土木专业英语翻译作业

桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院

土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译

姓名：马凤志

专业：土木应用

班级：10级9班

学号：3100510939

原文

中文翻译

The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes

压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响

Lin-Hai Han

School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China

韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国

ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported.

摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。

Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity.

对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。

It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel

tubular members

结果发现更好的压实混凝土，能够使钢管混凝土有更高的极限强度值。

The tests show the importance of good concrete compaction for concrete filled steel tubes

测试显示良好的混凝土重要性压实的重要性为方钢管混凝土管。Keywords: concretefilled steel tube, column, strength, deflection, concrete compaction

关键字; 钢管混凝土，柱，强度，挠度，混凝土压实

1. INTRODUCTION 引言

Concrete filled steel tubular columns have been used extensively in Europe, Japan, Australia, China, as well as other countries.

在欧洲，日本，澳大利亚，中国，以及其他国家钢管混凝土柱已广泛被使用。

They have proved to be economical in themselves as well as leading to rapid construction and thus additional cost savings.1

他们已经是被证明是经济实惠的，同时也能促进快速建设和增加消费储蓄

In the past, much progress has been made in studying the bond strength between the steel tube and its core concrete, studies

of how the concrete compaction method influences the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members have been seldom made.2–8

在过去的研究中，钢管与核心混凝土之间的粘结强度有了很大进展，但对混凝土的压实方法对钢管混凝土构件强度的研究已经很少了。2–8

These and earlier results show that perhaps the most significant factor influencing the ultimate bond strength might be compaction and the consequent better keying of the concrete with the surface irregularities in the steel.

这些和早期的结果表明，也许最重要的因素可能影响最终粘结强度压实以及更好地键控，因而混凝土与钢管中的表面成不规则性

In Reference (2), specimens have been tested for different conditions likely to arise in the manufacture of concrete as follows:

在参考（2）中，在制造混凝土过程中针对不同的条件下的标本已经过测试，如下所示：

1.Aggregate/cement ratio 5.0, dry cured, well compacted with

a poker vibrator;

1，聚合/水泥比为5.0,干燥固化, 以及压实与插入式振捣器

2.Aggregate/cement ratio 5.0, wet cured, well compacted with

a poker vibrator;

2，骨料/水泥比为5，湿固化，以及压实与插入式振捣器；

3.Aggregate/cement ratio 5.5, wet cured, well compacted with

a poker vibrator;

3，总/水泥比为5.5，湿固化，以及压实与插入式振捣器

4.Aggregate/cement ratio

5.5, wet cured, lightly compacted

with a poker vibrator

4，聚合/水泥比为5.5,湿固化,轻轻压实与插入式振捣器

5.Aggregate/cement ratio 5.5, wet cured, well compacted by

hand (3 layers with 40 strokes each);

5,总/水泥比为5.5，湿固化，用手压实（3层，每组40次）

6. Aggregate/cement ratio 5.5, wet cured, lightly compacted by hand (3 layers with 20 strokes each).

6,粒料/水泥比5.5，湿固化，轻轻用手压实（3层，每组20次）The test results in Reference (2) show that specimens compacted by mechanical vibration developed higher bond strength than those compacted by hand.

参考（2）显示，由机械振动碾压的标本中的测试结果比用手开发粘结强度更高也比那些压实的更高。

The aim of this paper is to investigate if the concrete compaction method influences the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members. Tests on several concrete filled steel tubes for establishing the relationship between strength and

compaction method are reported.

本文件的目的是调查如果混凝土压实方法影响钢管混凝土构件的强度。根据几个混凝土试验根据报告，钢管为建立强度和压实的方法之间的关系。

Several parameters, such as the slenderness ratio l (= 4L/D,L and D are the calculated length and the diameter of the member respectively), as well as the load eccentricity e were investigated.

