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托福经典词汇题440

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001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary women.

The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) typical

(B) satisfied

(D) distinctive

002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today.

The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) valued

(B) universal

(D) preserved

003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century.

The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) surpassed

(B) inclined

(D) applied

004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.

The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) records

(B) speeds

(D) periods

005. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes.

The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) pushing

(B) releasing

(D) draining

006. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle.

The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) drop

(B) extend

(D) drift

007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members.

The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) necessary

(B) typical

(D) particular

008. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

The word "resolve" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) avoid repeating

(B) talk about

(D) find a solution for

009. Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains. Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site. The word "noticed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) predicted

(B) announced

(D) observed

010. Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated tangled masses.

The word "tangled" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) buried beneath

(B) twisted together

(D) easily dated

011. The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles that would often have been concealed by leaves and dust.

The word "concealed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) highlighted

(B) covered

(D) contaminated

012. The ocean bottom --- a region nearly 2. 5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth --- is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted, until about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneath waters averaging over 3,600 meters deep.

The word "inaccessible" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) unrecognizable

(B) unreachable

(D) unsafe

013. The DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor. The word "extracting" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) breaking

(B) locating

(D) analyzing

014. Today, largely on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the geological processes that shape the Earth.

The word "strength" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) basis

(B) purpose

(D) endurance 015. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase.

The word "surging" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) new

(B) extra

(D) surprising

016. When the prairies were being settled, undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950's supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families.

The word "trend" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) tendency

(B) aim

(D) directive

017. After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966, it stood at the lowest level in 25 years.

The word "peak" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) pointed

(B) dismal

(D) maximum

018. Although the growth in Canada's population had slowed down by 1966 (the increase the first half of the 1960's was only nine percent) , another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957. The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) behind

(B) since

(D) preceding

019. Advocates of organic foods --- a term whose meaning varies greatly --- frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.

The word "Advocates" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) Proponents

(B) Merchants

(D) Consumers

020. There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like.

The word "unsubstantiated" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) unbelievable

(B) uncontested

(D) unverified

021. But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods. So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.

The word "maintain" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) improve

(B) monitor

(D) restore

022. In addition, there were performers and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.

The word "considerable" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) thoughtful

(B) substantial

(D) ceremonial

023. In addition, there were performers and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.

The word "enactment" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) establishment

(B) performance

(D) season

024. Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States, North and South, when the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.

The word "Staggering" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) specialized

(B) confusing

025. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.

The word "devastated" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) developing

(B) ruined

(D) fragile

026. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps. But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights.

The word "demonstrated" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) ignored

(B) showed

(D) distinguished

027. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water.

The word "extend" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) stretch

(B) branch

(D) rotate

028. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era.

The word "vast" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) large

(B) basic

(D) urban

029. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas.

The word "sparked" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) brought about

(B) surrounded

(D) followed

030. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six million people.

The word "potential" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) certain

(B) popular

(D) possible

031. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. The word "outstanding" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) extensive

(B) surprising

(D) excellent

032. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzamden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.

The word "site" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) example

(B) location

(D) characteristic

033. The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

The phrase "account for " is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) record

(B) describe

(D) explain

034. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.

The words "a supremacy" in line 9 are closest in meaning to

(A) a suggestion

(B) an improvement

(D) a development

035. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

The word "myriad" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) noticeable

(B) many

(D) unusual

036. Each one was virtually a stone town, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word for towns. These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis'supreme achievements. At least a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in northwest New Mexico.

The word "supreme" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) most common

(B) most outstanding

(D) most convenient

037. They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart tribal lore to the younger generation.

The word "settle" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) sink

(B) decide

(D) locate

038. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.

The word "ascending" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) arriving at

(B) carving

(D) climbing

039. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film. The word "solemn" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) simple

(B) serious

(D) silent

040. Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.

