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《自考英汉翻译教程》各章节习题详解

《英汉翻译教程》各章节习题详解

第1章Unit 1 Stories

一、Bill Morrow's Birthday Party

(一)解说:

1. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill's birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.

此句中“his”为代词,出现在先,“Bill”这实词,出现在后,这是英语的习惯表达法。译成汉语时,往往先出现实词,后出现代词。此句应译为“比尔作为中国政府的客人访问中国,好几次都赶上在北京过生日。”

2. "On these occasions he was given a dinner in his honour and Premier Zhou En-lai would attend." 短语“On these occasions”意为上句提到的在北京所过的生日,故译作“每次”较为恰当。

3. 'all Nanjing will enjoy it too,'

此句运用了修辞手法—借代。“Nanjing”指的是“住在南京的人”。汉语中也有借代,故英译汉时应保留该修辞手法,以达到保留原作风格的目的。全句可译为“全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。”

4. 英语中被动语态用得比较多,汉语里有,但用得少。本短文里共有六处被动语态,可根据上下文情况做出调整。

第一处:On these occasions he was given a dinner in his honour and Premier Zhou En-lai would attend. 可译作“每次主人总要为他举行宴会,周恩来总理也出席。”

第二处:such as when he was taken in a boat down the Grand Canal...可译作“比如在他乘船沿大运河南下的时候,”

第三处:Or when he was shown over the great Nanjing bridge,可译作“再比如参观南京长江大桥,”

第四处:He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on,可译作“天快黑了,人家给了他一把椅子,请他坐下等一会儿。”

第五处:then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.可译作“忽然电灯全亮了,照出了整个大桥的轮廓。”

第六处:'all Nanjing will enjoy it too,' he was told.可译作“大家对他说:…全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。?”

(二)参考译文:

比尔?莫罗的寿宴

比尔作为中国政府的客人访问中国,好几次者赶上在北京过生日。每次,主人总要为他举行宴会,周恩来总理也出席。他还记得第一次生日宴会的情景:

我在饭店吃饭,最后总是吃冰激凌。我吃得津津有味,惹得那些女服务员发笑。这次生日宴会,周恩来在场。快到结束的时候,他站起来,走到柜台前,要了一杯冰激凌,放在我面前——别忘了,他可是总理呀!他对我说:“这是为您准备的。”我说:“没想到您会说英语呀。”他笑了起来,接着说:“一点点。”一面说着,一面用食指和拇指比划着。后来有时候我们单独在一起,他就跟我说英语。

“这是为您准备的。”这句话,比尔?莫罗在许多难忘的场合听到过——比如在他乘般沿大运河南下的时候,从旁边驶过的每一条般都拉响汽笛,表示敬意。再比如参观南京长江大桥;在修这座桥以前,要靠渡般在这里运送火车过江。参观大桥的时候,天快黑了,人家给了他一把椅子,请他坐下等一会儿。忽然电灯全亮了,照出了整个大桥的轮廓。“这是为您准备的。”他不满地说道:“你们不应该费这么多电,就为了让我高兴。”人家对他说:“全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。”

比尔?莫罗想了解一些新的情况,周恩来就安排北京大学的专家向他作介绍。比尔说:“我在国内不过是个流浪汉,而你们在这里却把我当成一位要人。”周恩来却说:“您做过些什么,我们是知道的。”

二、The Story of My Life (Excerpt 2)

(一)解说:

1. I felt approaching footsteps. 我感到有人走近。

"approaching"是现在分词,作定语,修辞"footsteps"。字面意思为“渐近的脚步”。为了符合汉语表达习惯,全句译作“我感到有人走近。”

2. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. 于是我伸出了手,以为把手伸向母亲。

此句与上一句在内容上接得很紧,而且都很短。故加了“于是”加强衔接。

"as I suppose"意为:以为。

3. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more that all things else, to love me. 不知是谁抓住了我的手,把我拉过去,紧紧地搂在她的怀里。就是她教我认识了世上的各种事物,而且不仅如此,她还疼爱我。

"who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more that all things else, to love me"是定语从句。译成汉语时可单独

成句,以符合汉语的表达方式。

限定性定语从句的翻译方法一般分为三种:(1)合并法,即在句式较短的情况下,将定语从句用“…的”结构译出;(2)分译法,即化整为零,分别翻译——对于长而复杂的定语从句,我们可以采取此法;(3)混合法,即打破原文的定语结构,译者根据自己对原文的正确理解,用自己的话译出原文的意思。本句采用了分译法。

"reveal sth. to sb." 意为:make sth. known to sb. 让某人知晓某物。

4. When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride. 我终于把这几个字母写对了,这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。

"flush" 意为:(of a person's face) become red because of a rush of blood to the skin; blush (指人的面部)变红,发红。

例:Mary flushed crimson with embarrassment. 玛丽羞得脸红了。

本句对“flush”的处理应考虑到短语“childish pleasure and pride”,这里的形容词加名词的表述被译成汉语时用副词加动词更通顺,所以主句译作“这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲”。

5. I was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation. 不过是像猴子一样用手指模仿而已。“monkey-like imitation”这个形容词加名词的短语同样被处理成状语加动词,即“像猴子一样模仿”。

6. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomhending way a great many words. 往后我这样学着拼写,虽然并不理解意思,却也拼出了许多词。“in this uncomhending way”在译成汉语时可拿出来单独处理。因为如译作“以不理解的方式学拼写”则很费解,因此译文把形容词uncomhending抽出来,放在后面单独处理,译作“虽然并不理解意思”。

7. I left the wellhouse eager to learn. 我满怀着学习的愿望离开了井台。

前面省略了一些情节,主要是老师在屋里教她“水”这个词,她怎么也弄不明白,后来她们来到进边,她一接触水,就全明白了。所以她“满怀着学习的愿望离开了井台”。

8. As we returned to the house every object which I touched seemed to quiver with life. 回到屋里以后,仿佛我所接触的每一件东西都活了。

“quiver”意为:tremble slightly or vibrate微震;震颤,“quiver with life”意译为“活了”。

9. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. 因为我是用刚刚产生的这种新奇的视角来看待一切的。“strange”在本句中不是“奇怪的”,而是“陌生的”、“不熟悉的”。“sight”如译作“视力”太具体,必竟她是个盲人,故译作“视角”。

10. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. 我摸索着走到壁炉前,捡起碎片。

“hearth”意为:area in front of a fireplace 炉前区域,壁炉边。

11. I tried vainly to put them together. 我想把这些碎片拼在一起,可是拼不起来。

“vainly”意为:uselessly or futilely 无用的;无效的;徒劳的。这个副词经常是拿到后面单独处理的。所以译作“可是拼不起来”。

12. ..., and for the first time I felt repentance and sorrow. …,我第一次感到后悔,感到难过。

“repentance”意为:regret or sorrow for wrongdoing 因做错事而懊悔。

13. Like Aaron's rod, with flowers. 就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。

这个典故出自《旧约?民数记》第17章第8节。外国人都熟悉,所以作者没有提《圣经》。为了帮助中国读者了解,译文加了“就像《圣经》上说的”几个字。

关于这个典故概述如下:

摩西得十诫这后,以色列人中有个名叫可拉的,纠集二百五十个有名望的首领,攻击摩西、亚伦(Aaron),遭到耶和华的惩罚,活活地堕落阴间。

耶和华对摩西说:

“你晓谕以色列人,从他们每一支派的首领那里取来一根杖,共取十二根。你要将各人的名字写在各人的杖上,在利未支派的杖上写上亚伦的名字。你要把这些杖存放在会幕内法柜前,就是我与你相会之处。后来我拣选的那人,他的杖必定发芽。”

于是摩西晓谕以色列人,他们的支派首领就把杖交给他,按着十二支派,每个首领一根,共有十二根。亚伦的杖也在其中。摩西把这些杖存放在法柜的帐幕内。

第二天,摩西走进法柜的帐幕,发现利未支派亚伦的杖头已经发了芽,生了花苞,开了花,结了熟杏。

摩西就把所有的杖从耶和华面前拿出来,给以色列人看。他们全看见亚伦的杖头发了芽开了花。各首领都把自己的杖领回去,唯有亚伦的杖还放在法柜前,给那些背叛之子留作记号。

14. It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and

lived over the joys it had brought me...在这个意义重大的日子即将结束的时候,我躺在小床上回顾一天的欢乐,恐怕再也找不到比我更幸福的孩子了。

