书是我的。 3.世界上独一无二：the moon月亮 the earth地球the Great Wall长城the sun太阳 4.固定的词组：on the desk在书桌上 5.形容词最高级前：Jenny is the oldest girl in the class. 在 班里珍妮是年纪最大的女孩。 练习二：选择 ( )1.That’s _____ island. I like to go there. A.a B.an C.the ( )2.I have ___ new book. Jenny has ___ old book. A.a/ an B.an/ a C.an/ an ( )3.This is ___ orange. That’s ____big orange. A.a/ an B.an/ a C.an/ an ( )4.Yesterday I studied English for ____ hour. A.an B.the C.a ( )5.This is a bag. ____ bag is Tom’s. A.A B.An C.The ( )6.___ man is Lisa’s father. A.A B.The C.An ( )7.____ Great Wall is in China. A.A B.The C.An ( )8.My English book is in ___ desk. A.the B.an C./ ( )9.She has ___ idea. It’s a good idea. A.a B.an C.the 练习三：a, an, the填空

英语冠词用法总结(完整)

英语冠词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择冠词 1．An engineer has designed _______ robot that can work in _______ deep sea to clean waste. A．a; the B．a; a C．/; the D．the; / 【答案】A 【解析】 这题考查冠词;第一空填a，泛指“一个机器人”，第二空填the，特指“在深海”，句意是：一个工程师发明的一个机器人可以在深海工作清除废物的。选A。 2．Mr. Brown, ______ chairman of the trade union, will visit our factory in _____ month of May. A．/; the B．a; the C．the; / D．the; the 【答案】A 【解析】 这题冠词的用法：第一空不填，因为chairman是职位，第二空填the，是特指5月。选A。 3．----- Do you go to ______ church every Sunday? ----- Yes. I believe _______God blesses me all _____ time. A．the;/; the B．/ ; /; / C．a; /; the D．/; /; the 【答案】D 【解析】 考查冠词，第一空不填，表示go to church“去教堂”，第二空不填，上帝前面不加冠词，第三空填the，all the time“一直”，句意是：|你每个星期天做礼拜吗？|是的，我相信上帝会一直保佑我的。选D。 4．_______ meeting held last night was _________ great success. A．A; a B．A ; / C．The ; a D．The ; / 【答案】C 【解析】 考查冠词。The meeting为特指昨天晚上举行的会议；success作为成功的人或事，为可数名词，选C。 5．What ________ wonderful time we had at ________ Smiths’ then! A．a; 不填B．a; the C．不填；the D．the; the 【答案】B 【解析】 句意：那时我们在史密斯家有一段多么美好的日子呀！第一空：time 在这指日子，时期。是可数名词所以用a,第二空：the+ Smiths,指史密斯一家，所以选B。

不定冠词(a,an)和定冠词(the)的区别

2）填空 1. She is _____________ of dog. (担心的) 2. I am ___________ early in the morning. (醒着的) 3. My mother fell _____ (生病的) and she _______(看起来) tired. 4. He is ___________（孤单的）, because his father and mother went abroad(出国). 5. This fish is still ___________(活着的). 7. Mum is __________(睡着的), when I get home. 8. These two coats are _________ (一样的) to me, I don’t like them at all. 3) 英译汉 1. It is difficult to understand this question. 2. It is dangerous to play with a snake.

3. It is wonderful to go shopping with my mother. 4. It is pleasant to have a walk in the evening. 5. It is impossible to meet him at this time tomorrow. 二、不定冠词详解 1）概念：冠词是用于名词前用以说明该名词含义的虚词（在现代英语中冠词被称为限制定词）。传统语法通常将冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两类。不定冠词有a和an两种形式，其中a用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。 2）不定冠词的基本用法 （1）不定冠词有a和an两种：a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前。例如： a boy, a city, a girl, a useful animal , an old man, an honest boy, a bad apple, a tall elephant,a u niversity(虽然u 是元音字母，但不读 元音),an h our 一个小时(虽然h 不是元音，但单词读音是元音开头) （2）用来表示“—”的意思，但不强调数的观念，只说明名词为不特定者。即不具体说明是何人何物。例如： A teacher is looking for you. We work five days a week.