几个参数，如长细比 l (= 4 L/D、 L 和 D 分别计算的长度和直径的成员)，以及负载偏心 e 进行了调查。

The tests show the importance of concrete compaction method on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members. 试验表明，混凝土的压实方法对钢管混凝土构件强度的重要性。

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

2.实验程序

The aim of the experimental study was to determine not only the maximum load capacity of the specimens, but also to investigate the behavorial pattern up to and beyond ultimate load.

本实验研究的目的是确定不仅试样的最大负载能力，但也观察到的行为模式超越极限荷载。

The steel had a specified yield strength (f y) as shown in Table 1.

该钢具有指定的屈服强度（FY），如表所示 1

The concrete mix was designed for a compressive cube strength (f cu) at 28 days of approximately 46.7 MPa。

混凝土配合比设计为一个立方体抗压强度（FCU）在28天约46.7 MPa For each concrete mix batch used, three 100 mm cubes were also cast and cured in conditions similar to the related specimens. 每个使用的混凝土配合比批处理，三个 100 毫米的立方体也强制转换，并固化在条件类似的相关标本。

The mix proportions were as follows: Cement: 307 kg/m3. Water: 154 kg/m3. Sand: 1150 kg/m3 Coarse aggregate: 630 kg/m3.

混合比例如下：水泥： 307 kg/m3。水： 154 kg/ m3 砂：1150 kg/m3 粗骨料： 630 kg/m3。

The specimens tests allowed for the different conditions likely to arise in the manufacture of concrete: cured, well compacted with a poker vibrator and well compacted by hand (3 layers with 40 strokes each).

允许混凝土制造中可能出现的不同情况, 主组分，以及压实，手压实（3层各40次）

The ends of the steel tubes were cut and machined to the required length.

钢管的两端被切割和加工到所需的长度。

The insides of the tubes were wire brushed to remove any rust and loose scale present , and any deposits of grease and oil were cleaned away.

管内侧钢丝刷，以消除任何铁锈和宽松规模目前和任何存款的油脂和油清理掉.

The experimental program consisted of two phases which are described below and designated as Types A and B.

实验方案包括两个阶段，如下所述，指定为A和B型

The dimensions of the column cross sections and other specifics of the columns are given in Table 1 In the table, specimens labeled M means the concrete had been compacted with a poker vibrator, and specimens labeled H means the concrete had been compacted by hand.

柱的横截面的尺寸和其他具体的列表中的表1中给出，标本标记的M 意味着混凝土已使用插入式振捣器压实标本，和标记的H指混凝土已经用手压实。

In the table, specimens labeled M means the concrete had been compacted with a poker vibrator, and specimens labeled H means the concrete had been compacted by hand. All of the columns were tested in a 5000 kN capacity universal testing machine. 在表中,标本标签M意味着混凝土被压实与插入式振捣器, 和标本标

记?意味着已经用手压实混凝土。所有的列在 5000 kN 能力万能试验机中进行了测试.

2.1 Type A: Short Column Test

2.1 A型:短柱试验

An L/D (L and D are the length and diameter of the member respectively) ratio of 3.0 was selected so that the specimens would be stub columns with little influence from end effects and column slenderness. Twenty-one specimens were tested under concentric or eccentric axial load.

L D （L 和 D 的长度和直径的成员分别是） 3.0 的比率被选择因此标本将存根 (stub) 列从最终效果和列长细的影响力很小。21 个标本同心或偏心轴向荷载作用下进行了测试。

Prior to testing, the top surfaces of the concrete filled steel tubes were ground smooth and flat using a grinding wheel with diamond cutters.

测试前，最高的钢管混凝土表面被地面光滑和平面磨砂轮用金刚石刀具打磨过。

This was to ensure that the load was applied evenly across the cross-section and simultaneously to the steel and concrete. 这是为了同时确保对钢和混凝土应用的负载均匀地分布在多个截面。The desired eccentricity was achieved by accurately machining grooves 6 mm deep into the stiff end plate that was welded

together with the steel tubes.