The word "composed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) selected

(B) combined

(D) created

The word "scores" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) totals

(B) successes

(D) groups of musicians

041. The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust.

The word "comprises" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) adapts to

(B) benefits from

(D) focuses on

042. These plates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates. The word "intense" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) surface

(B) sudden

(D) extreme

043. New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. The word "margins" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) edges

(B) peaks

(D) distances

044. If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and Afro-European plates move in opposite directions. The word "support" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) separate

(B) create

(D) hold

045. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.

The word "appreciation" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) ignorance

(B) recognition

(D) forgiveness

046. An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues.

The word "bias" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) concern

(B) disadvantage

(D) prejudice

047. The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada.

The word "prevailing" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) most frequent

(B) occasional

(D) most dangerous

048. There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins. The rise and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and

retreats of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times.

The word "accumulated" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) dried

(B) flooded

(D) evaporated

049. All living creature, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?

The phrase "bizarre" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) odd

(B) marine

(D) rare

050. Its major enemies are fish and crabs, when attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.

The phrase "casts off" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) grows again

(B) grabs

(D) uses as a weapon

051. A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. The word "homogeneous" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) uniform

(B) general

(D) traditional

052. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age.

The phrase "largely renounces" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) generally rejects

(B) greatly modifies

(D) often criticizes

053. Secular institutions, of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk".

The word "prevails" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) dominates

(B) provides

(D) invests

054. Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short-lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern the subtle atmospheric changes that precede these storms.

The word "subtle" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) complex

(B) regular

(D) slight

055. Communications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously, and modern computers can quickly compile and analyzing this large volume of weather information. The word "compile" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) put together

(B) look up

(D) work over

056. Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of transforming raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly.

The word "raw" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) stormy

(B) inaccurate

(D) unprocessed

057. People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos.

The word "Prospect" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) regret

(B) possibility

(D) circumstance

058. Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth centuries. As the population grew, its makeup also changed. The word "roughly" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) harshly

(B) surprisingly

(D) approximately

059. Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home.

The word "magnify" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) solve

(B) explain

(D) increase

The word "distinctions" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) differences

(B) classes

(D) characteristics

060. In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. The word "related" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) connected

(B) described

(D) identified

061. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is supported.

The word "supported" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) finished

(B) adjusted

(D) upheld 062. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat,

fresh fish, and butter.

The phrase "forward-looking" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) progressive

(B) popular

(D) well-established

063. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.

The word "rudimentary" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) growing

(B) undeveloped

(D) uninteresting

064. Aside from perpetuating itself, the sole purpose of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters is to "foster, assist and sustain an interest" in literature, music, and art.

The word "sole" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) only

(B) honorable

(D) official

065. One award subsidizes a promising American writer's visit to Rome. There is even an award for a very good work of fiction that failed commercially-once won by the young John Updike for The Poorhouse Fair and, more recently, by Alice Walker for In Love and Trouble.

The word "subsidizes" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) assures

(B) finances

(D) publishes

066. Committee membership rotates every year, so that new voices and opinions are constantly heard. The word "rotates" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) alternates

(B) participates

(D) meets

067. One important line of evidence comes from

flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from hose flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker) .

The word "implements" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) tools

(B) designs

(D) pieces

068. Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit.

The word "clues" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) solutions

(B) details

(D) information

069. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right-or left-sided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. The word "hemispheres" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) differences

(B) sides

(D) studies

070. Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists.

The phrase "subject to" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(D) strengthened by

071. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae.

The word "puncture" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(D) cover 072. Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single

structure called the column.

The word "fused" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) combined

(B) hidden

(D) produced

073. To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds.

The word "lure" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) attract

(B) recognize

(D) help

074. Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed.

The word "placed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) estimated

(B) measured

(D) identified

075. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors.

The word "discrete" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) complicated

(B) separate

(D) functional

076. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood.

The word "overtaxed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) well prepared

(B) plentifully supplied

(D) charged too much

077. Therefore, in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric" of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made sense; that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. The word "inadequate" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) deficient

(B) expanded

(D) specialized

078. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline.