定冠词the的用法

、定冠词the的用法 1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物，这是定冠词的基本用法。 Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。 2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 Open the window please. 请把窗户打开。(双方都知道指的是哪一扇窗户) 3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。 There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. 窗户附近有一把椅子。椅子上坐着一位年轻妇女，怀里抱着一个婴儿。 4.指世界上独一无二的事物。 Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon? 太阳、地球和月亮哪一个最大？ 5.用在序数词、形容词最高级前。 The first truck is carrying a few baskets. 第一辆卡车装运一些筐。 6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 the Great wall长城，the Summer Palace颐和园， the People’s Farm人民农场，the Science Museum科学馆 7.用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。 the rich富人the poor穷人the sick病人the old老人， the young年轻人the blind盲人the dead死人 8.用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”。 The Turners are going home on a train. 特纳夫妇在回家的火车上。

aan和the的用法

a a n和t h e的用法球类运动前面不用冠词 在操场上是固定搭配ontheplayground （一）不定冠词：a∕an的用法： ⑴表示一个 例：Shehasacleverson.她有个聪明的儿子。 ⑵表示每个 例：wehave3Englishclassesaweek.我们每周上3次英语课。 ⑶表示某个 例：Thebookis∕waswrittenbyastudent.这本书是一个学生写的。 ⑷表示某类之一 例：Iamateacher,heisadoctor.我是一名老师，他是一名医生。 ⑸第一次提到的人或物用不定冠词表示，再次提到时用定冠词。 例：Ihaveabike,thebikeisgreen.我有一辆自行车，这辆自行车是绿色的。 ⑹用于可数名词单数形式前，表示类别。 例：Ateachermustlovehisstudent.老师应该爱学生。 ⑺用于表示价格，速度，比率，时间等意义的名词前 例：3timesaday.一天三次 10yuanameter.10元一米

⑻用于抽象名词前，表示一种… 例：anewculture一种新文化 ⑼用于句型：“a∕an+Mr.∕Mrs.∕Miss.+姓氏”中 例：aMr.Wang一位姓王的先生（不认识） Mr.Wang王先生（认识） ⑽用于某些短语中 例：alotof许多，大量 haveagoodtime玩的开心，过的愉快 （二）定冠词the的用法： ⑴表示特定的人或事物 例：Thebookonthedeskismine.桌子上的书是我的。 ⑵表示听话人，说话人彼此都很熟悉的人或事物 例：WhereisTom汤姆在哪儿？ Heisintheroom.他在屋里。 ⑶第一次提到的人或物用不定冠词表示，再次提到时用定冠词。 例：Ihaveabike,thebikeisgreen.我有一辆自行车，这辆自行车是绿色的。 ⑷表示世界上独一无二的东西（专有名词除外） 例：Thesun太阳

初中英语冠词用法总结归纳

冠词 一．不定冠词 1.不定冠词a,an A用于以辅音因素或半元音因素/j/,/w/开头的单词。 An用于元音因素开头的单词 注意:元音因素开头的单词，首字母不一定就是元音字母例如，hour,honest等单词，看起来是以辅音字母开头，但是发音时辅音字母h没有发音，而是以元音开头，因此前面应加不定冠词an。而有些单词如university,uniform等单词，是以元音字母u开头，但是读音时u 发半元音/j/开头，所以前面应加a。 2.不定冠词的用法。 （1）用于可数名词的单数前，表示数量“一”，如： I have a new pen. (2)表示一类人或物，如： An elephant is big and strong. (3)第一次提到的人或物，如： Look, a dog is running to us. (4)表示“每一”的意思，如： I go shopping once a week.