所需的偏心被准确地加工槽深在6毫米的刚性端板上，经过焊接钢管的而实现的。

For pure axial compression column, the groove was in the middle of the plate.

对于纯轴向受压柱,槽是在中间的板。

The end plate was very stiff with a thickness of 30 mm. A typical set up in shown in Figure 1.

端板是非常僵硬与厚度为30 毫米。典型设置如图 1 中所示。

The axial load was applied through a very stiff top platen with an offset triangle hinge which also allowed specimen rotation. 轴向载荷应用通过一个非常僵硬的顶级滚筒，使用一个偏移三角形铰链这样试样可以允许旋转。

Both the end plate and the top platen were made of very hard and very high strength steel.

两个端板和上压板是由非常坚硬和高强度钢。

Electronic displacement transducers were attached to the specimens to measure longitudinal shortening and changes of the specimen diameter across two perpendicular axes.

电子位移传感器连接到试样，测量试样的直径纵向缩短和变化在两个互相垂直的轴。

Strain gauges were applied to the steel tube in the

longitudinal and circumferential directions. 应变计被应用于钢管在纵向和圆周方向。

汉语正文

压缩模量Es是用来评价地基压缩性和沉降计算的重要土性参数。从工程角度上讲，它有2种意义：一是作为土的参数，对土的压缩性、地基均匀性进行评价；二是作为沉降计算参数，对建筑物地基进行设计计算和沉降控制，目前，采用室内侧限压缩实验取得。压缩模量定义为：土在完全侧限条件下的竖向附加应力o 与竖向应变e 的比值，即：Es—a：／￡：。理论上讲，该模量仅仅在瞬时沉降条件下成立，即：土体被施加荷重后立即产生变形，此时压缩模量Es可以称为瞬时压缩模量。实际上，对于大多数土体尤其是软土，在荷载作用下，体积压缩是有时问性的，是一个逐渐发展的过程，这一过程中土的各种压缩性指标是在不断变化的。但是，一般计算中所使用的压缩模量却是一个定值，没有考虑压缩过程中压缩模量本身的变化。这可能是造成软土变形的计算值和实际变形值相差较大的重要原因。如果

在计算中能把压缩过程中压缩模量自身的变化加以考虑，将能大大的提高变形计算的精度。研究表.明EMo]，根据室内压缩曲线所得的压缩模量比用现场原位测试建立的压缩实验资料统计所得的E 偏小，这样在进行地基最终沉降量的计算时，使计算的变形沉降量值过大。在深厚淤泥和淤泥质土层的软土地基上进行工程建筑时，为了能够加速软基的固结，在软基中插入塑料排水板，同时在软基之上用土体填方堆载，利用堆载产生的水头差，将土中孔隙水排出，进而达到加固的目的。选取珠江三角洲地区某高速公路软基处理工程的淤泥土作为研究对象，在工程现场采取了软基处理前天然状态的淤泥土样和经过超载预压10个月后具有一定固结度的淤泥土样，并对不同状态的淤泥土样进行了不同压力级别下的室内压缩固结试验，得到了压缩模量随压力、时间变化的大量数据，在此基础上，对数据进行统计分析，探讨了压缩模量随着竖向荷载和时间的变化而演化的关系式。

1 珠江三角洲软土的基本特征

珠江三角洲地区普遍分布有淤泥层，对高速公路等工程的建设构成了较大的影响。以某高速公路软土地基为例，该高速公路路基中分布有1层厚从3．5～6．7 m不等，呈黑～黑灰色，流塑、饱和、稍密状态，以粘土为主，含少量的砂颗粒，其物理力学性质极差，是本工程的重点加固土层。该层加固前，层底深度一般为5．0～8．0 m，厚度分布基本均匀，层顶面标高为0．48～1．21 m；该层加固后，部分软土已经从流塑态变为软塑态，层底深度一般为6．5～9．8 m，厚度一般为3．0～5．8 m，分布基本均匀。

正文英语翻译

压缩模量Es是用来评价地基压缩性和沉降计算的重要土性参数Compressive modulus Es is used to evaluate key soil parameters of compressibility and settlement of Foundation.