“It would have been difficult...”是作者的感受,在汉语里一般放在句末。

(二)参考译文:

我的生活(摘录2)

海伦?凯勒

我感到有人走近,于是伸出了手,以为是把手伸向母亲。不知是谁抓住了我的手,把我拉过去,紧紧地搂在她的怀里。就是她教我认识了世上的各种事物,而且不仅如此,她还疼爱我。

老师来了以后,第二天早上就把我领到她的屋里,给了我一个布娃娃。娃娃是帕金斯盲童学校的学生送我的,是劳拉?布里几曼把他打扮起来的,这都是我后来才知道的。我拿着娃娃玩了一会儿之后,沙利文小姐就在我手心里慢慢地写了几个字母:“d-o-l-l”(娃娃)。我马上对这种用手指在手心里写字的游戏产生了兴趣,接着就模仿起来。我终于把这几个字母写对了,这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。我跑下楼去找母亲,向她伸出手拼写“娃娃”这个词。当时我并不知道自己是在拼写一个词,甚至不知道有所谓词,不过是像猴子一样用手指模仿而已。往后我就这样学着拼写,虽然并不理解意思,却也拼出了许多词,其中有pin (别针),hat(帽子),cup(茶杯),还有几个动词,如sit(坐),stand(站),walk(走)。老师教了我好几个星期以后我才知道每样东西都是有名称的。

……

我满怀着学习的愿望离开了井台。每件东西都有名字,每个名字都引出一个新的概念。回到屋里以后,仿佛我所接触的每一件东西都活了,因为我是用刚刚产生的这种新奇的视角来看待一切的。一进门,我就想起了被我摔碎的娃娃。我摸索着走到壁炉前,捡起碎片。我想把这些碎片拼在一起,可是拼不起来了。我的眼里随即充满了泪水,因为我意识到自己做了一件什么事,我第一次感到后悔,感到难过。

那一天我学了许多新词,也记不清都有哪些词了。但是其中肯定有“母亲”、“父亲”、“姐姐”、“老师”——后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前,就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。在这个意义重大的日子即将结束的时候,我躺在小床上回顾一天的欢乐,恐怕再也找不到比我更幸福的孩子了。我生平第一次盼望新的一天快快到来。

三、我为乘客服务

(一)解说:

1. 有一次,在拥挤的车厢门口,我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一个女乘客:“您下车吗?” Once I heard

a man politely ask a woman in front of him at the crowded door of the bus, "Are you getting off?"

原文中的“车厢”从下一段的“60路”可以得知是公交车的车厢而不是火车车厢,故译作“bus”。

原文中的“男乘客”和“女乘客”因已有地点限制,故分别译作“a man”和“a woman”即可,“passenger”一词不必译出。

同理,原文中的“下车”也只需译成“get off”,而无须译作“get off the bus”。此处译文用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。

2. 随后的两个“下车”都译作“Getting off”,因为在口语中“are you”部分通常被省略。

3. 他急了,捅了一下那女乘客,也引得车厢里的人都往这里看。Very much irritated, he gave her a slight push, which attracted the attention of other passengers.

译文中的“Very much irritated”是过去分词短语作状语,它的逻辑主语就是主句中的“he”。

译文中的“which”引导非限制性定语从句,指前半句说的这件事。

4. 见此情景,我猛然想起在60路沿线上有家福利工厂,女乘客可能就是个聋哑人听不见声音。At this point, I suddenly remembered that there was a welfare factory on the route of Bus No. 60 and that the woman might be a deaf mute from there.

原文中的“见此情景”译作“at this point”,意为“此刻”,和后面的“猛然”在语气上前后呼应。

译文中的“from there”是根据原文添加的。这个聋哑女乘客应该是福利工厂的。

原文中的“听不见声音”没有译出,因为已经说明是聋哑人了。

5. 我赶忙向男乘客作了解释,又…… I told the man what I was thinking and then ......

此句不能直接用“explain”来翻译,因为“explain”是及物动词,要有宾语,但此处没有宾语。

6. 举到女乘客的眼前:… When I showed it to the woman, ......

此原文被处理成一个时间状语从句并往后移到“女乘客点了点头,把道让开了。”的前面。这样处理后,原文引号中的内容就直接跟在“又用纸条写了一句话”的后面,非常紧凑;女乘客看了纸条上的字后点头让道也很自然。

7. 从此以后,我就特别注意聋哑人的特征,…… Since then, I have paid special attention to those who look like deaf mutes.

“我”并不是简单地注意聋哑人的特征,而是留意哪些人看起来像聋哑人,他可以去帮助他们,故“特征”一词不必译出来,而是根据原文意思将其译成“to those who look like deaf mutes”。

8. 比如,我可以用哑语问他们:…… with which I can say such things as ......

原句和上一句是断开的,但在译成英语时用了一个介词前置的定语从句直接跟在上一句后面。这样处理也十分紧凑。

9. 这样,不仅我能更好地为他们服务,也减少了一些他们与其他乘客的误会和纠纷。In this way, I can render them better service and be friends with them and also reduce their misunderstandings and conflicts with other passengers.

译文中用了“and ... and ...and also”来表示递进关系。

原文“与他们进行感情交流”没有逐字翻译,而是译作“be friends with them”。

(二)参考译文:

How I Serve the Passengers

by Li Suli

Once I heard a man politely ask a woman in front of him at the crowded door of the bus, "Are you getting off?" The woman made no response. "Getting off?" he asked again. The woman still made no response. "Getting off, or not?" he shouted, as he was getting impatient, but there was still no response. "Are you deaf, or dumb?" he burst out. Very much irritated, he gave her a slight push, which attracted the attention of other passengers. Also irritated, the woman stared at him and hit back.

At this point, I suddenly remembered that there was a welfare factory on the route of Bus No. 60 and that the woman might be a deaf mute from there. I told the man what I was thinking and then I wrote on a slip of paper: "Excuse me, but he wants to get off. He's asked you several times, but you didn't seem to hear him. Right?" When I showed it to the woman, she nodded and made way for him.

Since then I have paid special attention to those who look like deaf mutes. I have learned from them some sign language with which I can say such things as "Hello, how are you?" "Where are you going?" "Please move on!" "Thanks!" In this way, I can render them better service and be friends with them and also reduce their misunderstandings and conflicts with other passengers.

第2章Unit 2 History

Exercise 4

The Industrial Revolution

一、解说

1、The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760.

工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。

a train of:“一长串”,这里可根据上下文译成“一系列”

change: n. (an example of) the act or result of changing,这里译成”变革“更好。

2、It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.

It is not alone = it is not the only one 因此译成“它不是唯一的一次革命”更好。

triad: a group of 3 closely related people or things

tri-= three

one of a triad of revolutions:三大革命之一。

of which 引导一个非限制性定语从句:the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.这个非限制性定语从句本身又包含两个限制性定语从句:that started in 1775和that started in 1789分别修饰the American Revolution 和the French Revolution,英汉翻译时,一般来说,非限制性定语从句与中心词分句翻译,限制性定语从句,特别是不长的,翻译时放在中心词之前。因此,句子可以译成:

它不是唯一的一次革命,而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。3、It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. The Industrial Revolution is simply the English way of making those social changes, I think of it as the English Revolution.

packet: 包裹,这里是隐喻

译文:把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起,或许有点奇怪。但是,事实上,它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。

4、What makes it especially English?

在此,English= of / belong to England ; especially = particularly

译文:是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢?

5、The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, the blacksmith.这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人:磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。

6、What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside. 扎根于农村,正是这场革命的英国特色。

这是一句强调句式的句子。等于The fact that the Industrial Revolution is rooted in the countryside makes it particularly English.

类例:

What worried him was that he had never had such experiences before.

7、During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventurers.