3.不定冠词的固定搭配 have a look 看一下have a good time 玩得愉快 take a break 休息一下take a walk 散步 in a hurry 急匆匆地half an hour 半小时 a lot of 许多，大量 a great deal of 大量+不可数名词a number of 许多+可数名词 a few 一些+可数名词 a little 一些+不可数名词 二．定冠词 1.定冠词the的用法 （1）特指某些人或物，例如： The woman in red dress is my mother. (2)特指前面提到过的人或物，例如： I have a dog. The dog is cute. (3)指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 What do you think of the novel? (4)指宇宙间独一无二的东西，如： The moon is bright at night. (5)用于单数名词前表示一类人或物，如： The horse is a useful animal. (6)用于序数词前，如：、

a,an和the用法区别

a，an和the用法区别 a，an和the 用法你们都了解了吗?今天给大家带来a，an 和the 用法，希望能够给帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 英语无捷径|| a，an和the 用法区别，记住就不要再犯错了! 1. 不定冠词 a 还是an 判断用a还是用an的依据是其后的单词的发音，而不是字母!以元音音素开头的单词前用an来修饰，以辅音音素开头的单词前用a来修饰。 常用的搭配规律： 1) 多数以元音字母(a、e、i、o、u)开头的单词，首音节都是发元音：I atean an apple yesterday. It’s sweet.我昨天吃了一个很甜的苹果。An American usually speaks English.美国人通常讲英语。Driving carefully helps avoid an accident.谨慎驾驶有助于避免事故。Learn how to survive anearthquake.学习如何在地震中生存。He went to aninterview yesterday.他昨天去面试了。She is cutting anonion.她在切洋葱。

2) 元音字母U开头的单词，首音节可能发元音或者辅音[ju:] 【j】a university [junivsiti] studenta unique [junik] styleA university is where you do your degree.大学是你获得学位的地方。Have you ever seena UFO/an unidentified flying object?你见过不明飞行物吗? 3) 记住三个h开头却不发音的名词：hour，honst，honourHalf an hour has passed.半小时过去了。Its an honour to be invited to your dinner.很荣幸被邀请参加你的晚宴。 4)European 欧洲人，欧洲的，元音字母e不发音，首音节是[ju:]He is a European, and he has lived in Hangzhou for 10 years. 他是欧洲人，在杭州住了10年。 5)如果名词前有形容词做定语修饰，则我们看形容词是辅音还是元音开头。There stands an oak tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵橡树。An important lessonIve learned from it is never to give up.我从中学到的重要一课是永不放弃。He drives an old car.他开一辆旧车。In those years he was just an unknown pianist.在时的他只是一个默默无闻的钢琴家。An honest man never lies.诚实的人从不说谎。 2. 定冠词the 定冠词the : 表示特指某事物或人

冠词a,an,the的用法

想说“这个/那个”的时候用the, 想说“（任意）一个”的时候用a。 专指： 专有名词KFC专指肯德基 地名国家名什么的独一无二的事物 类指:凡是同一类：都是苹果有大有小，the big one ，the small one 泛指：很不具体的，无特别指定对象，是和“特指”相对的；例如a girl就是一女孩，普通吧。此时也可是泛指一类人。a beautiful girl is like a evil. 特指：有特别指定对象，和“泛指”相对。the girl可能是上文提到过或者对话人都心知肚明的女孩，是有一个具体对象的. 冠词是用在名词前面，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物，是泛指还是特指的词。冠词是一种虚词。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The Definite Article）a, an是不定冠词，the 是定冠词。 an, a是不定冠词，仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目观念。a用在以辅音（指辅音音素）开头的词前，an用在以元音（指元素音素）开头的词前 不定冠词的用法： 1. 表示人或事物的某一类 A steel worker makes steel. A plane is a machine that can fly. 2. 表示某一类人或事物中的任何一个。 This is an apple. His father is a teacher. 3. 泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人何物。 A comrade is waiting for you downstairs. I met an old man on my way to school. 4. 表示“一个”的意思

