外研社高二英语第一讲讲义

Module 1 British and American English

一：语法通关

语法点1:动词的形式复习（一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时与一般将来时）

语法点2:现在完成时中，since与for的区别

动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好

牛刀小试：根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态

1. ---The window is dirty.

--- I know. It ________ for weeks.

A. hasn’t clean

B. didn’t clean

C. wasn’t cleaned

D. hasn’t been cleaned

2. Scientists think that the continents always where they today.

A. aren’t; are

B. aren’t; were

C. weren’t; are

D. weren’t; were

3. They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and

now we it as no good results have come out so far.

A. had been working; are still working

B. had worked; were still working

C. have worked; were still working

D. have worked; are still working

4. The country life he was used to greatly since 1992.

A. change

B. has changed

C. changing

D. have changed

5. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year.

A. is washing away

B. is being washed away

C. are washing away

D. are being washed away

6. --________David and Vicky ________married?

--For about three years．

A. How long were；being

B. How long have；got

C. How long have；been

D. How long did；get

7. When the old man to walk back to his house, the sun itself behind the

mountain.

A. started; had already hidden

B. had started; had already hidden

C. had started; was hiding

D. was starting; hid

8. --- What would you do if it tomorrow?

--- We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.

A. rain

B. rains

C. will rain

D. is raining

9. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when and see him.

A. you will come

B.will you come

C. you come

D. do you come

二：文章与词汇

Module 1 British and American English

Words, words, words

British and American English are different in many ways. The first and most obvious way is in the vocabulary. There are hundreds of different words which are not used on the other side of the Atlantic, or which are used with a different meaning. Some of these words are well known — Americans drive automobiles down freeways and fill up with gas; the British drive cars along motorways and fill up with petrol. As a tourist, you will need to use the underground in London or the subway in New York, or maybe you will prefer to get around the town by taxi (British) or cab (American). Chips or French fries?

But other words and expressions are not so well known. Americans use a flashlight, while for the British, it's a torch. The British queue up; Americans stand in line. Sometimes the same word has a slightly different meaning, which can be confusing. Chips, for example, are pieces of hot fried potato in Britain; in the States chips are very thin and are sold in packets. The British call these crisps. The chips the British know and love are French fries on the other side of the Atlantic.

Have or have got?

There are a few differences in grammar, too. The British say Have you got ...? while Americans prefer Do you have ...? An American might say My friend just arrived, but a British person would say My friend has just arrived. Prepositions, too, can be different: compare on the team, on the weekend (American) with in the team, at the weekend (British). The British use prepositions where Americans sometimes omit them (I'll see you Monday; Write me soon!).

Colour or color?

The other two areas in which the two varieties differ are spelling and pronunciation. American spelling seems simpler: center, color and program instead of centre, colour and programme. Many factors have influenced American pronunciation since the first settlers arrived four hundred years ago. The accent, which is most similar to British English, can be heard on the East Coast of the US. When the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw made the famous remark that the British and the Americans are two nations divided by a common language, he was obviously thinking about the differences. But are they really so important? After all, there is probably as much variation of pronunciation within the two countries as between them. A Londoner has more difficulty understanding a Scotsman from Glasgow than understanding a New Yorker.

Turn on the TV

Some experts believe that the two varieties are moving closer together. For more than a century communications across the Atlantic have developed steadily. Since the 1980s, with satellite TV and the Internet, it has been possible to listen to British and American English at the flick of a switch. This non-stop communication, the experts

think, has made it easier for British people and Americans to understand each other. But it has also led to lots of American words and structures passing into British English, so that some people now believe that British English will disappear. However, if you turn on CNN, the American TV network, you find newsreaders and weather forecasters all speaking with different accents —American, British, Australian, and even Spanish. One of the best-known faces, Monita Rajpal, was born in Hong Kong, China, and grew up speaking Chinese and Punjabi, as well as English. This international dimension suggests that in the future, there are going to be many "Englishes", not just two main varieties. But the message is "Don't worry." Users of English will all be able to understand each other — wherever they are.