在18世纪上半叶,在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时,英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。

an Indian summer不能直接译成“印地安夏季”。翻译过程中,不仅要根据上下文理解理解语言现象、理解逻辑关系,还要理解原文所涉及的事物,这里an Indian summer:的意思是a pleasant or successful time nearly at the end of a particular period, such as the end of someone's life,因此译成“最后的极盛时期”才符合原文意义。类例:John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直。这里eat no fish 指“忠实”,Play the game= play fair(规规矩矩地比赛),转义为“公平对待”、“举止光明正大”、“为人正直”等。

8、The summer faded. 繁荣消失。

9、The organisation of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough.

以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。

这里使用了增词法。Organization是由动词派生出来的抽象名词,在译成汉语时,在其后增加适当的名词,可以更清楚地表达抽象意义,并使译文更符合汉语习惯。

类例:When you have made all the parations, please inform me in time.

一切准备工作就绪后,请及时告之。

10、Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed.

在两代人的时间内,大约从1760年到1820年,传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。

11、Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen.

在1760年以前,通常是把工作交给村民,让他们在家里干。到了1820年,则通常是把工人带进工厂,让他们在监督之下干活。

句中standard的意思是used or accepted as normal or average 所以译成“一般”、“通常”更好。

二、参考译文

工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。它不是唯一的一次革命,而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起,或许有点奇怪。但是,事实上,它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。

是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢?不言而喻,因为它开始于英国。英国那时已经成为头号的制造业国家。不过当时的制造业只是农家手工业,而工业革命就是在农村开始的。这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人:磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。扎根于农村,正是这场革命的英国特色。

在18世纪上半叶,在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时,英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。繁荣消失。贸易竞争越来越激烈。到18世纪末,工业的需求更加紧张,更加迫切。以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。在两代人的时间内,大约从1760年到1820年,传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。在1760年以前,通常是把工作交给村民,让他们在家里干。到了1820年,则通常是把工人带进工厂,让他们在监督之下干活。

Exercise 5

Machines and Science Help Farmers

一、解说

1、本练习选自《美国历史简介》的REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE章节。

2、Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation's basic occupation. = Although there had been great gains in industry, agriculture continued to be the basic occupation.

gains: increasing in weight, speed, height or amount这里是increasing in speed的意思

occupation: 表示“a person's job"时,在较正规的场合用。如果译成:

“尽管工业方面取得了很大进步,但农业始终是国家的基本事业。”不是很自然,不如意译成:

“尽管工业方面取得了很大进步,但这个国家仍然以农业为主。”更为通顺。

注意:

在直译不能很好地表达原文的意义时,可以意译,使译文读起来更通顺。但是意译不是胡来乱译,一定要忠实于原文。

3、The revolution in agriculture -- paralleling that in manufacturing after the Civil War -- involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture.

parallel something: happen at the same time 与...同时发生

that:指前面提到的the revolution

involve: bring about导致

a shift from... to...从...到...的转变

译文:

战后,在制造业领域内发生革命的同时,农业领域内也在发生一场革命,带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。这里subsistence直译成“维持生计”让人不能理解,应译为“自耕自给农业”。翻译时要根据上下文来理解。这里我们使用了增词法,增加“农业”使译文更通顺。本句的翻译也用到结构转换的理论。

4、Between 1860 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States tripled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million, while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares. 在一八六O年至一九一○年间,美国的农场数目增加了两倍,自二百万个增加到六百万个,耕地的面积扩大了一倍多,从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。

5、Between 1860 and 1890, the production of such basic commodities as wheat, corn and cotton outstripped all vious figures in the United States. 从一八六O年至一八九O年,各种基本农产品的生产,如小麦、玉米和棉花等,都超过了美国以前的产量。

6、In the same period, the nation's population more than doubled, with largest growth in the cities. 同时,全国人口也增加一倍多,城市人口增长最快。

7、But the American farmer grew enough grain and cotton, raised enough beef and pork, and clipped enough wool not only to supply American workers and their families but also to create ever-increasing surpluses.

然而,美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花,提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉,收剪的羊毛,不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要,并且剩余量日益增加。

8、Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the West. Another was the application of machinery to farming.

extraordinary :非凡的;惊人的

account for: explain

farming:耕作

译文:

取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因:第一个原因是向西部的扩展,第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。

9、The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut 20 percent of a hectare of wheat a day. With the cradle, 30 years later, he might cut 80 percent of a hectare daily. 在一八○○年,一个农民使用镰刀,在一天之内,可望收割五分之一公顷小麦,但三十年后,使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀,每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。

10、In 1840 Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the reaper, the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years. 到一八四O年,麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机,竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。

注意这里定语从句he had been developing for nearly 10 years使用“合并法”翻译,译文中该从句放在被修饰词之前。

11、Foreseeing the demand, he headed west to the young prairie town of Chicago, where he set up a factory -- and by 1860 sold a quarter of a million reapers.

where he set up a factory为非限制性定语从句,用“分译法”翻译

Foreseeing the demand现在分词短语作状语,主句中headed和sold为并列的两个动词作谓语。

a quarter of a million:1/4百万,也就是“25万”。

译文:

由于他的远见,他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥,在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O年,他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。

12、Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science.

本句因为Scarcely放于句首,句子倒装。

Scarcely less important这里可以采用反译法。译成“几乎同等重要”。类例:I never see her but I want to kiss her.我每次看见她都想吻她。

译文:

在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。

13、In 1862 the Morrill Land Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 一八六二年,根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”,国会把公用地分配给各州,以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关,另一方面,也是农业科学的研究中心。

14、Congress subsequently appropriated funds for the creation of agricultural experiment stations throughout the country and also granted funds directly to the Department of Agriculture for research purposes.

appropriated:拨专款后来

译文:

国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站,并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。

15、By the beginning of the new century, scientists throughout the United States were at work on a wide variety of agricultural projects.

在新世纪开始时,在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。

二、参考译文

机器和科学帮助农民

尽管工业方面取得了很大进步,但这个国家仍然以农业为主。战后,在制造业领域内发生革命的同时,农业领域内也在发生一场革命,带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。在一八六O年至一九一○年间,美国的农场数目增加了两倍,自二百万个增加到六百万个,耕地的面积扩大了一倍多,从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。

从一八六O年至一八九O年,各种基本农产品的生产,如小麦、玉米和棉花等,都超过了美国以前的产量。同时,全国人口也增加一倍多,城市人口增长最快。然而,美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花,提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉,收剪的羊毛,不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要,并且剩余量日益增加。

取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因:第一个原因是向西部的扩展,第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。在一八○○年,一个农民使用镰刀,在一天之内,可望收割五分之一公顷小麦,但三十年后,使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀,每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。到一八四O年,麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机,竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。由于他的远见,他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥,在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O年,他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。

在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。一八六二年,根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”,国会把公用地分配给各州,以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关,另一方面,也是农业科学的研究中心。后来,国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站,并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。在新世纪开始时,在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。

Exercise 6 五四运动

一、解说

1、本练习选自《北京日报》,简述了五四运动的历史和意义。

2、第一次世界大战后,帝国主义对中国加紧侵略,北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降,对内残酷压迫人民,给中国带来了深重的民族危机。

1)第一次世界大战:可译为the First World War “第二次世界大战”可译为:the Second World War, World War Two, World War II。

2)汉语句子往往把逻辑意义隐含在字里行间,译成英语时需要用连接词或时态表现出来。本句描述五四运动的

历史背景:从国内和国外两方面的势力讲,可用while连接。

“给中国带来了深重的民族危机”,表示结果,英语中可用分词短语、不定式、so that引导从句等方式表示。这里,用分词短语表示较合适。

类例:

1949年她丈夫死了,给她丢下了五个孩子。

Her husband died in 1949, leaving her with five children.

他们开枪打死了我们一个巡逻兵。

They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen.

译文:

After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, landing China in a grave national crisis.

3、一九一九年“巴黎和会”上中国外交的失败,激起了中国人民的极大愤慨。

China's diplomatic setback at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people.