英语冠词用法

冠词的用法 一：冠词的定义 冠词是置于名词之前，对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。 冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。 二：冠词的种类 1. 定冠词: the 2. 不定冠词: a / an 当紧跟不定冠词之后的单词是辅音发音开头时,不定冠词应该用a, 当紧跟不定冠词之后的单词是元音发音开头时,不定冠词应该用an.。 a + [辅音……] a wallet, a European country an + [元音…… ] an hour, an 8-year-old boy 三：冠词的位置 冠词一般要放到名词或名词短语（形容词+名词、副词+形容词+名词、或其它修饰语+名词）的前面。如：the last few days.最近几天 a very lovely girl 但是以下情况例外： 1）all/both/half/+the+(形容词)+名词 如：all the new cars all the friends half the books 2)what/such/many+a/an+(形容词+)单数可数名词 如：what a nice day many a time such a bad boy 3)rather/quite/half +a/an+单数可数名词 注意：这种情况下，a/an也可以放在rather/quite等前面 如：quite a long time/a quite long time rather a busy day/a rather busy day 4)exactly/just+a/an+(形容词)+名词 如：Just a moment,please. 5)as/how/so/too/however+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词 如：It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 这是我度过的最愉快的一天。 She is so beautiful a girl. It is too difficult a book. 注意:在以下六种词中,只能使用其中的一种词修饰名词: 1）冠词、2）指示代词(如:this, that, these, those)、3）形容词性物主代词(如:my, your, his, her等)、4）名词所有格(如:Tom’s, the Smiths)、5）不定代词(如:every, each, any)以及6）疑问代词(如:which, what). 如： 1. 我的一位朋友(不能说: my a friend) a friend of mine 或one of my friends 2.你的这两位老师(不能说:your the two teachers) the two teachers of yours 3.哪一把伞是你的(不能说:Which an umbrella is yours) Which umbrella is yours 4. 一辆这种自行车(不能说:a this kind of bike) a bike of this kind 5.每隔几天一次(不能说:once every a few days) once every few days 四：冠词的用法 学冠词的用法必须明确两个概念： 1）泛指：一类中的任何一个个体，不明确，未指明哪一个。 2）特指：说话者和听话者都知道所指的内容。 冠词用法的总原则： 名词前用不用冠词，用哪一类冠词，通常取决于三方面因素：

冠词aan和the用法及练习

冠词a、an和the在用法上有什么不一样的地方 冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The Definite Article）a, an 是不定冠词，the是定冠词。 an, a是不定冠词，仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目观念。a用在以辅音（指辅音音素）开头的词前，an用在以元音（指元素音素）开头的词前。a+名词单数，表示一个……，或者某一……，an一般用于元音字母开头的单词，作用和a一样，the+名词表示特指，the+形容词，表示一类人或者事物。a和an是不定冠词，修饰泛指名词。只不过以元音开头的名词用an修饰翻译成“一个”。the是定冠词，修饰特指名词翻译成“这个”。 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。 1）不定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是：用在可数名词的单数形式前表示泛指--表明一类人或事物区别于它类。 例：I am a Chinese. 我是(一个)中国人。 This is a book. 这是（一本）书。 2）为了读音的方便，在以元音音素开头的可数 名词的单数名词前用an而不用a。当我们使用an时，条件有三：①这个名词的读音必须是以元音音素开头--即它的音标的第一个音素是元音，而不是说它是以元音字母开头。②它必须是个可数名词。③它还必须是个单数名词。我们常常见到这类用法： a university 一所大学an hour 一个小时 an orange 一只桔子an engineer 一位工程师 an ordinary man一个普通人 an honest person一位诚实的人 3）定冠词在句子中，既可以用于可数名词前，也可以用于不可数名词前；既用在可数名词的单数形式前，也用在可数名词的复数形式前。从表达意义上讲，它既可表达this, that之意义，也可表达these, those之意义。例： This is the very ink I'm going to buy. 这正是我要买的那种墨水。 The words on the blackboard are to be learned next time. 黑板上的这些单字是下次课要学的。 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作 [e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做 1) 表示一个，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in