The word "inevitably" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) unwillingly

(B) impartially

(D) unavoidably

079. Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamented the role that the new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values. A distrust of industry and business continued among writers throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.

The word "lamented" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) complained about

(B) analyzed

(D) reflected on

080. One thinks of melodramas, boys' books, thrillers, romances, and the like rather than novels of the first rank.

The phrase "first rank" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) largest category

(B) highest quality

(D) most difficult language

081. These writers, who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the "railroad novel," are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory. The words "faded from" in line 21 are closest in meaning to

(A) grew in

(B) disappeared from (C) remained in

(D) developed from

082. The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design. It was the work primarily of an unsung hero of American industrial progress, Oliver Evans (1755-1819) .

The word "novel" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) fictional

(B) intricate

(D) powerful

083. The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer, Evans early became obsessed by the possibilities of mechanized production and steam power. As early as 1802 he was using a stationary steam engine of high-pressure design in his mill. Engines of this type were not unknown, but before Evans they were generally considered impractical and dangerous.

The word "stationary" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) single

(B) fixed

(D) modified

084. In shallow western rivers the weight of vessel and engine was important; a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation.

The word "vessel" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) fuel

(B) crew

(D) craft

085. The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.

The word "emerged" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) increased

(B) concluded

(D) appeared

The word "outlining" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) assigning

(B) studying

(D) summarizing

086. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then

begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes.

The word "deliberate" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) decisive

(B) careful

(D) unusual

087. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes.

The word "demanded" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) ordered

(B) reported

(D) questioned

088. The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint.

The word "imitate" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) copy

(B) illustrate

(D) believe in

089. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.

The word "comparably" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) interestingly

(B) similarly

(D) sometimes

090. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.

The word "inclination" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) tricks

(B) opportunities

(D) experiences 091. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that, during

the years of these cumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express businesses developed.

The word "cumbersome" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) burdensome

(B) handsome

(D) quarrelsome

092. But this delivery service was at first confined to cities, and free home delivery became a mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town had to have 10,000 people to be eligible for free home delivery.

The word "Confined" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) granted

(B) scheduled

(D) recommended

093. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved.

The word "framed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(B) read

(D) posed

094. In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.

The word "supposedly" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) ruthlessly

(B) tightly

(D) seemingly

095. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.

The word "sanitation" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) city

(B) housing

(D) trade

096. When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in 1864, there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth's interior. Some

geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas, while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells, each made of a different material.

The word "conflicting" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) controlling

(B) outdated

(D) important

097. Beyond a depth of around 2,900 kilometers, a great change takes place and the mantle gives way to the core.< Some seismic waves cannot pass through the core and others are bent by it. From this and other evidence, geologists conclude that the outer core is probably liquid, with a solid center. It is almost certainly made of iron, mixed with smaller amount of other elements such as nickel.

The phrase "gives way to" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) runs along

(B) rubs against

(D) floats on

098. Although scientists can speculate about its nature, neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.

The word "speculate" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) report

(B) learn

(D) hypothesize

099. Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternative existed of sending them directly eastward to market, and merchants could sell larger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.

The word "alternative" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) option

(B) transition

(D) authorization

100. The distance was more than 350 miles, and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate.

The word "penetrate" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) cut down

(B) go through

(D) take over

101. The range of the New York canal system was still further extended when the states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.

The word "extended" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) increased

(B) constructed

(D) measured

102. The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes proved barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.

The word "barren" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) lonely

(B) dangerous

(D) infertile

103. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed.

The word "preferred" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) ordinary

(B) available

(D) favored

104. They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems.

The word "hard" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) firm

(B) severe

(D) bitter

105. Nevertheless, most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.

The word "divergence" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) description

(B) development

(D) display

106. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings. The word "durable" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) attractive

(B) expensive

(D) long-lasting

The word "dwelling" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) houses

(B) towns

(D) rural areas

107. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.

The word "elaborately" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) done in great detail

(B) put together carefully

(D) reinforced structurally

108. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on.