4、五月四日,北京三千多学生在天安门前集会,他们高呼“外争国权,内惩国贼”、“废除二十一条”等口号,举行示威游行。

原文是一个复句,在翻译时,一般首先从逻辑上仔细分析,弄清各分句之间的关系,区分开哪个分句为主,然后按照英语表达习惯,适当处理,一般,从属的分句可采用非限定性短语或介词短语来表达,或通过增加关联词或从句形式来处理。本句“三千多学生”和“他们”是指同一个动作的发出者,因此“集会”和“举行示威游行”可以列为同一主语下的并列的动词作谓语,而“高呼”在此表示“集会”和“举行示威游行”的状态,因此应从属于前面两动作,用现在分词表示较合适。

译文:

On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as "Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors! ", "Abolish the Twenty-one Demands!"

5、他们要求惩办卖国贼曹汝霖、陆宗舆、章宗祥,并火烧了曹宅,痛打了章宗祥。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压,捕去学生30多名。

They demand the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxi-ang be punished. They set fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang. The government called out troops and policemen to supss the demonstrators. Over thirty students were arrested.

这里根据英语动词supss的需要,增加了原文中省略的动词的宾语“the demonstrators”。另外把句子“北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压,捕去学生30多名。”用断句法翻译更好。因为用被动句式翻译“捕去学生30多名”,这篇历史性的报道显得更客观。

6、那时候,各地学生纷纷响应北京学生的反帝爱国斗争。具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子李大钊、毛泽东、周恩来等同志分别在北京、长沙、天津,指导了这场伟大的反帝运动。

原文中的“纷纷”较难译,“响应”不能简单地译为“respond to",分别意译成“one...after another..."和“support"较好。具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子:intellectuals with the rudiments of communism

译文:

Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing. The intellectuals with the rudiments of communism, Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other comrades supervised this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.

7、六月三日,北京学生组织演讲队,开展大规模的宣传活动,军阀政府对学生的镇压变本加厉,捕去170多人。"捕去170多人"用被动语态翻译更适合语境。

On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda. The government intensified its supssion and over 170 students were arrested.

8、“六、三”以后,主要是青年学生参加的五四爱国运动,发展成为无产阶级、小资产阶级和民族资历产阶级共同参加的全国范围的革命运动。无产阶级成为运动的主力。上海、唐山、长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威,中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台,暗示了他的伟大力量。

根据上下文,这里的“纷纷”表示“多”。

From then on, the May 4th patriotic movement, which had been conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide revolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took

part, with the proletariat as the mainstay. Large numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations. For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.

9、在全国人民反帝爱国的压力下,北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生,撤消三个卖国贼的职务,拒绝在德国“和约”上签字,反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。

原文是一个没有关联词的较长的复句,如果同样译成一个长句,在结构上有困难,语意也不清楚,可以通过断句法来处理。原文是一句先分后总的总分复句,翻译时可在句子的结尾部分断句,即将最后的总结部分(“反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利”)断开,单独译作一句。

译文:

Under the ssure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and refuse to sign in the "Peace Treaty" with Germany. This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism."

10、五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动,它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合,在思想上、干部上为中国产党的成立作了准备,是中国新民主主义革命的开端。

原文是一句先总后分的总分复句,可以把总说部分单独译成一句。后面分说部分可以译成一句并列复句。由于分说部分有三层明显的意义,所以也可以分别译成独立的三个句子。

译文:

The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism. It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement. It paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution.

二、参考译文

The May 4th Movement

After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, thus landing China in a grave national crisis. China's diplomatic setback at the Pans Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people. On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as "Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors!", "Abolish the Twenty-one Demands! " They called for punishment to be meted out to the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang. They set fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang. The government called out troops and policemen to supss the demonstrators and over thirty students were arrested.

Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing. Comrades Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other intellectuals who already had some knowledge of communism guided this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.

On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda. The government intensified its supssion and arrested over 170 students. From this point on, the May 4th patriotic movement, hitherto conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide evolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took part, with the proletariat as the mainstay. Large numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations. For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.

Under the ssure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students it had arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and withhold its signature from the "Peace Treaty" with Germany. This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism.

The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism. It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement, and it paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution.

第3章Unit 3 Geography

一、Journey Up the Nile (Excerpt 2)

(一)解说:

1. Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. 尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方,到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。

原文的描写非常形象、生动。但译成汉语时无法保留原文的形象,因为“follow”这个词很难处理,故译作“到处可以见到…”。

2. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the sent era. 我从开罗驱车南行,进入尼罗河河谷,这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。

“Driving southward from Cairo into the valley”是个现在分词短语,逻辑主语是“I”,译成汉语时需说“我从开罗驱车南行,进入尼罗河河谷”。

“own ... to ...”意为“recognize sth. to the cause of sth. 将某事物归因于某事物”。原句的含义是“该地区的景物基本上没有受到现代的影响”。

3. the thin ribbon of the Nile尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带

“of”用于两个名词中间,前者修辞后者,故译作“尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带”。

例:(1) He's got the devil of a temper. 他脾气极坏。

(2) Where's that fool of a receptionist? 那个笨蛋接待员在什么地方?

(3) He's a fine figure of a man. 他是个体型好看的男子。

4. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts. 这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方突然隆起像是小山,有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。

此句为倒装句。主语是“the brown barren deserts”,因为介词短语“At the edge of the fields”前置以示强调,故全句主谓倒装。翻译时尽量保持原句效果,译作“这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方突然隆起像是小山,有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。”。

“barren”意为:(of land) not good enough to produce crops (指土地)贫瘠的。

5. I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm. 我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。

“illusion”意为“错觉”或“幻觉”,但直译不合适,故译作“我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。”

6. The villages and towns were usually perched on the edge, so as not to waste arable soil and because there was a need, before the High Dam tamed the Nile, to live beyond the reach of the annual floods. 大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上,这是为了不浪费耕地,同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前,有必要住得远一点,以躲避每年发生的洪水。

“perch”意为:place (sth.) in a high or dangerous position将(某物)置于尤指高处或危险处。例:a hut perched at the edge of the cliff悬崖边上的小舍

“arable”意为:(land that is)suitable for ploughing and for growing crops适于耕作的(土地)。“arable soil”就是“耕地”。

动词不定式短语“to live beyond the reach of the annual floods”作定语,修辞名词“need”。字面意思是“有必要住到每年洪水泛滥不到的地方”。

全句的内部结构比较复杂,“and”连接两个表示原因的词句,“need”和修辞语之间插了一个时间状语从句。

7. The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert. 公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,有时穿过庄稼地,有时像是划的一条黑线,这边是庄稼,那边是沙漠。

“now...now...”意为:at one time...at another time... 时而……时而……

例:Her moods kept changing - now happy, now filled with despair. 她的情绪多变——时而高兴,时而感到绝望。8. A village elder, Amin Ibrahim, invited me into his house and gave me a cheerier view of the effects of the Aswan High Dam than I had heard before. 村里一位长者,名叫阿明?易卜拉欣,请我到他家去做客,向我介绍了阿斯旺高坝的影响。他的话比我以前听到的更为乐观一些。

“view”意为:way of understanding or interting a subject, series of events, etc; mental imssion (理解或解释某问题的)方式,方法;印象。

例:The book gives readers an inside view of MI5. 这本书向读者揭示了英国安全局的内幕。

9. Before the dam we were obsessed with the flood - would it be too high or too low? 还没修坝的时候,我们老惦记着洪水,——今年的洪水会太大呢,还是会太小呢?