定冠词the口诀及用法举例

顺口溜 顺口溜(1) 沙漠河流与群山，岛屿海峡和海湾；阶级党派国家名，组织团体和机关； 方位朝代最高级，会议条约及报刊；人体部位发明物，顺序唯一加习惯； 乐器建筑海洋类，年代姓氏复数前；特定比较涵义时，定冠词the都不删。 不定冠词用法口诀（2） 泛指首提为最多，有时表示某“一个”；物质抽象表“一场”，So加形容再“a”； 可数名词为“一类”，序数词前“又一个”Quite等词常放后，固定短语须琢磨。 不用冠词顺口溜(3 ) 年季月周节日餐，人地抽名物质专；成对使用及洲名，学科球棋和语言 Turn之表语头衔前，独立主格时无冠；可数名词代修饰，让步倒装名形前； 交通工具冠词删，灵活运用是关键。 不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。"a"用在以辅音音素开头的词前，"an"用在以元音音素开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。一般情况下，an用在元音之前，而不是原音字母之前，例如hour，第一个元音是“啊”，故用an。当字母单独出现时 A E I O R S F H L X 也要使用不定冠词"an"，其次特别要注意的是U 这个字母单独出现发的并不是原音同理UNIVERSITY USUAL也都不用不定冠词"an"。 1. 用于可数名词的单数形式前，表示"一" There is a tiger in the zoo. 动物园里有一只老虎。 2. 表示一类人和东西 A tiger can be dangerous. 老虎可能有危害性。 也可用定冠词the+形容词代表一类人） The poor are still poor. 3. 表示"某一个"的意思 A gentleman wants to see you. 有一位先生要见你。 4. 表示"同一"的意思 They are nearly of an age. 他们几乎同岁。 The two shirts are much of a size. 这两件衬衫大小差不多。 5. 表示"每一"的意思 We go swimming four times a week. 我们每周去游泳四次。 6. 用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业 My mother is a teacher. 我妈妈是教师。 7. 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个 Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter. 很久很久以前，有一个年老的国王，他有一个非常美丽的女儿。 8. 在英国英语中，以"h"开头的多音节词，如第一个音节不重读，其前亦可用"an" There is an hotel near here. 这附近有一家旅馆。

冠词a,anthe以及零冠词的用法及练习详解

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。一．不定冠词（a, an） 1.指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2.第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 3.表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day. 4.表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 5.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） 6.用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7.用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 8.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 9.用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的东西 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 10.与序数词连用，表示“又一，再一”。 In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language. 为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习另外一门外语。 二．定冠词（the） 1.表示某一类人或物 In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 2.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3.表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4.用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar 5.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5） —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please? —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village.

冠词a、an和the用法及测验

冠词a、an和the在用法练习 班级：_____________姓名：___________ 一．基本知识点 冠词分不定冠词和定冠词。a、an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。 （1）an, a是不定冠词，仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”的意义（它必须是个可数名词。它还必须是个单数名词。）。 （2）a用在以辅音（指辅音音素）开头的词前，an用在以元音（指元素音素）开头的词前（即它的音标的第一个音素是元音，而不是说它是以元音字母开头）。如： a university 一所大学an hour 一个小时an umbrella一把雨伞 an orange 一只桔子an engineer 一位工程师 an old man一个普通人 （3）a+名词单数，表示一个……，或者某一……，an一般用于元音字母开头的单词，作用和a一样，the+名词表示特指，“这个”，既可以用于可数名词前，也可以用于不可数名词前；既用在可数名词的单数形式前，也用在可数名词的复数形式前。 This is the book I'm going to buy. 这正是我要买的那本书。 The girls in red are our friends. 那些穿红色衣服的女孩们是我的朋友。 二、小练笔：选择正确的答案。 1.I am ______________(a, an)student. 2.There is ______________(a, an) elephant in the zoo. 3.You are __________(a, an) good boy. 4.I have ___________(a, an) orange. 5. This is _____(a ,an)new book. 6.Please take ____(a, an )umbrella. 7.Close _______(a, an ,the)door,please. 8.My father is _______(a ,an) doctor. 9.There is _____(a,an) orange on the table.