The word "chance" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) unplanned

(B) unusual

(D) lively

109. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is should be an integral part of one's entire life.

The word "integral" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) an equitable

(B) a profitable

(D) an essential

110. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region.

The word "concentrated" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) allowed

(B)clustered

(D) strengthened

111. In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads.

The word "effect" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) value

(B) argument

(D) restraint

112. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.

The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) separate

(B) innovative

(D) provocative

113. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.

The word "setting" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) discussing

(B) analyzing

(D) avoiding

114. Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action.

The word "ends" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) benefits

(B) decisions

(D) goals

115. What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle? The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on mega fossils-relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals.

The word "drastic" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) widespread

(B) radical

(D) risky

116. It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.

The word "extracted" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) located

(B) preserved

(D) studied

117. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals. In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.

The word "instances" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) methods

(B) processes

(D) reasons

118. In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter. Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.

The word "entombed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) crushed

(B) trapped

(D) excavated

119. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans --- have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.

The word "marked" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) pronounced

(B) fortunate

(D) mysterious

120. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.

The phrase "ushering in" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) beginning

(B) demanding

(D) increasing

The word "executed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) sold

(B) requested

(D) created

121. Local crafts people-sign, coach, and house painters-began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.

The word "sketching" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) drawing

(B) hiring

(D) discussing

122. Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

The word "domains" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) fields

(B) locations

(D) occupations

123. The development of the railroad and telegraph

systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.

The word "fundamental" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) possible

(B) basic

(D) unique

124. To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures.

The word "skilled" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) hardworking

(B) expert

(D) industrial

125. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building.

The words "presided over" in line 20 are closest in meaning to

(A) managed

(B) led to

(D) produced

126. Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings) , tailed comets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, and so on. But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the universe.

The word "entities" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) factors

(B) processes

(D) puzzles

127. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds.

The word "motifs" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) tools

(B) prints

(D) designs 128. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving

and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.

The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) separate

(B) assembled

(D) inferior

129. On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pill.

The word "rare" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) festive

(B) infrequent

(D) unexpected

130. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.

The word "maintaining" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) measuring

(B) inheriting

(D) delaying

131. Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for nonadapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight.

The word "tolerate" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) endure

(B) replace

(D) reduce

132. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to

remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.

The word "obtain" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) digest

(B) carry

(D) get

133. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level. The phrase "roll back" in lines 11-12 is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) credit

(B) measure

(D) reduce

134. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing.

The word "stimulating" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) experimenting with

(B) identifying

(D) encouraging

135. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent Controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-rents.

The word "depressed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) saddened

(B) created

(D) defeated

136. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. San Francisco has only a 1.

6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws.

The word "stringent" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) straightforward

(B) strict

(D) efficient

137. For example, sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter.

The word "dictates" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) reads aloud

(B) determines

(D) records

138. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.

The word "witnessed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) influenced

(B) studied

(D) observed

139. The plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must have appealed to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.

The phrase "a break with" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) a destruction of

(B) a departure from

(D) a solution to

140. In winter especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food reserves.

The word "conserve" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) retain

(B) watch

(D) share

141. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity-horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks-but the effect of sheltering is magnified by several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anis do.

The word "magnified" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) caused

(B) modified

(D) combined

142. The second possible benefit of communal roots is that they act as "information centers." During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area. When they return in the evening some

will have fed well, but others may have found little to eat.

The word "forage" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) fly

(B) assemble

(D) rest

143. Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground.

The word "counteracted" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) suggested

(B) negated

(D) shielded

144. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage.

The word "prevent" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) estimate

(B) avoid

(D) confine

145. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's. Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet.

The word "fixture" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) luxury item

(B) substance

(D) mechanical device

146. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

The word "Nevertheless" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) therefore

(B) because

(D) however

readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a thousand fold.

The word "readily" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) only

(B) easily

(D) certainly

147. The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's "urban" from its "rural" population for the first time.

The word "distinguished" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) differentiated

(B) removed

(D) protected

148. Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitant or more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000.