“obsess”常用于被动语态,意为:fill the mind of sb. continually使(某人)牵挂,惦记,着迷或困惑。

例:She was obsessed with the idea that she was being watched. 她总觉得受人监视而心神不宁。

10. Like all the generations of my family back to the pharaohs, I used to plant my crops and never know if I would

harvest. 我过去种庄稼,从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。

“pharaoh”意为:(习题详解of the) ruler of ancient Egypt法老(古埃及国王或其称谓)。

11. It was a natural system of replenishment and cleansing. 那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。

“replenishment”的动词形式“replenish”意为:fill up (sth.) again (with...) (以……)再装满,补充。在此句中为“补充土壤”的意思。

“cleanse”意为:make thoroughly clean, make pure 彻底清洁,涤净。在此句的为“清除盐分”的意思。

全句在翻译时就需要根据上下文意思进行添词。

12. Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective drainage system. 现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了,却没有除盐的有效办法。

同样,这里的“drainage system”也不能简单地译成“排水系统”。此处仍然指“补土排盐系统”。另外,此句中“of”前面的名词“treasury”修辞后面的名词“silt”,译作“宝贵的泥沙”。

(二)参考译文:

沿尼罗河而上(摘录2)

尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方,到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。我从开罗驱车南行,进入尼罗河河谷,这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。从这里再往前一千八百英里,尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带,缓缓流向北方,沿途穿过棕色的土地和绿色的田野,这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方突然隆起像是小山,有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。

我仿佛驱车穿过了一个特别狭长的农场。大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上,这是为了不浪费耕地,同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前,有必要住得远一点,以躲避每年发生的洪水。公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,有时穿过庄稼地,有时像是划的一条黑线,这边是庄稼,那边是沙漠。

在卢克苏尔以南不远的阿瓦米亚村,我曾看着农民收割甘蔗。村里一位长者,名叫阿明?易卜拉欣,请我到他家去做客,向我介绍了阿斯旺高坝的影响。他的话比我以前听到的更为乐观一些。他说:“还没修坝的时候,我们老惦记着洪水,——今年的洪水会太大呢,还是会太小呢?我过去种庄稼,从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。现在不用害怕了,我们知道一定会有水,也知道会有多少水。我们不是收一季,而是收三季了。家里用上了电,还用电开水泵,不需要再用吊桶提水了。过去我们到富人家里去听收音机。现在我们一年到头种庄稼了,就自己买收音机了,甚至还买电视机呢。”

不过阿明也看得很清楚,他承认这件事还有另外一面,不那么好的一面。他说:“土地更差了,因为过去尼罗河一泛滥就带来泥沙,可现在没有了。我们不得不用化肥,而化肥是很贵的。即便这样,庄稼还是不如以前打得多。”

他带我在他家附近的庄稼是里走了走。只见地面上结了一层盐。“现在不像以前了,河水不泛滥,盐分就冲不走了,”阿明对我解释说。过去每年尼罗河泛滥,可以给沿岸的农田留下细沙两千万吨。河水退去的时候,就把土壤里的盐分冲走,冲到地是海里去。那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了,却没有除盐的有效办法。

二、Adelaide (Excerpt)

(一)解说:

1. The city was laid out with broad streets in an open grid pattern, and over 4000ha2 of parklands encircling the city were served. 街道宽阔,布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区,面积达四千余公顷。

“lay out”意为:make a plan for 计划,设计。例:lay out a garden 设计一花园;well-laid out streets and avenues 设计良好的街道和马路。

本句中有两处被动式,不能一看到被动式就译成被动式,要考虑到中文的表达习惯,故没有完全按照原句的形式来译,。另外,“lay out”的意思体现在“布局”一词中。“were served”用“留有”来表述。

2. To the east the Mount Lofty ranges form an imssive backdrop. 东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托。

“backdrop”意为:背景。

3. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. 三面有公园环绕,区内四个大广场有草坪和树木,打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。

“regularity”意为:state of being regular 规律性。这里的规律性是指区内到处都是建筑,景色缺少变化,有了公园和绿地就不显单调了。故“break the regularity”被译成“打破单调气氛”,比较符合原意。

4. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridges and lined with ornamental gardens. 托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区,河上架有四座桥梁,两岸点缀着许多花园。

“spanned”和“lined”这两个过去分词短语均作定语,修辞“the Torrens River”。为了能顺,译文中加了“河上”两字,

后一短语意译成“两岸点缀着许多花园”,这样两个短语在句式表达上非常平稳一致。

5. The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture, including the town hall on King William Street - the wide main N-S thoroughfare. 市区有典型的澳大利亚早期建筑物多处,位于宽阔的南北大道威廉王大街上的市政厅便有其中之一。

“contain”是“包含”的意思,在此译为“有”,比较通顺。“fine examples”是“精美的范例”的意思,在此转译为“典型的”,较符合原意。

“the wide main N-S thoroughfare”在原文中是“King William Street”的同位语。但“King William Street”在译文中已被处理成定语,那么“the wide main N-S thoroughfare”也相应被处理成定语,放在“威廉王大街”前面。

6. Its three-sided design, with 34 jets of water and aluminum sculptures, resents the three rivers from which Adelaide draws its water - the Murray, the Torrens and the Onkaparinga. 喷水池有三个边,三十四根喷水柱,还有铝制雕塑,这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。

原文中的主语和谓语分别是“design”和“resents”,所以译文的后半部分一定要加上“这一设计”,不能只说“代表着”,这样会误认为是“铝制雕塑代表着”。

7. Parklands, which separate the city and the suburbs, are served in perpetuity for the use of the people. 市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。

“in perpetuity”的意思是“for ever 永远”。

8. As an artistic event, a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia, the Festival has introduced many world-famous artists to millions of Australians. 此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事,不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演,而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。

“a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia”原本是“an artistic event”的同位语,在译文中用动词“推动”来体现名词“stimulus”,这样处理较通顺,因为英语中多用名词,而汉语中则多用动词。

(二)参考译文:

阿德莱德(摘录)

阿德莱德Adelaide澳大利亚南澳大利亚州首府,是全国规划得最好的城市之一。街道宽阔,布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区,面积达四千余公顷。西临圣文森特湾,岸边有宽阔的沙滩。东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托,洛夫蒂山(727米)为最高峰。市区南部主要是商业区,三面有公园环绕,区内四个大广场有草坪和树木,打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。市区北部主要是住宅区,周围也有公园环绕,区内有广场两个。托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区,河上架有四座桥梁,两岸点缀着许多花园。

市区有典型的澳大利亚早期建筑物多处,位于宽阔的南北大道威廉王大街上的市政厅便有其中之一。市政厅于1863年奠基,设计者E。W。赖特曾任本市市长。

阿德莱德有许多雕像,并有喷水池七处。最为壮观的一处喷水池建于1968年,座落在该城的商业区中心——维多利亚广场。喷水池有三个边,三十四根喷水柱,还有铝制雕塑,这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。

1960年举办了第一届阿德莱德艺术节,阿德莱德自此赢得了澳大利亚文化中心的美名。此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事,不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演,而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。

三、北海公园

(一)解说:

1. 北海公园原是辽、金、元、明、清历代封建帝王的“御花园”。总面积共有68.2公顷。Bei Hai (North Lake) Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

“总面积共有68.2公顷”在原句中是单独的一句。在译文中被处理成一个分词短语,作定语,修辞“Bei Hai Park”。这样比较符合英语的表达方式。

2. 公园的中心——琼岛,周长1,913米,高32.8米,是1179年(金代)用挖海的泥土堆成的。The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference. It was made in 1179 (in the Jin Dynasty) with the earth that came from the digging of the lake.

中文往往比较简洁,一个句子能包含许多内容。在译成英语时,如果也只用一个句子的话会显得特别冗长,故在翻译时可考虑用几个单句来处理,本句便是一例。

3. 岛上白塔建于1651年,塔高35.9米。The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.

原文的谓语部分是在“建于”,而译成英语后,其谓语部分体现在“is as high as 35.9 metres”,不这么处理的话,“塔高35.9米”和“白塔”两个部分相距太,句子结构不紧凑。

4. 琼岛东北部有“琼岛春阴”碑,为1751年建立。There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with "Qiong Dao Chun Yin" (Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it.

译文中的“(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.)”为译者所加,为的是让读者进一步了解这块碑的珍贵之处,以引起读者的兴趣。

过去分词短语“engraved on it”修辞“Qiong Dao Chun Yin”。

5. 附近风光秀丽,过去是燕京八景之一。This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.

“noted”在这里不是过去分词,而是形容词,相当于“well-known”。

“燕京八景之一”也没有简单地译作“one of the eight views of Beijing”,而是在“views”前面加了一个词“outstanding”,因为普通的景色满目都是,文中提到的“八景”是特殊的景色。

6. 海北岸有“五龙亭”,建于1602年,是封建皇帝钓鱼和看焰火的地方。On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 1602, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks.

