TOEFL语法笔记

TOEFL语法笔记

王海波

代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。

填空的基本做法：

1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。

句法：{①简单句：S+V

②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。

③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句

2 简化句子

简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉p65-5/8

3 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。捷径：可直接套用句型和结构p53-1

4 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-7

4 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。

句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案

主语，——，谓宾。100%考

↓

插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词

改错做题要点：

1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。

2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。

3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。

4 做题ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。

填空的固定句型和结构

一主句专一结构1-2

※句子，句子。为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。

※任何从句都是正常语序。

二谓语专一结构3-4

任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。

※主谓……谓……错

主谓……，谓……。错

三平行结构5-6

X and Y

X ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致to do ，do and do 。be done ，done and done。※——，——，and——。

四what 结构7-8

缩合连接代词

（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定

7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that

（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分what =the thing that

（3）n+what 错n+the thing that √

※prep+what+SVO 错what →which √

（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。

（5）what is now 永远对，是可有可无的插入语例：8，p211-13，p227-11

（6）what 90%以上的出题形式①prep——V ②Vt——V

whatever = anything what whoever = anyone who

（7）what little，what few

what little = the little ……that

五prep + which 结构9-10

which 做为关系代词，只可用于引导从句，且在从句中必须做主语或宾语。

（Ⅰ）S+Vt+n+which+Vio/SVt

※which +不完整句

（Ⅱ）S+Vt+n+prep+which+SVO

※prep + which +完整句句子+ prep + which +句子

※句子——句子。优先选择prep +which/in that

定语从句：S+Vt+n+that/which+不完整句

同谓语从句：S+Vt+n+that+完整句

六in that 结构

只要出现就是答案in that =because 连词引导原因状语从句，但不能位于句首。

※句子+in that +句子。√

七同位语结构13-17

同位语{主语→n 说明或解释主语或宾语的某一属性或特征。

{宾语→n

（一）主语同位语的三种位置

①主语同位语，主谓宾。即，n，SVO。位于句首的孤立名词只能是同位语。13

②主语，主语同位语，谓宾。即，S，n ，VO 。

③主语同位语+主谓宾。

（二）宾语同位语的两种位置

①主语+谓语+宾语，+宾语同位语。即，SVO，n。位于句尾的孤立名词必是宾语同位语不定式。

※adv + 同位语√

②主语+谓语+宾语+宾语同位语

八adj的并列结构18-19

几个adj排成一列修饰同一个名词，adj间不并列，有明确的先后顺序。

逗号可以连接两个adj。

※带连字符的合成词为答案。

九比较结构20-23

X play tennis better than ①Y 省略性

②Y does 对称性

③does Y 倒装性

（Ⅰ）对称性

※比较结构中，比较对象要对等。

※优先选择that/those/the one ，一定不选it/them ，比较对象一定要有范围。

（Ⅱ）倒装性

比较结构than 可以倒装，可以不倒装。p52-10

比较结构中，相对谓语可省，尤其是be 动词常省。

十定语从句24-25

1 定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略，即，that +be/which+be/who +be 可同时省略。

※新题中难题常与which +be 省略

2 定语从句中，如that/which 做宾语时可以省略，S+Vt+n+that /which+SVt。

可省略

S+Vt+n1+n2+Vt

※……n1+n2……+Vt

↓

省略that/which

3 定语从句中的特殊省略

（1）……the way （in which ）+句子

（2）……the time （when /that）+句子

（3）……the reason （why/that）+句子

十一状语从句的省略结构28-29

※省略条件(1)特殊的状语从句引导词Although ，Though ，Even though ，when ，while ，if ，as 。

（2）从句必须为主系表结构（3）从句主语与主句主语一致

省略方式：可以同时省略主+系Although（主+系），主谓宾。

十二宾语从句结构26-27

indicate ，state，等Vt 后常考that 引导的宾语从句，即，S+Vt+that +SVO。

看见这些词就向后找that ，

词：indicate ，state ，demonstrate ，find ，estimate ，show ，hold ，insist，say ，tell ，believe ，think ，learn ，mean ，know 。划线的that可以省略

限定词+数+adj+n

十三doing 结构30-31

doing {动名词≈n 做句子主语或宾语

{分词≈adj/adv 做定语或状语

○现在分词修饰n，相当于adj，现在分词与n为修饰关系，n为中心词，翻译为“……的”。○动名词：具有动词特征的名词，作为n，在句子中做主语/宾语，但同时又可接宾语，动名词与名词的关系是动宾关系，中心词是动名词，翻译为“……的行为”。