从工程角度上讲，它有2种意义：：一是作为土的参数，对土的压缩性、地基均匀性进行评价；

From engineering perspective, there are two kinds of meaning: First, as soil parameters, the evaluation of homogeneity of soil compressibility, ground ，second settlement calculation as a parameter, for building Foundation design and settlement control now made room confined compression test.

压缩模量定义为：土在完全侧限条件下的竖向附加应力o 与竖向应变e 的比值，

Compression modulus is defined as complete confined conditions of vertical additional stress ratio of o and e vertical strain,

理论上讲，该模量仅仅在瞬时沉降条件下成立, 理论上讲，该模量仅仅在瞬时沉降条件下成立，即：土体被施加荷重后立即产生变形，此时，压缩模量Es可以称为瞬时压缩模量。

In theory, the modulus of the only instant settlement formed under conditions, namely: was imposed immediately after the load deformation of soils, in which case the compressive modulus Es can be referred to as instantaneous compression

modulus.

实际上，对于大多数土体尤其是软土，在荷载作用下，体积压缩是有时问性的，是一个逐渐发展的过程，这一过程中土的各种压缩性指标是在不断变化的。

In fact, for most soil especially in soft soil, under load, volume compression is sometimes ask in nature, is a process of gradual development, various during the compression index is constantly changing.

但是，一般计算中所使用的压缩模量却是一个定值，没有考虑压缩过程中压缩模量本身的变化。

However, the General used in the calculation of modulus of compressibility is a fixed value and does not take into account changes in compressive modulus in compression process itself. 这可能是造成软土变形的计算值和实际变形值相差较大的重要原因。This may be caused by soft soil deformation calculation value and the actual value is an important reason why large deformation.

如果在计算中能把压缩过程中压缩模量自身的变化加以考虑，将能大大的提高变形计算的精度。

If the calculation can change of compressive modulus in compression process itself be taken into account, would significantly enhance the precision of deformation.

研究表明【EMo】，根据室内压缩曲线所得的压缩模量比用现场原位测试建立的压缩实验资料统计所得的E偏小，这样在进行地基最终沉降量的计算时，使计算的变形沉降量值过大。

Research shows that [EMo], according to the modulus of compressibility curves of the indoor compression is small compared with in-situ testing of compression test statistics obtained E, so in the calculation of final ground settlement, so that the calculation of deformation of the settlement value is too large.

在深厚淤泥和淤泥质土层的软土地基上进行工程建筑时，为了能够加速软基的固结，在软基中插入塑料排水板，同时在软基之上用土体填方堆载，利用堆载产生的水头差，将土中孔隙水排出，进而达到加固的目的。

In deep silt and silty soil when construction on soft ground, in order to accelerate the consolidation of soft Foundation, ,insert a plastic drainage Board in soft, while on top of soft soil embankment loading, loading head difference, soil pore water discharges and thus achieve the objective of strengthening.

选取珠江三角洲地区某高速公路软基处理工程的淤泥土作为研究对象，在工程现场采取了软基处理前天然状态的淤泥土样和经过超载预压10个月后具有一定固结度的淤泥土样，

Selection of the Pearl River Delta region of a soft foundation treatment of expressway soft soil engineering as the research object, on the site of the project took the silt samples before the natural state of soft foundation treatment and after surcharge preloading after 10 months with a certain degree of consolidation of silt samples,

，并对不同状态的淤泥土样进行了不同压力级别下的室内压缩固

结试验，得到了压缩模量随压力、时间变化的大量数据，在此基础上，，and silt soil samples of different State Interior compression consolidation tests under different levels of stress,get modulus of compressibility with pressure of large amounts of data, and time, on the basis of,

，对数据进行统计分析，探讨了压缩模量随着竖向荷载和时间的变化而演化的关系式。

,the data for statistical analysis, discusses the relationship between compression modulus evolution along with the change of vertical load and time.