原文是“海北岸有”,译文不能译作“have”,而要译作“are”。整句译文是倒装句,主语是“the Five-Dragon Pavilions”,表地点的介词短语前置于句首。

7. “九龙壁”,建于1756年,全壁用五彩琉璃瓦砌成,两面各有蟠龙九条,姿态生动,反映了我国劳动人民的创造才能。Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China.

原句较长,译文被处理成两句。译文中的“Not far to the northeast”为译者所加,借以说明景物的相对位置,免得孤立地介绍景物,显得单调。译文最后一句中的“Near there”也是如此。

译文中的“prove”意为:establish the genuineness of 确定……之真实性,用以表达“反映”,紧扣原意。

(二)参考译文:

Bei Hai Park

Bei Hai (North Lake) Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference. It was made in 1179 (in the Jin Dynasty) with the earth that came from the digging of the lake. The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.

There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with "Qiong Dao Chun Yin" (Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it. This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.

On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 160, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks. Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China. Near there is the Iron Screen, which is a relic of the Yuan Dynasty.

第4章Unit 4 Economy

Exercise 10

New Opportunities in China's Economic Cooperation with Other Countries

一、解说

1、Exercise 10 选自美国贸易代表罗伯特?霍马茨在中国的演讲《中国对外经济合作的新机会》。演讲包括:“乐观的理由”、“技术”、“金融关系”、“在中国的投资”、“中国在国外的投资”、“需要克服的困难”、“纺织品”、“出口控制”、“同谁打交道”还有“结论”等几部分。

罗伯特?霍马茨生平介绍:

Robert D. Hormats is Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (International) and Managing Director of Goldman, Sachs & Co. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1982 as a Vice President in the Investment Banking Division and a Director of Goldman Sachs International.

Mr. Hormats served as Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs at the Department of State from 1977 to 1979, Ambassador and Deputy U.S. Trade Resentative from 1979 to 1981 and Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1981 to 1982. He served as a Senior Staff Member for International Economic Affairs on the National Security Council from 1969 to 1977 during which time he was Senior Economic Advisor to Dr. Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Mr. Hormats was a recipient of the French

Legion of Honor in 1982 and Arthur Fleming Award in 1974.

Mr. Hormats is a board member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Engelhard Hanovia, Inc., and Human Genome Sciences, Inc. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and the Columbia University School of International Affairs. He is a member of the Advisory Boards of Foreign Policy and International Economics magazines. He was appointed by President Clinton in 1993 to the Board of The U.S.-Russia Investment Fund.

Mr. Hormats publications include American Albatross: The Foreign Debt Dilemma and Reforming the International Monetary System. Other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, American Banker and The Financial Times. He was visiting lecturer at Princeton University in 1983.

2、本练习经济术语:

bilateral trade双边贸易

two way trade双向贸易

investment投资

total trade 总贸易额

commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系commercial and financial relationships贸易与金融关系labour intensive industries劳动密集型企业technological transformation of existing industries现有企业的技术改造

joint venture 合资企业

imports 进口额

exports 出口额

productivity生产率

resource capabilities资源潜力

3、本练习数量的表达法:

something in the order of 6 billion大约为60亿美元

amount to 总数达

roughly $10 billion大约100亿美元

4、China is the world's largest developing nation and the US is the world's most developed large nation. Bilateral trade between the two has grown imssively.

1)英汉翻译要注意不能忽视英语原文中的动词时态、语态,才能正确地表达。本句中的两个分词developing 和developed在翻译时要体现“现在分词”的“进行”的特点和“过去分词”的“完成”的特点。

2)imssively:显著地

下文中还有同义词:dramatically

3)英语一般一对主谓(宾)结构构成一个句子,如果几个句子构成一个复合句,中间要有连接词。而汉语可以几个小句在一起构成一个复合句,中间没有连接词也可,靠逻辑意义连接。本注释点的两个句子在逻辑上相关性较大,可以译成一个汉语句子。

下文有类例,如:

a. There are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future. But there are also difficulties to be solved.

我们有理由感到乐观,并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展,但也有困难尚待解决。

b. In many of these areas, particularly agriculture, the results have been very positive. Food production is increasing rapidly.

中国在许多领域里,特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果,粮食迅速增产。

以上两个类例都是这样:译成一个句子,更紧凑。

译文:

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,而美国是最发达的大国,

两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。

5、Today, two way trade is something in the order of $ 6 billion and increasing.

of the order of = in the order of (BrE): approximately大约,

in the order of 常常与something 用在一起。

例如:

a. There were of (in) the order of 300 people at the festival. 节日活动大约有300人参加。

b.“How much is the project going to cost?”

“Something in the order of 5000 pounds.”

“这项计划要花多少钱?”

“大约5000英镑。”

译文:

如今,两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元,并且还在增加。

6、The result, I believe, is that we have built the beginnings of a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.

built the beginnings of a sound foundation for:如果逐字翻译,此短语译成“为...建立坚实的基础的开始”,显然译文达不到“达”的标准,难以理解,因此要运用翻译技巧(词类转换)进行处理。把名词the beginning转换成相应意义的副词“初步”,译文就通顺了。

译文:

我相信,我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。

类例:

When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.

只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。

7、China's imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982.

which amounted to $900 million in 1978为非限制性定语从句,不能用前置法翻译非限制性定语从句时,可用后置法或别的方法翻译。有时可以用后置法翻译,在译文中把原文从句后置,不重复关系代词所代表的含义,译成并列分句。如:

After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.

饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直到深夜。

译文:

中国从美国的进口额,1978年为9亿美元,到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。

8、Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically , from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly $10 billion to $22 billion, while imports increased from $ 10 billion to just over $ 21 billion.

中国的总贸易额也显著增长,从1978年到1983年,中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元,进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。

注意译文与原文之间的差异,原文中的关系词while是不能少的,而译文中不需要译出。原因见上面的第3的解释3)。

9、joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors中美合资企

10、China's Strong Economic Performance: 中国在经济上的出色表现

注意:Strong译为“出色”。英汉语言的搭配能力不同,要根据具体的情况进行意译。如:put on a coat, put on a hat 两个put意义一样,但分别译为“穿外衣”和“戴帽子”,因此翻译时一定要看目标语的搭配能力与习惯。

11、decided on 选定,决定

12、It is aimed at adjusting the pace of modernisation to China's resource capabilities and its goal of major increases in employment, providing incentives for agricultural and industrial productivity; strengthening light, labour intensive industries, using technology to modernise and promote the technological transformation of existing industries; and removing bottlenecks imposed by energy and transportation constraints.

注意本句结构的理解,本句多处出现平行结构,不同层次的平行结构不能混为一团。

1)It is aimed at 是句子的主干,at后面有几个平行的现在分词短语作介词宾语:adjusting..., providing..., strengthening..., using..., removing...;

2)再下一层,the pace of...,和its goal of...平行,作adjusting的宾语;agricultural 和industrial平行作productivity 的定语;light和labour intensive平行作后面的industries的定语;modernise 和promote平行,由不定式符号to 总管;energy 和transportation平行,都是constraints的定语。

二、参考译文

中国对外经济合作的新机会(摘录)

罗伯特?霍马茨

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,而美国是最发达的大国,两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。70年代早期,美中之间实际上无贸易可言。如今,两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元,并且还在增加。美国在中国的投资越来越多,中国在美投资也在进行。我相信,我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。中国从美国的进口额,1978年为9亿美元,到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。在那个时期,出口额从3亿美元增长到23亿美

元。中国的总贸易额也显著增长,从1978年到1983年,中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元,进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。

1983年,美国在中国投资大约总计为8,500万美元;有20多个美中合资企业。此外,美国公司对近海石油勘探投资5亿多美元。

我们有理由感到乐观,并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展,但也有困难尚待解决。让我先谈谈可望发展的原因,然后再讨论问题所在。

乐观的理由:

中国在经济上的出色表现

中国的经济改革经过戏剧性的转变之后,决定走上稳定而大有前途的道路,它的目的在于:调整现代化的步伐,以适应其资源潜力及其大量增加就业机会的目标,刺激工农业生产率,加强轻工业及劳动密集型工业,利用技术促进现有工业的技术改造并使之现代化,以及排除由于能源及交通运输紧张所造成的障碍。

中国在许多领域里,特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果,

粮食迅速增产。全国都在发展现代化工业生产,生产单位合并构成大规模企业。经济增长率约有10%,虽然重工业发展速度比希望的要快些,某些轻工业要慢一些。我相信中国经济管理部门已认识到这个问题,在下一个五年计划有效地克服这一问题。

Exercise 11The Challenges of Reform

一、解说

1、练习出处同课文。

2、本练习经济术语

reform 改革

cost 费用;代价

economic transition 经济转轨enterprises企业

inflation 通货膨胀

uncompetitive industries 缺乏竞争力的工业declining industries每况愈下的工业customer 顾客

the liberalization of world trade世界贸易自由化established market 已经发育健全的市场multilateral disciplines 多边规则

3、Of course, building a modern economy carries costs too.