※——复n +单数V 。优先选择doing Doing +复n +单数V 。

十四make 结构32-33

make +宾语+宾补

↓↓

n/代词n/adj

（1）make +n1+n2 p210-8

（2）make +n/代词+adj p52-6 p18-11

（3）make it possible { to do sth

↓{that + 句子

形式宾语（短宾语）

（4）make sth possible √※make possible sth （长宾语）√p307-10

十五the more ……the more 34-35

标准句式：The more S+V ，the more S+V 。

（Ⅰ）对称性：结构中的n 前必须有限定词。

※the more the + n ，the more the + n。优先选择

（Ⅱ）结构中相同的谓语可以省略，尤其是be动词常省。

（Ⅲ）倒装性：the more S + V ，the more S +V 。

条件状语从句只有第二个the more可以倒装

十六表结果的伴随状语结构36-37 p182-11

SVO，doing ……SVO ，thus/thereby +doing……

※thus/thereby 后面不一定接doing

十七adj系表作后置定语结构38-39

equal to similar to

n1 + （adj+prep+n2）※当adj短语做后置定语修饰n时，等价于定语从句的省略。↓↓

省略which be 形容词短语

语序：food high in fat leaves rich in sugar p183-14

※n1+ （-er +than +n2）p169-3

↓

which +be

十八adj最高级的省略结构40-41

the + adj最高级+ 单数n + of + 复数n

※单数n必须省略

the + adj最高级+ of + 复数n

the + {①n }of

{②最高级}

the + adv/V/-ed 错

the + adj原级+ of √p66-25/32

a + 单数可数n + of p79-28 p93-40 p118-27

十九不规则动词的过去式42-43

set set set spread spread spread cost cost cost

二十倒装结构44-49

位置13，14，15或5，10。

①只有主句才能倒装。

②倒装句答案是系动词或be动词。

（Ⅰ）否定adv位于句首引起倒装44

Not only ，Not untill，hardly ，scarcely ，rarely ，seldom ，No sooner ……later . Not untill （prep）+时间+主谓倒装。

Not untill（连词）+句子（正常语序）+主谓倒装。

（Ⅱ）only only +状语位于句首45

only{adv recently

{状语从句when +句子

{prep+n in recent years

（Ⅲ）adj/分词短语位于句首倒装46

adj +prep+n +系V+主语

adj短语

※Typical of ，characteristic of

分词+prep +n+系V+主语p131-15

※coinciding with +n

（Ⅳ）So 位于句首（So ……that ）47

主语+be +So +adj + that +句子

表语

So +adj +be + 主语+ that +句子

（Ⅴ）表地点，范围的介词短语位于句首，且谓语动词为系动词时引起倒装。48- 49

※倒装句中不能出现there

常考的介词短语：Among ，between ，in ，at ，beneath

常考的系动词：be ，lie ，exist ，remain ，rest

（Ⅵ）比较结构中，than 后面可以倒装也可以不倒装。

（Ⅶ）As位于句中，类似于So。David is a good teacher，as are his family.

二十一规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构50-52

We called him bush . 主动, 过去式,谓语

He was called bush . 被动,过去分词,谓语

A boy called bush was ……被动,过去分词,后置定语

{主动→过去式过去分词{有be时谓语

{被动→过去分词{无be时后置定语

n+-ed

①先从逻辑上判断n ,-ed 的主被动关系.

②主动为过去式,谓语; 如果为被动,则为过去分词,后置定语.

二十二逻辑主语结构53-56

①(n)Doing ……，SVO.

(n)Done……，SVO.

位于句首做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语,即为句子主语.

②(with/without) n1+doing ……, n2+VO ；n1+ done ……，n2 +VO.

独立主格：

Although +doing ……,SVO. If + done ……，SVO.

位于句首做状语的分词短语前,可加状语从句的引导词(7个).

prep +n,SVO. p104-10 讲义p4-55

(n)To do ……，SVO.