定冠词the的用法歌口诀

定冠词the的用法歌口诀 特指双方熟悉，上文已经提及。 世上独一无二，方位名词乐器。 某些专有名词，外加复数姓氏。 序数词最高级，习惯用语要特记。 定冠词用法口诀 特指重现用定冠，独一无二把冠添。 打球不用戴帽子，演奏乐器衣冠严。 江山河海和峡湾，戴上帽子较安全。 不戴帽子就吃饭，形容词加the名词变。习惯说法冠不冠？入乡随俗记心间。 不用冠词的情况 名词复数泛指人，冠词用法是个零。 专有、物质、抽象名，泛指时候冠不行。含有day的节假日，不用冠词莫忘记。季节月份星期几，不用冠词有道理。 三餐饭和打球前，不用冠词理当然。 名词前边已有代，不用冠词也无碍。 固定词组多注意，用与不用小心记。 称呼头衔不用冠，总共八条切莫乱 陈述句变一般疑问句要领 有，将，是，情上前方，没有它们do来帮。 一般回答用句首，Yes或No先写上。 陈述句变感叹句口诀 “一断二加三换位” （一断：指在谓语后断开； 二加：指在第二部分前加上what或how；三换位：指将第一部分和第二部分交换位置。） 指示代词用法口诀 this, these靠近我，that, those离我远。this, that指单数，these, those不指单。 都可用the来代替，劝君一定别忘记。 There be句型用法口诀 There be句型有特点，主语放在be后边。主语单数用is，复数主语要用are。变否定，很简单，be后要把not添。 变问句也不难，把be提到there前。 肯定句中用some，否定/疑问要用any 换。 动词do的用法口诀 实动表示“做”、“干”，现在时态看“单三”。 简略答语可用do，代替“上述”免重复。Don’t do sth构否定，Do sb do疑问型。助动词用法口诀 新添助动词很重要，时态人称一肩挑，句型转换打头阵，谓语还原要记牢。have/has的用法口诀 动词have表示“有”，位置就在主语后。“三单”主语用has，其他人称用have。一般问句两法变：一是把它提向前，或者句首do来添。 否定句子也一样，就看not怎么放。 动词种类遵纪口诀 英语动词分四种，行为连系助动情， 动作状态和行动，充当谓语有作用。 连系动词有词义，作谓语时不独立， 须与表语在一起，常用look, get 还有be。助动词无词义，不能句中搞独立。 情态动词有词义，经常用来表语气， 人称与数无变化，动词原形跟着它。 行为动词一般现在时用法口诀 用好一般现在时，时间状语需牢记。 基本用法要记清，动作习惯经常性。 客观真理和能力，有时还表将来时。 谓语若为行为动，形式要由主语定。 主语人称为三单，动词要把-s/-es添。句中若把助词用，谓语动词回原形。 动词加-s或-es方法口诀 动词三单现在式，一般词尾加-s。 s, x, ch, sh在词尾，直接加上-es。 词尾若是字母o，加上-es不用愁。“辅音字母+y“来结尾，变y为i是正规。-es后边紧跟随，study→studies看明白。