这里的carries 是动词,“具有”,“含有”的意思,可以根据上下文和汉语“代价”这词的搭配能力,意译本句。

译文:

当然,建立现代经济也需要付出代价。

同样意义的词在不同的语言环境里,需要根据搭配词的搭配能力,译成不同的词,下文有类似的例子,如manage 在下面不同的两个句子里,根据需要分别先后译成“应付”和“处理”。

a. Different countries will manage these costs in different ways.

各国应付这种代价的方式也不尽相同。

b. Of course change must be managed sensitively, with care.

当然,处理变革问题应该十分谨慎。

4、But the problems China has had to deal with in recent years are familiar to Britain and other countries undergoing major economic transition: the conundrum of unleashing enterprises while keeping inflation in check; the social consequences and complexity of reforming uncompetitive or declining industries.

注意本句的理解。

1)China has had to deal with in recent years是限制性定语从句,可以用前置法翻译。因此,the problems China has had to deal with in recent years译成:“中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题”。下文有类例:

a. ...the British experience is that the industry that can adapt to the demands of competition will usually thrive.

英国的经验是,能够适应竞争的工业通常会昌盛。

b.The enterprise that best meets the needs of its customer, at the best price, offers the most secure future for its workers. 那些能以最低价格最大限度地满足客户要求的企业就能为其工人提供最可靠的前途保障。

2)be familiar to :为...所熟悉

3)undergoing....到句末是现在分词短语做定语,修饰other countries。

4)the conundrum of...和the social consequences and complexity of...是平行结构,作the problems 的同位语。

同位语是对名词(或代词)的进一步的解释。同位语可以是单词、短语或从句。一般把含有同位语的英语句子翻译成汉语时,可以把同位语提前,也可以不提前,也可以按原来的顺序翻译,可以在同位语的前面增加“即”(或“以为”)、“也就是”或用冒号、破折号分开。如:

Influenced by these ethics, Powers lived under the delusion that money does not stink..."

“受到了这种道德观念的熏陶,鲍尔斯生活在一种错觉中,以为金钱总是香喷喷的......”

5)keeping inflation in check;控制通货膨胀

keep / hold something in check : limit something控制...;限制...

如:

We must find ways of keeping our expenditure in check.

我们必须找出限制我们的开销的办法。

本句译文:

而中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题是英国和其他处于重大经济转轨时期的国家所熟悉的:即如何在控制通货膨胀的情况下使企业获得发展,如何处理由于改造缺乏竞争力或是每况愈下的工业所造成的复杂的社会后果。

注意:

这里也使用了增词法,增加了“如何”"和“如何处理”。

5、That is why the British Government believes strongly in the case for economic liberalisation and deregulation at home. 注意at home在这里不能译为“在家”,而应译为“在国内”,

下文有:at home and abroad 是“在国内外”的意思。

believe in:相信

译文:

这就是为什么英国政府坚信应当在国内实行经济自由化和撤销经济管制。

6、Opening up national economies brings fresh challenges as well as new opportunities. New opportunities to do business and win investment; but fresh challenges from foreign firms too, new competition in established markets at home and abroad.

注意:

这里可能是演讲口语体的原因,正式的语言中,一般New在这里不大写,前面用逗号。因为这里与前面是同一个谓语动词下的宾语。因此,翻译时译成一个句子。

译文:

开放本国经济既带来新的挑战,也带来新的机遇,既带来新的商业和投资机会,也带来外国公司的新的挑战以及在国内外业已发育健全的市场上的新的竞争。

7、has brought this home :

this 这里指前面这句话。

bring something home to somebody:使某人清楚地(深切地)认识到某事

8、Foreign investment, successfully deployed, benefits donor and recipient alike.

1)successfully deployed相当于一个条件状语从句:if it is successfully deployed

2)alike :in the same way

外国投资若投向合理,则可使投资方和接受投资方均收益。

二、参考译文

当然,建立现代经济要付出代价的。各国应付这种代价的方式也不尽相同。而中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题是英国和其他处于重大经济转轨时期的国家所熟悉的:即如何在控制通货膨胀的情况下使企业获得发展,如何处理由于改造缺乏竞争力或是每况愈下的工业所造成的复杂的社会后果。

我们英国人得出的结论是,改革是大势所趋。一个工业要生存下去,就必须学会靠自身的力量去竞争。当然,处理变革问题应该十分谨慎。但依赖保护和补贴来保障就业是不能持久的。

英国的经验是,能够适应竞争的工业通常会昌盛。那些能以最低价格最大限度地满足客户要求的企业就能为其工人提供最可靠的前途保障。

这就是为什么英国政府坚信应当在国内实行经济自由化和撤销经济管制。但这样做的政策性影响并不仅限于国内。

随着世界贸易的自由化,现在的经济竞争意味着既是国际的竞争,也是国内的竞争。开放本国经济既带来新的挑战,也带来新的机遇,既带来新的商业和投资机会,也带来外国公司的新的挑战以及在国内外业已发育健全的市场上的新的竞争。

对我们英国来说,我们参加欧盟和世界贸易组织的经历使我们对这一点深有感触。但我们接受这一现实,因为我们认识到自由贸易不是一种我赢多少你就输多少的游戏。也就是说,一个国家的增长井非必须建立在另一个国家的经济衰退的基础之上。相反,贸易的扩大会带来进一步的经济增长,使所有参与者更加繁荣。外国投资若投向合理,则可使投资方和接受投资方均收益。

因此,经济上的相互依存并不是一种有害物,不需将其缩小到最低程度或加以避免;相反,它给我们提供了机会,我们应予以促进和利用。而要利用这种机会,就必须依靠在国际上建立一种强有力的多边规则的框架。后面我还将谈到这一点。

Exercise 12 一、解说

1、本练习选自《中国的粮食问题》第三章。

2、粮食专业术语:

农业科技agricultural science and technology

科教兴农develop agriculture by relying on science , technology and education

贡献率the contribution rate

粮食生产grain production

非粮食实物资源non-grain food resources

水域water 内陆水域inland waters

养殖aquaculture

水产品aquatic products

集约化intensification

畜产品animal by-products 木本食物arbor foodstuffs

3、--依靠科技进步有潜力。

译文:

There is scope for scientific and technological improvement.

原文是一句无主句,汉语的无主句译为英语时可以通过增加主语或译成被动句的方法,如课文中的例子:

改造中低产田、兴修水利、扩大灌溉面积、推广先进适用技术等工程和生物措施,可使每公顷产量提高1500公斤以上。

--> The grain output per hectare can be increased by more than 1,500 kg through the upgrading of medium- and low-yield land, intensifying water-control projects, enlarging irrigated areas and sading the use of advanced agrotechnology and taking biological measures.

也可以译成there be 句型,如:

总之,是两点而不是一点。-->In short, there are two aspects, not just one.

下文有类例:

1) --利用非粮食食物资源有潜力。

本句可以用there be 句型翻译,译为:There are non-grain food resources.

也可以译为被动句:Non-grain food resources can be exploited also.

相比之下被动句更好,一方面与前面的“--依靠科技进步有潜力。”的译文句式有变化,使译文更丰富;另一方面,被动句的译文为意译,特别是“开发资源”"exploit the resources用得很好。

2) --节约粮食有潜力。Grain losses can be curtailed.