↑可以一致,可以不一致,一般情况一致

Although to do ,SVO.和If to do ,SVO. 为错. 位于句首的不定式,不可接状语从句的引导词. ※when to do 只可作主语/宾语,不可做状语.

when to do ,SVO. 错

SVO+when to do ……. 错

二十三宾补结构57-60

某些Vt接宾语后句意不完整，必须加n/adj来补充说明，这个n/adj就为宾补。

appoint ，call ，elect ，consider ，make ，name ，

elect {主动：sb/sth elect sb/sth

{被动：sb be elected {（1）具体职务（2）+to+机构（3）to the office of +职务consider {主动：S+consider +n1+（to be ）+n2/ad

j

{被动：n1+be consodered +（to be）+n2/adj

※consider +n1+n2 优先选择

name {主动：sb /sth name sb/sth

{被动：sb be named sth

宾语后置（宾语过长）

bring sth to sb/sw →bring to sw sth

bring sth together →bring together sth

bring sth to light →bring to light sth

二十四it 结构61-63

※——n . 选主+谓,优先选there +be ,不选it is /they are.

(Ⅰ)强调句型：It is/was +被强调部分+that /who +其余部分.

①可以强调主语，宾语，状语，不可以强调谓语，定语。

②强调人that /who均可，其余用that。

③如果后面的句子为过去时态为was ，其余用is。

※——who……. ——that……. 优先选择it is /was +□

(Ⅱ)形式主语,形式宾语

形式主语: It +be +adj/分词+ to do sth /that +句子

形式宾语: S+ Vt+ it + adj /分词+ to do sth/that +句子

S + make it possible to do sth /that + 句子

二十五which 引导定语从句的三种情形64-67

（Ⅰ）S +Vt +n+which +SVt/VtO ※which 不一定指最近的n。

（Ⅱ）S+Vt+ n+prep +which +SVO.

※……prep +which +VO. 错

……prep +which +to do 也可以做后置定语修饰名词，完全等于定语从句。

（Ⅲ）S +Vt+n，n/数+ of which +VtO.

SVO,both/each/all/some/half/ten percent/three quarters of which + VO.

二十六双谓语结构68-72

①主语从句引导词+主语从句V1 +……+V2…….

↑从句V ↑主句V

结构特征:两个谓语直接在一起,第一反应为主语从句,即, 主语从句引导词+SVO+VO.

②Doing +宾语从句引导词+宾语从句V1+……+V2…….

③n of (what V1+ ……)+V2.

二十七双宾语结构73-74

①gain ,win ,earn . sth gain /win /earn sb sth

②give ,grant. sth give sth sth . sb/sth grant sb/sth sth .

③name,appoint,call,elect ,make,consider. ※Vt+n1+n2. √

④persuade,tell. sb tell sb that + 句子. sb persuade sb that + 句子.

二十八三句子结构75-76

句子,句子，句子.

①必须有两个conj.②两个conj可以在一起. 句子,but(when + 句子,句子.) √p291-8 ※有conj的句子划掉.

二十九such as 结构77

（Ⅰ）such + 复数n + as + 例子

（Ⅱ）复数n + such as + 例子

what/how/wether + to do/ 句子what to do/ how to do it

※S + Vt + n 90%定语从句

改错的出题方向

①单复数②可数/不可数③词性混用④人与物⑤抽象n/具体n⑥V/动名词⑦词序

一名词

名词做定语的单复数问题1-11

1. 名词做定语即: n1修饰n2,n1作单数.

a twenty four hour period √

例外: a savings bank √

a systems engineering √

a greetings card √

a communications satellite √

2. man/woman 当修饰n 时,其单复数随n 变. a woman boxer →a women boxers

3.a chemical lab →a chemisty lab √

a physics student √

当表示某一学科的教授,学生,教科书,实验室,系等教学要素时,应用学科名本身来修饰,表示脱离教学要素时例外.

限度词与名词单复数

1. many →复数n much →不可数n

many are /by many many 可为代词

2. some/any 可数/不可数均可单数/复数均可

3. few/a few little/a little few + n 错（a）few + n 复数√

4. every/each 单数可数名词each ten boys every four years

5. another/other/anyother

another + 单数名词other + 复数名词anyother + 单数名词

6. 数量词=数词+ 量词

hunderd/thousand/million five thousand places thousands of pieces 一亿本书: hunderd million books