1 珠江三角洲软土的基本特征

1 basic characteristics of soft soil in the Pearl River Delta 珠江三角洲地区普遍分布有淤泥层，对高速公路等工程的建设构成了较大的影响。

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：

土木工程英语翻译1doc

Chapter 10 Construction Management 建设管理部门 10.1 the procurement and implementation of structural steel for buidings begins with the owner`s decision to use steel as the primary structural system for the building 采购和实现的钢结构的建筑开始与业主的决定使用钢作为主要结构系 统的构建 this decision is generally made early in the design process in conjunction with the architect and structural engineer for the project 10.1 这个决定通常是在设计过程中尽早做出会同建筑师和结构工程师的项目 the construction manager or design-build firm advises the owner on material availability 设计、建设施工经理或公司建议业主在材料的可用性 costs, suitability 成本、适用性 and scheduling aspects of the structural frame types和调度方面的结构性框架类型 in many cases 在许多情况下 the construction manager or design-build firm consults with steel fabricators for preliminary pricing设计、建设施工经理或公司担任钢铁制造商为初步定价scheduling, and layout information that is used in deciding which structural system to utilize 调度和布局信息,用于决定哪些结构系统利用 Structural Design 结构设计

土木中英翻译

2.4 开启功能修复 解放桥中跨为开启跨，开启系统为施尔泽尔（Scherzer）式。这一系统通过电动机的动力输送，由齿轮组、动轮、齿条、弧形梁、平衡重密切的配合运动，使得末端齿轮轴的水平移动转化成扇形齿在固定齿梁上的滚动，这一随着开启角度而变化的转动轴，使桥梁在开启过程中，整个开启跨结构围绕转动轴处于受力的平衡状态，使桥梁有控制地徐徐向后仰起完成开启动作。桥梁开启后，两墩之间有42.7m的自由航道。 2.4 Repairing of the movable function The middle span of Liberation Bridge is a movable span whose movable system is Scherzer’s pattern. The opening system is driven by an electric motor. With the team motion of gear set, driving wheel, rack, curved beam and balance weight, horizontal motion of the gear shaft can be converted to be the roll of gear sector on fixed gear whose position varies with opening angle. Bridge structure is on the state of equilibrium with respect to the rotation axis when opening, which make it possible to open the bridge deck gradually in a controllable way. The width of free waterway is about 42.7m after bridge deck is opened. 解放桥开启系统严格按照原开启方式恢复，主要通过三步工作来实现。 1.通过实地考察、勘查与了解，明确解放桥的开启系统原理，完成开启系统的设计工作。 The opening system is repaired strictly according to the former opening pattern, and the repairing procedure can be divided into three steps as follows: 1. After field investigation and exploration, design the opening system with clearly comprehending the principle of opening system of Liberation Bridge. 2.安装调试 (1).车间内初安装调试 在车间内首先对每个传动部件进行初安装，调整好齿轮、支承件的位置与间隙，并在各个支承部件处加润滑脂，保证部件转动灵活；在车间内搭设辅助初调试平台，将所有上桥传动部件放在车间内的辅助初调试平台上，单侧活动跨的整体传动系统联接安装初调试，调整好各对齿轮间的位置与间隙，并在各个支承部件处加润滑脂，使得系统转动灵活，检查全部零部件并确认无遗漏情况。 2 Installation debugging (1) Initially installation debugging in workshop Every transmission part should be initially installed firstly in workshop. In this stage, the position of each gear and strutting piece should be adjusted and lubricating oil should be applied to each strutting piece to make sure their free rotation. Then all the transmission parts should be placed on the auxiliary initial debugging platform in