4、目前,农业科技在中国农业增产中的贡献率约为35%,世界上农业发达国家在60%以上。

注意本句的理解,汉语靠逻辑意义表达,少用代词,这里后面小句是一个省略结构,省略了前小句中已经出现的“农业科技在农业增产中的贡献率”,翻译时要根据具体情况做一些编辑,把句子补完整才能使读者看懂。而英语不喜欢重复,因此,这里可以用代词来代替重复的话。

另外还要注意本句数字的表达方法。

译文:

At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries.

5、中国政府已确定并正在努力实施科教兴农战略,力争逐步缩小中国与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距,到2000年使科技进步对农业的贡献率提高到50%,到2030年接近世界发达国家水平。

1) 科教兴农:develop agriculture by relying on science, technology and education

2) 确定...战略:draw up a strategy for...

实施...战略: put the strategy into practice

3) 科技进步对农业的贡献率: the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture

4)“与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距”在上一句已提到,汉语多重复,英语多代词,这是常见现象,因此这里用“this gap”代替即可。

5)这是一个长句,开头到“差距”两字已是一个完整的语意单位,后面半句是“缩小差距”的具体目标,可以另译一句。注意这句的数字表达。

译文:

The Chinese government has drawn up a strategy for agricultural development by relying on science, technology and education and is striving to put it into practice so as to narrow this gap. By 2000 the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture will be increased to 50 percent, and by 2030 it will be close to that of the advanced countries. 6、注意下面这些统计数字的翻译:

1)据统计,全国1747万公顷内陆水域中,可供养殖的水面675万公顷,目前利用率仅为69%;可供养鱼的稻田670万公顷,利用率仅为15%;海水可养殖面积260万公顷,利用率仅为28%。

这句除了数字的表达法之外,还要注意标点符号的转换。在翻译中,要使译文准确、通顺,就不能忽视对标点符号的运用和转换。因为英语标点符号与汉语标点符号有些不同之处。本句牵涉到分号,汉语中往往出现很长的句子,并喜欢用分号。在这种情况下,我们把句子分开,因此,分号也转换为句号。

如:

中秋过后,秋风是一天凉比一天,看看将近初冬;我整天靠着火,也穿上棉袄了。(鲁迅《孔乙已》

-->After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day, and winter was approaching. Even though I spent all my time by the stove, I had to wear my padded jacket.

本句译文:

According to statistics, among the 1747 million hectares of inland waters, 6 .75 million ha can be used, for aquaculture. At sent, only 69 percent of the water area is used. About 6 .70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at sent is only 15 percent. And China has an offshore water area of 2 .60 million hectares suitable for aquaculture, but the utilization rate is only 28 percent.

2)中国现有草地面积3.9亿公顷,其中可利用面积3.2亿公顷,居世界第三位,

句子可以在此处断句,接下去可以另译一句。

译文:

China has a grassland area of 390 million hectares, of which about 320 million hectares can be used, which places China third in the world in the area of usable grassland.

3)...中国山区面积占国土总面积的70%...

...mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory...

4)中国粮食在种、收、运、储、销和加工、消费等环节的损失率至少为10%,总损失量在4500万吨以上。

the loss rate of grain is at least 10 percent in the course of planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling, processing and consumption - a total of well over 45 million tons.

注意:

在...环节:意译为“in the course of ”(在...过程中)...以上:over; more than

5) ...每年至少可节约粮食2000万吨。

...it will be possible to save at least 20 million tons of grain every year...

二、参考译文

China Can Basically Achieve self-Sufficiency in Grain Through Self-Reliance

There is scope for scientific and technological improvement. At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries. The Chinese government has drawn up a strategy for agricultural development by relying on science, technology and education and is striving to put it into practice so as to narrow this gap. By 2000 the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture will be increased to 50 percent, and by 2030 it will be close to that of the advanced countries. This will enable China to go a step further in grain production.

Non-grain food resources can be exploited also. China has rich water, grassland and sloping land resources which have great potential for exploitation. According to statistics, among the 1747 million hectares of inland waters, 6. 75 million ha can be used, for aquaculture. At sent, only 69 percent of the water area is used. About 6 .70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at sent is only 15 percent. And China has an offshore water area of 2 .60 million hectares suitable for aquaculture, but the utilization rate is only 28 percent. China will actively increase the

productivity of its waters so as to keep a continuous rapid increase of aquatic products. China has a grassland area of 390 million hectares, of which about 320 million hectares can be used, which places China third in the world in the area of usable grassland. If the intensification level of livestock farming in grasslands is improved through the development of artificial grassland, animal byproducts will increase greatly. Moreover, mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory, and this favorable condition for the development of arbor foodstuffs will offer China wide prospects for increasing the supply of such stuffs.

Grain losses can be curtailed. According to estimates by experts, the loss rate of grain is at least 10 percent in the course of planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling, processing and consumption - a total of well over 45 million tons. So it will be possible to save at least 20 million tons of grain every year if such losses are reduced to within the rational limits.

第5章Unit 5 Culture

一、A Valentine to One Who Cared - Too Much (2)

(一)解说:

1. Each day we make choices that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others. 我们每天遇事都要拿主意,主意拿得对不对,会影响自己的生活,有时也影响别人的生活。

“that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others”是个限制性定语从句。译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往可以译成后置的并列分句。这里,省略了先行词,取而代之的是一个条件句,这样既符合原意又通顺。

2. Last year, on a simple Sunday, three days after Valentine's Day, after many consecutive days of steady downpour, the sun came out. 去年,瓦伦廷节过后第三天,那是一个普通的星期天,连日下大雨,终于出了太阳。

“three days after Valentine's Day”是用来说明哪个星期天的,故跟在“Sunday”后面,而译成汉语时,根据汉语的表达习惯,先说出是哪一天,然后再描述这一天,故“那是一个普通的星期天”跟在“瓦伦廷节过后第三天”后面。

“consecutive”意为“coming one after the other without interruption; following continuously顺序来的;连续不断的”。例:on three consecutive days, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday星期一、星期二、星期三连续三天。

“the sun came out”如果只译作“太阳出来了”体现不出人们期盼出太阳的心情,故译作“终于出了太阳”。

3. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. 不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的洛杉矶河水滚滚流过。

“somehow”在这里的意思是“for a reason that is unknown or unspecified由于未知的或未确指的原因”。故译作“不知不觉”,说明不是有意的。另外本句紧跟在上一句后面,共用上一句的主语“我们”,所以译作“朝公园走去”。

“across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River”用来说明公园所在的位置。过了小桥就是公园,所以译作“公园就在小桥那边”。

4. Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring. 那一天,许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍,他们那样大胆,不知道危险就在眼前,使我们非常吃惊。

“ignorance”不是“没有知识”,通过上下文可以得知这是指他们不知道水的厉害,不知道潜在的危险就在眼前。

5. They were riding their bikes up and down the far bank of the river, taunting the water, obviously fascinated by its power and its draw. 他们在河对岸一面骑着车来回奔驰,一面戏弄河水,显然是被水的威力和魅力迷住了。

“taunting the water”是现在分词短语,作状语,表示伴随状态,故译文中用了“一面…一面…”。

“draw”意为“person or thing that attracts peo ple有吸引力的人或事物”。例:A live band is always a good draw at a party. 现场演奏的乐队在聚会上总是很吸引人的。

6. a look of panic and horror registering on his young face. 小脸上现出了惊恐的神色。“register”的意思是“(of a person, his face, his actions, etc) show (emotion, etc)指人、人的面孔、动作等)显出,流露(情绪等)”。

例1) He slammed the door to register his disapproval. 他砰的一声把门关上以示不满。

例2) Her face registered dismay. 她脸上流露出惊慌的神色。

7. Unable to reach the boy safely from the shore, Earl stepped into the water. 他在岸上安全的地方够不着那个孩子,于是就迈步往水里走去。

“safely”在原句中是副词,修饰动词“reach”。但若译作“他在岸上不能安全地够着那孩子”,显然不符合汉语的表达习惯,因此在译文中将其处理成形容词,修饰“地方”。由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同,英语形容词译为汉语副词是常有的事。

8. But the whole city was falling apart. 不过,当时全城却闹得人心惶惶。

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