7. one of /among of + 复数n

8. a number of + 复数n +复数V

the number of +复数n +单数V

9. 数词/several + 复数n

five spacecraft several settings several + n复数

10. various /numerous/diverse + 复数n

11. first/single/only 单复数都可

first :the first school 第一所the first schools 第一批

single: a single + 单数n no single rooms

only: the only university the only universities

唯一→no other

常考的名词

1. 常考的不可数名词

furniture luggage clothing equipment poetry jewelry machinery weaponry scenery information knowledge homework

evidence foliage advertising health

A : 流体air water

B: 颗粒状物体rice salt

C: 抽象名词information

D: 总称名词poetry machinery

E: 疾病不可数diabetes糖尿病measles麻疹

F: 自然现象rain drops

G:学科不可数mathematics economics statistics physics politics mechanics genetics geology geography chemistry

philosophy biology history

2.常考的不规则单复数

man/men woman/women tooth/teeth foot/feet goose/geese basis/bases analysis/analyses crisis/crises

hypothesis/hypotheses axis/axes alga/algae larva/larvae fungus/fungi stimulus/stimuli datum/data bacterium/bacteria

medium/media spectrum/spectra mouse/mice child/children phenomenon/phenomena radius/radii 3.常考的单复数同型的名词

aircraft spacecraft series species means sheep deer bison salmon trout carp

4. 常考的可数名词

discovery cloud mineral metal substance population effort effect animal plant mammal insect tree herb shrub

element function feature picture result clue star reason audience device structure human human being

system fashion resource source origin pioneer automobile purpose style response number amount variety quantity type kind influence emotion change

5. 即可数又不可数的名词

sugar , cloth , water , detail , paper ,work , light , science ,form , interest , art , area ,color , disease , illness , rock , stone ,

matter , food , culture ,noise , liquid , solid , gas , climate , film ,material , population , temperature , experience ,speech ,use

time , life , action , activity , study

rock(砂岩) rocks(块岩) work(工作,作品) works(著作) paper(纸) papers(论文,报告,文件)

area(面积) areas(地区,区域) time(时间) times(次数) room(空间) rooms(房间) water(水) waters(水域)

collections由同一种物品构成,可数his three collections of short stories

collection 由不同种物品构成,不可数his art collection

※当一个不可数名词表种类时,可数.

可数/不可数:①有无数的概念②抽象/具体advertisment 广告可数advertising 广告业不可数

二冠词12-23

(一) 不定冠词(a/an) ,划线80%错

1. a与an的混用(发音而非字母) a university , a unique , an understanding , an undergraduate ,

an emotion , an element ,

an oyster , an outstanding , an hour ,an honest

※an herb

2. a/an与复数名词的混用a/an + adj + nS 去S

3. 固定词组中a的遗漏

a series of , a set of , a piece of , a kind of , a group of , a list of , a wide rang of , a collection of , a variety of , a wealth of

4. 单数可数名词前必须有限度词

限定词: ①冠词②形容词性物主代词③所有格④指示代词⑤不定代词

规律: ①介词+单数可数名词为错p213-39 p245-36/38/40 ②V+单数可数名词为错p132-38 ※part词永远不错※表示职务,身份,亲属关系的名词,可以单独使用

③All cells differ widely in function .

"in + 单数n" 可以表示在某一行业,方面,领域. in size ,in shape ,in color , in stage , in medical science

④表种类的名词后所接的n可以单独使用p53-29 a kind of car

⑤固定词组中的n可以单独使用. on horseback in response of in honor of

(二) 定冠词

1.表示"独一无二"的事物,通常加the. the sun ,the room , (the) earth , the summer palace

2. adj 最高级只有做前置定语修饰名词时,才必须加the. 陷阱:most的非最高级用法一定不加the.

3. 序数词只有做前置定语修饰n 时, 才必须加the .

考点:年代,排序Utah ranks first among A is second only to B (仅次于)

4. 表示"开始""结束"时加the .the begining ,the end

5. 表示"人体"或"普通人". 人体the human body 普通the average person the common person

6. 城市名,国家名,地名前面通常不加the. in Pairs =in the city of Pairs the united states(联合名词例外)

7. 河流,湖泊,海洋前加the.

8. nature前通常不加the. ①自然界in nature ②……of nature 本质的，源于内心的fath of nature

9. history ①泛指"在历史上"in history②特指"某种历史" in the history of new oriental

10. 气体前通常不加the.学科,元素前不加the.

11.most的用法.

①adj"大多数的",修饰n. most + n(复数n/不可数) most mammals most前不加the ↑泛指

②代词"大多数" most of + n (复数n/不可数/单数n) most of the mammals

↑特指

③adv修饰adj/adv表示最高级. the most beautiful girl

④adv修饰adj/adv表示最高级. a most beautiful girl a most = very

⑤most与mostly区别. great/greatly

most : adj/adv/代词修饰n/adj/adv.

mostly : adv修饰V/prep

12. 乐器前加the. play the piano play erhu(二胡)

三代词24-32 代词划线95%错

1.代词的五种形式间的混用.