The word "constituting" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) located near

(B) determined by

(D) making up

149. The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were entered from the roof.

The word "pits" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) stages

(B) scars

(D) holes

150. Each kiva had a fire pit and hole that was believed to lead to the underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800 rooms.

The word "stories" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) articles

(B) tales

(D) rumors

151. The village chief dealt with land disputes and religious affairs. The war chief led the men in fighting

during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages and directed the men in community building projects.

The word "disputes" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) discussions

(B) arguments

(D) purchases

152. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.

The word "unrestricted" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) unsatisfactory

(B) difficult

(D) unlimited

153. The steel wires used are galvanized-coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted together and barbed.

The word "fed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) put

(B) eaten

(D) nourished

154. The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres.

The words "exposed to" in line 6 are closest in meaning to

(A) leaving behind

(B) prepared for

(D) subjected to

155. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted for nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not exert a similar narcotic effect.

The word "exert" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) cause

(B) permit

(D) change

156. As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues.

The word "diffuses" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) yields

(B) starts

(D) travels

157. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters, the volume of air in the lungs will double because the air pressure at the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture.

The word "rupture" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) hurt

(B) shrink

(D) stop

158. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. The word "minuscule" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) circular

(B) dangerous

(D) tiny

159. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, x-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The word "enables" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) constitutes

(B) specifies

(D) allows

160. Because of the wavelength of the x-rays used, soft x-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather,their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and electron-based instruments.

The word "Rather" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) significantly

(B) preferably

(D) instead

161. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.

The word "realization" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) certainty

(B) awareness

(D) confusion

162. It was the manner of expression, the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining, satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive.

The word "aesthetically" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) artistically

(B) exceptionally

(D) dependably

163. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions.

The word "refreshing" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) popular

(B) ridiculous

(D) unusual

164. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.

The word "devote" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) distinguish

(B) feel affection

(D) dedicate

165. Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were both creations and creators of communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic quest for community.

The word "bound" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) led

(B) protected

(D) strengthened

166. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of groups, not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and avocational ones... in turn supported the multiplying hotels.

The word "assembling" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) announcing (B) motivating

(D) contracting

167. In the past, as today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife.

The word "adorned" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) protected

(B) decorated

(D) enjoyed

168. Besides their wear ability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible: they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market.

The word "attire" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) ritual

(B) importance

(D) history

169. Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes to unravel.

The word "unravel" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) communicate

(B) transport

(D) discover

170. Even the most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences.

The word "mundane" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) carved

(B) beautiful

(D) heavy

171. The crossed mandibles enable the birds to exert a powerful biting force at the bill tips, which is critical for maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the scales apart. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into the gap and draws out the seed. The word "gap" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) opening

(B) flower

(D) tree

172. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into the gap and draws out the seed. Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the birds cracks open and discards the woody seed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel.

The word "discards" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) eats

(B) breaks

(D) gets rid of

173. As a rule, large billed crossbills are better at seeming seeds from large cones while small billed crossbills are more deft at removing the seeds from small, thin scaled cones.

The word "deft" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) hungry

(B) skilled

(D) pleasant

174. This bird has a large, robust bill, yet most of Newfoundland's conifers have small cones, the same kind of cones that the slender-billed white-wings rely on.

The word "robust" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) strong

(B) colorful

(D) sharp

175. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.

The word "heralded" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) influenced

(B) announced

(D) ignored

176. She was also the city's postmaster from 1775 to 1789 --- appointed by Benjamin Franklin --- and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.

The word "position" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) job

(B) election

177. Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe. A galaxy is a giant family of many millions of stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field.

The word "major" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) intense

(B) principal

(D) unique

178. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical elliptical or spheroidal shape with no obvious structure. Most of their member stars are very old and since elliptical are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them.

The word "symmetrical" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) proportionally balanced

(B) commonly seen

(D) steadily growing

The word "obvious" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) discovered

(B) apparent

(D) simplistic

179. Their light was already halfway here before the Earth even formed. The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still dominated the animal world.