1.have …in common 有相同的特点43. look n. 外观；外表；样子

2. linguist n. 语言学家44. criticize vt. 批评

3. make a difference 有影响，使不相同45. standard adj. 标准的

4. accent n. 口音46. reference n. 参考；查阅

5. obvious adj. 显然的；显而易见的

6. motorway n. （英）高速公路

7. underground n. （英）地铁

8. subway n. （美）地铁

9. get around 四处走动（旅行）

10. flashlight n. （美）手电筒；火把

11. queue vi. （英）排队（等候）

12. confusing adj. 令人困惑的；难懂的

13. preposition n. 介词

14. compare vt.比较

15. omit vt. 省略

16. variety n. 种类

17. differ vi. 不同；有区别

18. settler n. 移民；定居者

19. be similar to 与……相似

20. remark n. 评论；讲话

21. variation n. 变化

22. have difficulty (-in) doing sth. 做某事有困难

23. steadily adv. 不断地；持续地

24. satellite n. 卫星

25. flick n. 轻打；轻弹；抖动

26. switch n. 开关

27. lead to 引起；导致

28. structure n. 结构；体系

29. rapidly adv. 迅速地

30. announcement n. 声明；宣告

31. linguistics n. 语言学

32. edition n. （广播、电视节目的）期；版

33. cute adj. 逗人喜爱的

34. add vt. 加；增加

35. in favour of 同意；支持

36. present vt. 陈述；提出（观点、计划等）

37. refer to ... as … 称……为……

38. attempt n. 努力；尝试

39. simplify vt. 简化

40. combination n. 组合；结合

41.thanks to 幸亏，多亏

42. distinctive adj. 与众不同的

三：Cultural corner

(一)英美语言差异

尽管英美两个国家都是讲英语的，但是美国英语和英国英语是不相同的。英国人与美国人虽然说的都叫英语，但这两种英语的差异还是很大的，学英语的人都知道，英语中有英式发音和美式发音两种。英国人的英语，相对而言，发音比较清楚，连读的部分较少，一般听起来相对比较字正腔圆;而美国人说英语，则秉持这能省则省，能连就连的原则，因此，对于把英语作为第二语言的人来说，听英国人的发音相比较下会舒服得多，而如果要习惯美音，恐怕只有在美国生活过的人才真正做到了。另外，两国在字词上的用法也有很多的不同。

二)英美生活习俗差异

英国人和美国人在自己日常生活习俗上也有区别。从服饰上看，英国2人非常讲究衣着，讲究绅士风度，西装革履，皮鞋锃亮。美国人则比较随便，想穿什么就是什么，以自己舒适为主，不会去介意别人的评价，别人也不会去评价。从饮食上看两国的美食都像英语一样，是一个大杂烩，广泛吸收了世界各地不同文化的影响。众所周知，英国是一个聚集了诸多绅士淑女的地方，而英国的饮食，也处处散发着英国上流社会应有的高贵气质，从选材到烹饪，再到餐桌上的一言一行，英国人无不将细致发挥到了极致。特别在餐桌礼仪上，不能在餐桌上说话，不能有餐具敲击的声音，刀叉的握法……几乎所有我们所了解的法式西餐的规则都被英国人所遵守而同样是吃饭，到了美国人身上，则就显得随意了许多。美国式饮食不讲究精细，追求快捷方便，也不奢华，比较大众化。一日三餐都比较随便。老美的最爱便是所谓的垃圾食品。对于生活节奏极快的老美来说，五分钟就能搞定的汉堡薯条显然要比规矩多多的西式大餐要吸引人的多。

(三)美国人的性格和英国人也是不相同的

有人把美国人的性格概括成：热情、开朗、冒险、创新、奔放活剥、直白的幽默；相对应英国人的性格特点是：冷漠、含蓄、内敛、保守、理性严谨、绅士的幽默。

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10. award 奖品，授予 11. admire 赞美，钦佩 12. look forward to 期望，盼望 13. day and night 日夜 14. as though 好像 15. have fun with 玩的开心 16. permission 许可，允许 17. turn up 出现，到场 18. keep ones word 守信用 19. hold ones breath 屏息 20. apologize 道歉 21. obvious 显然的 22. set off 出发，动身，使爆炸 【重点句型】 1. Please make sure when and where the accident took place. 请查清楚事故是何时何地发生的。

2. Some festival are held to honour the dead, or satisfy and please the ancestors, who could return either to help or to do harm. 还有一些节日，是为了纪念死者、满足或取悦祖先，因为(祖先们)有可能回到世上帮助他们，也有可能带来危害。 3. In Japan the festival is called Obon，when people should go to clean the graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors.(非限制性定语从句) 在日本，这个节叫孟兰盆节，在这个节日里，人们要上坟、扫墓、烧香，以缅怀祖先。 4. They dress up and try to frighten people. 他们乔装打扮去吓唬别人。 5. If they are not given anything, the children might play a trick. 如果你什么也不打发给孩子，他们可能会捉弄别人。

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