①名词前应该使用所有格. ※双宾语结构例外

②反身代词与主语一致.

③self"自我"n →哲学.生理学. self出现永远错.

2.代词的单复数的混用.

it/those , he/they , its/them , one/those ,that/these ,himself/themselves ,it/they

3.them与those的区别it/the one 的区别them/it 特指those/the one 泛指

4.代词的性别的混用his/her, himself/herself

5.代词的人与物的混用it/he

6.关系代词间的混用

who 指代人who 人,主格

which 指代物whom 人, 宾格

that 指代人，物whose 人,物所有格

※who/which who/whose

7.从句引导词

从句引导词: ①代词性what ,who ,which, that ,whom 在从句中做成分,接不完整句

②非代词性if , because ,why,that 在从句中不做成分,接完整句

that用法: ①关系代词,用于定语从句中S+Vt + n + that + 不完整句

②连接副词,用于主,宾,表,同位语从句that + 完整句

that省略:①定语从句中,that做宾语可省略

②定语从句中,that + be可同时省略

③宾语从句中,某些Vt后可省略believe ,think ,know ,hear ,say ,see ,be told ,understand ,presume,suppose

who + n 错which +SVO 错prep + which + VO 错when + n(孤立) 错

n + what 错prep + what + SVO 错whose + V 错where + V 错

状语从句引导词+ SVO √prep + which + SVO √that (adv) + SVO √

that前有插入语时,允许"，"存在.

8.从句

①从句是主句的一个句子成分.②从句=从句引导词+句子……that(……[who……{if……}]) (一)主语从句从句是主句的一个主语主+谓+宾从句+谓+宾从句=从句引导词+谓+宾(标准)

That (TOEFL is a piece of cake)is know to all.

(二)从句是主句的一个宾语主+谓+从句S+Vt+从句引导词+句子We know that (TOEFL is a piece of cake ).

(三)从句是主句的一个表语主+系+表主+系+从句S+系动词+引导词+句子(标准)

The fact is that(TOEFL is a piece of cake ).

(四)从句是主句的一个状语状，SVO。从句，SVO。从句引导词+句子，句子。

(五)同位语从句从句是主语的一个同位语主+谓+宾+宾语同位语S+Vt+n+从句. S+Vt+n+从句引导词+句子.

We know fact that(TOEFL is a piece of cake ).

(六)定语从句从句是主句是一个定语主+谓+宾+定. S+Vt+n+从句. S+Vt+n+从句引导词+句子.

四介词33-43

1. between/among the distance between the tree/star

2. in/for/since (与时态相关)

in ①时刻点in 1979 一般过去时

②in recent years/in the past few years 完成时in two days 将来时

for ①连词,因为. 引导原因状语从句,并列连词,不可以位于句首. 句子，for+句子。

②prep 接一段时间.for three years. 即可以用完成时也可以用一般过去时.

since ①prep 自从. 接时刻点,since1945 完成时

②conj 因为;自从. 引导原因状语从句. since+句子，句子。

③adv (1)与完成时态连用表示从过去某一个时间,事件至今.(2)与过去时态连用Tom died many years since(ago).

3.though/thoughout

though ①穿过(某一个具体物体).②通过(某种具体方式) though X-rays analyses.

thoughout ①接时间"贯穿" thoughout his lifetime ②接地点"遍布" all across the world

4.in/inside/into

in/inside 静止,静态强调状态into 动态强调动作过程

5.of ①遗漏n1 of n2 ②多余③误用

※of

6.by ①被动语态be done by 不是词组就为be done by

②by doing 通过……方法,手段be capable of doing p171-40 讲义41,42,43

③作品by作者,研究by研究人员

7.固定搭配

五动词44-73

(一) 谓语动词

1.主谓一致

①主谓一致的分隔原则主谓之间可以用定语从句或省略的定语从句. S,——VO. 主谓一致与插入语无关.