The word "dominated" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) threatened

(B) replaced

(D) were prevalent in

180. This meant that wagon freighting, stage coaching and steam boating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became supplements or feeders.

The word "supplements" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) extensions

(B) reformers

(D) influences

181. Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870's and 1880's and into the 1890's,although over constantly shrinking routes, and coaches and wagons continued to crisscross the West wherever

the rails had not yet been laid.

The word "crisscross" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) lead the way

(B) separate

(D) uncover

182. The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain, and semiarid plain could pay a profit.

The word "skepticism" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) doubt

(B) amazement

(D) determination

183. In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill, the chair of the congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture; yet it was a national necessity to link East and West together.

The word "subsidy" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) persuasion

(B) financing

(D) penalty

184. However, the concept of number and the counting process developed so long before the time of recorded history (there is chaeological evidence that counting was employed by humans as far back as 50,000 years ago) that the manner of this development is largely conjectural.

The word "conjectural" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) complex

(B) based on guessing

(D) supported by careful research

185. Probably the earliest way of keeping a count was by some simple tally method, employing the principle of one-to-one correspondence. In keeping a count of sheep, for example, one finger per sheep could be turned under.

The word "employing" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) using

(B) paying

(D) hiring

186. Counts could also be maintained by making scratches in the dirt or on a stone, by cutting notches in a piece of wood, or by tying knots in a string.

The word "maintained" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) justified

(B) asserted

(D) kept

187. Then, perhaps later, an assortment of vocal sounds was developed as a word tally against the number of objects in a small group.

The word "assortment" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) instrument

(B) variety

(D) symbol

188. Their products, primarily silver plates and bowls, reflected their exalted status and testified to their customers' prominence.

The word "exalted" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) unusual

(B) uncertain

(D) superior

189. Colonial coppersmithing also came of age in the early eighteenth century and prospered in northern cities.

The phrase "came of age" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) established itself

(B) declined

(D) was studied

190. Fossils are the remains and traces(such as footprints or other marks ) of ancient plant and animal life that are more than 10,000 years old.

The word "traces" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) structures

(B) importance

(D) imprints

191. The woolly mammoth, a long-haired rhinoceros, and other mammals have been periodically exposed in the tundra of Siberia, the hair and red flesh still frozen in cold storage.

The word "exposed" is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) photographed

(B) uncovered

(D) preserved

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TPO 4 indefinite period whose end has not been determined inhibit prevent, restrict in the same breath immediately do sth opposite rebound marked obvious, considerable; in danger principal trappings extra things TPO5 exhibit show facilitates makes easier suspended stop; hung afford offer overwhelming powerful implement tool undisputed acknowledged significant important relatively comparatively diversification promote encourage TPO6 exploited utilized vastly greatly grow accustomed to become used to retained maintained Cambrian rudimentary basic meticulously carefully endured survived virtually nearly plausible believable phenomenon occurrence critically fundamentally perspective viewpoint retrieval retrieve TPO7 caliber obsession with fixation on foster encourage sphere area diffuse spread profound far-reaching ritual ceremonial flee run away from objective purpose scores large numbers turbulent violent

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TPO4 inhibit=restrict 限制，禁止inthesamebreath=immediately 立即 indefiniteperiod=whoseendhasnotbeendetermined rebound=recovery 复原，重获 amarkeddegree=aconsiderabledegree 很大程度上principal=major 主要的 environmentaltrappings=environmentaldecorations accumulate=buildup 累积adjacent=nearby 临近的sloping=inclining 倾斜的foul=pollute 污染 TPO5 exhibit=show 展示facilitate=makeeasier 促进suspended=hung 悬浮的afford=offer 提供，支付的起overwhelming=powerful 有力的，强大的implement=tool 工具undisputed=acknowledged 认可的，无可争议的significant=important 重要的不定期的装饰 relatively=comparatively 相对地

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【参考借鉴】历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案).doc

托福词汇题汇总(附答案)(部分)

历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案)

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