冠词a,an,the的口诀

冠词a，an，the的口诀 冠词a，an，the的口诀，太齐全了!?今天给大家带来冠词a，an，the的口诀，希望能够给帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 冠词a，an，the的口诀 冠词口诀： 冠词分为定冠、不定冠， 不定冠词a和an，“-”的含义表泛指 表示特指要用the，次序、方位、最高级 世上物体独一个，人或事物再次提 以下情况冠词免，学科球类三顿饭 名词复数表泛指，季节星期月份前 不定冠词a，an用法：泛指 1、不定冠词a (an)是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。

2、表示"一个"，意为one;指某人或某物，意为a certain。A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 3、代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 二、定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那(这)个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 定冠词the用法：特定 1、特指双方都明白的人或物，例如：Take the medicine.把药吃了。 2、上文提到过的人或事，例如：He bought a house.Ive been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3、指世上独一物二的事物，例如：the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth. 4、单数名词连用表示一类事物，例如：:the dollar 美元，the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5、用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same 等前面，例如：Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住

英语中定冠词The的用法

英语中定冠词The的用法 大家都知道冠词是虚词，主要放在名词前，说明名词所表示的人或物，不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词分为不定冠词a/an；定冠词the。今天小编给大家详细说说是定冠词the的几种用法。 1、表示双方都知道的人或者事物。如： How about the charity show? 慈善义演进行得怎么样？ I think she should get the job. 我认为她应该得到那份工作。 2、表示特指的或者上文已经提到过的人或事物。如： Last year we went to see an old people, the old people was very healthy. Do you know the girl in yellow skirt? I really like the book you lent me yesterday. 3、表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：

The moon reflects the sun. 月亮反射太阳的光。 As time goes on, we will know more about the earth. 随着时间的推移，我们将会更加了解地球。 4、用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。 The first lesson is the easiest to learn. Li Lian said the best way to learn English was by reading English magazines. Father’s Day falls on the third Sunday in June. 5、用在姓氏的复数形式钱表示一家人，谓语动词要用复数。如： The Greens are watching TV now. The Browns had a good time in Paris. 6、用在一些专有名词前面。https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0417801245.html, 如：

(初一上)冠词用法_a_an_the用法讲解加练习

冠词a an the 的用法 ※不定冠词a 和an, 表示微弱的“一”的概念，表示的名词不特定为哪一个。a 用在辅音因素开头的单词或字母前，an 用在以元音因素开头的单词或字母前。 ①表示数量“一”。a book an egg a useful tool an hour ②笼统地指某人或某物，但不具体说明。 There is a car in the yard ③泛指某一类人或事物 A horse is a useful animal. ④首次提到的人或者事物 This is a key. ⑤表示某一类人或者事物中的一个 There is an elephant in the zoo. ※the 是定冠词，表示特指的人，或物或者群体，起作用相当于指示代词this, that, these, those, 表示“这（个），那（个），这些，那些”。它可以用在单、复数、或者不可数名词前，但是名词前有a, an , this, my 等限定词修饰时不能同时使用the。 The可以用在名词前，表示 ①上文中提到的人或者事物。This is a pen. The pen is red. ②特指说话双方都知道的人或者事物。What color is the quilt? ③用来指世界上独一无二的事物。The sun is bigger than the moon.

练习一、用a, an, the “/”填空。 1.This is _______ red pen. 2.This is____ “H” and this is_____ “C”. 3.Yao Ming is _______NBA player. 4.What’s this in _______ English? It’s _______ map. 5.The _______ English boy is Bob. 6.There is ______ apple on the table. 7.This is _______ orange. _______ orange is _______ green. 8. This is a pen. ______ pen is yellow. 9. Where is ______ jacket, please? 10. ______ sun is red. It is very beautiful. 11. Can you play ______ guitar? 12. I can play ______ ping-pong, but I can’t play ______ piano. 练习二、选择题 7. ----What’s this in English?----It’s _______ A. orange B. a green orange C. an green orange 8. It’s_______ black. It’s _______ black jacket. A. /; / B. a; / C. /; a 9. ---What’s this? --- It’s _______ ID card. A. an B. a C. /