②定语从句中主谓一致n + that + V 谓语动词由先行词定.V单复数由动作的发出者定.n1 of n2+that+V

③随前一致n together with n2 /of /as well as /in cluding/along V

④就近n1 or n2 either ……or neither ……nor

⑤百分比结构most/majorty/half/some/rest/one percent of 复数n+复数V 单数n+单数V n+V 不可数+单数V

⑥可数n and 可数n + 复数V 不可数n and 不可数n + 复数V

例外:war and peace is √表示一个整体概念的词例外low and order, bread and butter ,black and white

⑦随后一致not A but B + V not only A but also B + V

⑧倒装句(Ⅰ)There be 句型There be +n 表系主

( Ⅱ)由among,between等介词短语位于句首引起倒装句.Among/between……+系+n. 表系主

⑨"The + adj"的主谓一致. (Ⅰ)当表示一类人时用复数V.(Ⅱ)当表示某一抽象概念时用单数V.

⑩one of + 复数n +单数V , more than one +单数n+单数V,

many a +单数n+单数V, a + 单数n+or+two+单数V 主从/To do /Doing +单数V

特殊名词: news(不可数),species(由句意定),fungi(复数),economics(不可数), mumps(不可数) 2.谓语动词的时态和语态

时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时prep→时间→时态→动词形态考点:介词与动词形态的矛盾

in general /often ①一般现在时②一般过去时

语态:只考陈述句情态动词永远不错,虚拟语气不考

S + insist/require + that + S + (should) + V (原)

英:可省可不省↑↑TOEFL中必须省

S + make + it + imperative + that + S + V(原)

※主/被动①句意②by③用法※have done by 永远错

view:主动……view……as……被动……be view as ……

3.常考的谓语动词

①常考主动态的动词：prove (1) Vt+宾语(2)Vi+to be +n/adj

rank ,seem,range,measure,weigh,prove,happen,occur,appear,date(back to……)

②常考被动的动词locate Vt 主动:"确定……的位置" 被动: be located "位于"

(be)noted for , (be)based on , (be)composed of , (be)concered with , be know /for+sth/to+代词/as+sb

(be)dedicated {to do sth 被题词( be)credited {with/for 促进了,有利于(be)compared to/with {to doing sth 致力于※{to 归功于(be)called

③主动=被动的动词

hatch=be hatched face=be faced with feed on =be feed on need,want,require, need doing = need to be done

④情感动词

please,move,surprise,annoy, Franklin is so moved , the story is so moving.

(二)非谓语动词

1.现在分词与过去分词的区别

主动被动→后置定语/状语90%

进行完成→前置定语10%

the{ boided water 开水a {falling apple 在空中a retired √

{boiding point 沸点{fallen apple 在地上a retiring 错

2.现在分词与过去分词的用法

(Ⅰ)现在分词和过去分词可以位于句首或句末做状语,正确与否只取决于主被动.

句首: Doing ……，SVO. 主动Done ……，SVO. 被动分词划线看主被动

句末: SVO,doing……主动SVO,done……被动

(Ⅱ)现在分词和过去分词可以位于n后做定语,完全等价于定语从句,正确与否只取决于主被动.

n + (doing……) 主动被动优先选择n + (done……) 被动

3.常考接-doing 的Vt.

spend, enjoy, finish, celebrate, avoid, consider, give up, suggest, forgive, tolerate, quit, escape,mind, delay, be capable of doing ,

succeed in doing, keep/prevent...from doing ,cannot help/cannot help but do, keep(on) ,prep+doing ,

have difficulty(in)doing ,have trouble (in)doing ,have a hard /difficult time(in) doing , be skilled/skillful at/in doing

4.不定式的省略用法

①help sb to do sth = help sb do sth help to do sth = help do sth

②使役动词let,make,have,,bid后不定式必须省略to. have sb do sth/have sth done bid sb do 吩咐某人做某事

③感官动词see,watch,notice,hear后不定式必须省略to. be seem to do sth be seem doing

5.不定式的固定用法

①第一人the first (sb)to do sth .②表示允许或迫使都接to do .allow ,permit ,force ,cause ,enable ※enable sb to do sth.

③表示一种倾向的adj/V后接不定式.

tend to do sth. attempt to do sth. be inclined to do sth. be (more)likely to do/that+句子.

be intended to do sth. be apt/liable to do sth 易于……

④表示目的的名词后接不定式做表语。

The purpose/goal/objective/function/aim/intantion of sth is to do sth（表语）.