土木工程专业英语翻译(武汉理工大学出版社段兵廷主编)完整版

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他

土木工程英文翻译

外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARDS 院（部）：建筑工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木081 姓名：孙继佳 学号：200811003192 指导教师：樊江 翻译日期：2012.5.4

3.1 PROTECTION AGAINST WA TER Whether thrust against and into a building by a flood, driven into the interior by a heavy rain, leaking from plumbing, storm surge, or seeping through the exterior enclosure, water can cause costly damage to a building. Consequently, designers should protect buildings and their contents against water damage. Protective measures may be divided into two classes: floodproofing and waterproofing.Floodproofing provides protection against flowing surface water, commonly caused by a river overflowing its banks. Waterproofing provides protection against penetration through the exterior enclosure of buildings of groundwater, rainwater,and melting snow. Buildings adjacent to large water bodies may also require protection from undermining due to erosion and impact from storm driven waves. 3.4.1Floodproo?ng A ?ood occurs when a river rises above an elevation,called ?ood stage,and is not Prevented by enclosures from causing damage beyond its banks.Buildings con- Structed in a ?ood plain,an area that can be inundated by a ?ood,should be Protected against a ?ood with a mean recurrence interval of 100 years.Maps Showing ?ood-hazard areas in the United States can be obtained from the Federal InsuranceAdministrator,DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,who Administers the National Flood Insurance Program.Minimum criteria for?ood- proo?ng are given in National Flood Insurance Rules and Regulations(Federal Register, vol.41,no.207,Oct.26,1976). Major objectives of ?oodproo?ng are to protect fully building and contents from Damage from a l00-year ?ood,reduce losses from more devastating ?oods,and Lower ?ood insurance premiums.Floodproo?ng,however,would be unnecessary if Buildings were not constructed in ?ood prone areas.Building in ?ood prone areas Should be avoided unless the risk to life is acceptable and construction there can Be economically and socially justi?ed. Some sites in flood prone areas possess some ground high enough to avoid flood damage. If such sites must be used, buildings should be clustered on the high areas. Where such areas are not available, it may be feasible to build up an earth fill, with embankments protected against erosion by water, to raise structures above flood levels. Preferably, such structures should not have basements, because they would require costly protection against water pressure. An alternative to elevating a building on fill is raising it on stilts (columns in an unenclosed space). In that case, utilities and other services should be protected against damage from flood flows. The space at ground level between the stilts may be used for parking automobiles, if the risk of water damage to them is acceptable or if they will be removed before flood waters reach the site. Buildings that cannot be elevated above flood stage should be furnished with an impervious exterior. Windows should be above flood stage, and doors should seal tightly against their frames. Doors and other openings may also be protected with a flood shield, such as a wall. Openings in the wall for access to the building may be protected with a movable flood shield, which for normal conditions can be stored

土木工程中英文翻译

Structural Systems to resist lateral loads Commonly Used structural Systems With loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression. It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today’ s technology. Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows: 1.Moment-resisting frames. 2.Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames. 3.Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls. 4.Tube-in-tube structures. 5.Tube-in-tube structures. 6.Core-interactive structures. 7.Cellular or bundled-tube systems. Particularly with the recent trend toward more complex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up of combinations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are composed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays. The method of combining these elements is the very essence of the design process for high-rise buildings. These combinations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect. In any event, the best of both is

土木工程中英文翻译

from：journal of Constructional Steel Research.V olume 59,Number 1,January 2003 Cyclic behavior of steel moment frame connections under varying axial load and lateral displacements Abstract: This paper discusses the cyclic behavior of four steel moment connections tested under variable axial load and lateral displacements. The beam specim- ens consisted of a reduced beam section, wing plates and longitudinal stiffeners. The test specimens were subjected to varying axial forces and lateral displace- ments to simulate the effects on beams in a Coupled-Girder Moment-Resisting Framing system under lateral loading. The test results showed that the specim- ens responded in a ductile manner since the plastic rotations exceeded 0.03 rad without significant drop in the lateral capacity. The presence of the longitudin- al stiffener assisted in transferring the axial forces and delayed the formation of web local buckling. 1. Introduction Aimed at evaluating the structural performance of reduced-beam section(RBS) connections under alternated axial loading and lateral displacement, four full-scale specimens were tested. These tests were intended to assess the performance of the moment connection design for the Moscone Center Exp- ansion under the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) and the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). Previous research conducted on RBS moment connections [1,2] showed that connections with RBS profiles can achieve rotations in excess of 0.03 rad. However, doubts have been cast on the quality of the seismic performance of these connections under combined axial and lateral loading. The Moscone Center Expansion is a three-story, 71,814 m2 (773,000 ft2) structure with steel moment frames as its primary lateral force-resisting system. A three dimensional perspective illustration is shown in Fig. 1. The overall height of the building, at the highest point of the exhibition roof, is approxima- tely 35.36 m (116ft) above ground level. The ceiling height at the exhibition hall is 8.23 m (27 ft) , and the typical floor-to-floor height in the building is 11.43 m (37.5 ft). The building was designed as type I according to the requi- rements of the 1997 Uniform Building Code. The framing system consists of four moment frames in the East–West direct- ion, one on either side of the stair towers, and four frames in the North–South

土木工程专业英语(苏小卒版)翻译.

第一单元 Fundamentally, engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is innovative, cost-conscious and mindful of human factors. It is concerned with the creation of new entities, devices or methods of solution: a new process, a new material, an improved power source, a more efficient arrangement of tasks to accomplish a desired goal or a new structure. Engineering is also more often than not concerned with obtaining economical solutions. And, finally, human safety is always a key consideration. 从根本上，工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新、成本意识，同时也注意到人为因素。它与创建新的实体、设备或解决方案有关：新工艺、新材料、一个改进的动力来源、任务的一项更有效地安排，用以完成所需的目标或创建一个新的结构。工程是也不仅仅关心获得经济的解决方案。最终，人类安全才是一个最重要的考虑因素。 Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are part of the process. 工程关心的是，使用抽象的科学方法思考和定义现实世界的问题。理想化的使用和发展建立可以确定行为的边界的程序，是过程的一部分。 Many problems, by their very nature, can’t be fully described—even after the fact, much less at the outset. Yet acceptable engineering solutions to these problems must be found which satisfy the defined needs. Engineering, then, frequently concerns the determination of possible solutions within a context of limited data. Intuition or judgment is a key factor in establishing possible alternative strategies, processes, or solutions. And this, too, is all a part of engineering. 很多的问题，就其本身的性质而言，不能完全被描述——即使这一事实，在其开始之前。然而还必须找到对于这些问题可接受的工程解决方案，来满足预定的需求。直觉或判断是建立可能的替代策略、流程或解决方案的关键因素。。而这也是工程的一部分。 Civil engineering is one of the most diverse branches of engineering. The civil engineer plans, designs, constructs, and maintains a large variety of structures and facilities for public, commercial and industrial use. These structures include residential, office, and factory buildings; highways, railways, airports, tunnels, bridges, harbors, channels, and pipelines. They also include many other facilities that are a part of the transportation systems of most countries, as well as sewage and waste disposal systems that add to our convenience and safeguard our health. 土木工程是工程的最多样化的分支机构之一。土木工程师计划、设计、施工，和维护大量的结构和公共、商业和工业使用的设施。这些结构包括住宅，办公室和工厂大厦；公路、铁路、机场、隧道、桥梁、港口、渠道和管道。在其他大多数的国家它们还包括运输系统许多其他设施，以及将为我们的生活带来便利的和维护我们的健康污水及废物处理系统。 The term “civil engineer” did not come into use until about 1750, when John