⑤与连接不定式的V/adj同词根的名词后,也接不定式.

able to do sth →ability to do ; enable to do decide to do sth →decision to do be ambitions to do sth →ambition to do sth

try to do sth →make great effort to do sth

6.不定式的其他形式

①不定式的将来式主动=be to do, be going to do ,be about to do 被动=be to be done

表示预计或按计划要发生的东西,属于将来时的范畴.

○to be done 与done 的区别to be done表将来done表完成不定式表目的,表将来

the surface to be glued 将要被粘the surface glued 已经被粘

②不定式的完成式主动: to have done 被动:to have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前.

③The problem is easy to solve. √The plan is difficult to carry out. √

在easy,difficult,hard,simple等adj后不定式主动表被动.

六adj的比较级和最高级74-81

1.adj的比较级和最高级的重复the more larger adj重复quiet very close

2.adj的比较级和最高级的混用most more of all + 复数n /in the world/among more most ……than

3.adj原级和比较级的关系

4.常考的修饰比较级的词a little , a bit , slightly ,far ,much ,a lot , still

5.倍数表达法

①倍数+as+adj原+as

②倍数+more(-er) than Tom is twice older than Jerry.

③倍数+n+of n为比较的方面,age,weigh,size

④倍数+that of His weight is three times that of mine. that =as much as 那么多

6.定冠词the 与比较级间的关系Alaska has the lower temperture than Texas. 比较级前可以加the,但通常有对照.

The new kind has higher value than the alder one.

※the + 比较级+ of the two + 复数n Tom is the taller of the two boys. √

7.定冠词the与adj最高级的关系

①Flies live longest ……√adv 最高级没有the

②adj最高级做前置定语时,加the.

③adj最高级做后置定语修饰n时,不加the.

④adj最高级做表语,the可加可不加.

This is where the river is deepest. The consumers consider the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive.

⑤所有格可以代替the修饰最高级.

⑥earliest的三种用法(Ⅰ)可以做n,"早期" from the earliest of Tang Dynasty. (Ⅱ)adj原,"很早的" from earliest times/ages (Ⅲ)adj最高级

8.……or more/less结构an inch or more √an inch or be more 错

an inch or more than 错thirty five years of age or be older 错

七平行结构

由平衡连接词连接的两个或两个以上的对等对象构成.

(一)平衡连接词

1.单一式and ,or , but

2.短语类as well as , rather than , other than , instead of , would rather than

3.相关式both...and , not...but , from...to... , from...untill , between...and , not only...but also... , either...or , whether...or...

the same as , not so ...as either...or (引导从句) whether...or(引导主句)

(二)平行的性质

1.词性的平行在平行结构中,词性必须一致,但无同义adj的n例外. local,state,and national goverment √

2.时态的平行在平行结构中,时态可以一致,也可以不一致,一致与否取决于时间是否相同.

3.单复数的平行单复数可以一致,也可以不一致,一致与否取决于客观事实及上下文.

4.结构形式的平行adj+n , doing , done , to do , V+宾

5.语意的平行Dallas,Texas has become a natural hub of banking fashion,manufation,and transportation

6.排列位置的平行not only A but also B 主not only 谓but also谓

Not only主谓(倒)+but also 谓错Not only 主谓(倒)+but also 主谓√

八词性的混用90-112 词性→用法

1.做表语n和adj/adv的混用表语①adj/分词※②限定词+n③表语从句④to do ⑤prep短语(Ⅰ)be + adv→be +adj (Ⅱ)be +抽象n→be+adj

(Ⅲ)be+n+prep→be+adj+prep be fame for →be famous for be value for→be valuable for

(Ⅳ)※表语唯一原则be + adv + 表

2.做宾语n和动名词的混用原则:同义的n比动名词优先

{jump 行为{function 功能{reason 原因

{jumping 运动方式{functioning 作用{reason 推理

名词与动名词的区别:

(1)名词做宾语时,其后不可接宾语; 动名词做宾语时,其后可接宾语.

(2)动名词前可以加the,但加后变为纯名词,因此其后不可接宾语,常接of.

3.状语从句引导词与近义prep/adv的混用

①when,while(conj+句子)/during,in(prep+宾语)

※when/while+n(孤立) 错during+句子错例外:When still a youth man ,Humin had several books published.

②Although=though/despite=inspite of ※Despite+句子错

连词+让步状语从句prep+宾语

※Although +句子，句子。√Despite the fact that + 句子，句子。√

③Even(adv,甚至)/Even though(conj,尽管) ※Even + 句子，句子。错

4.平衡连接词与近义的adv的混用

①and(conj)/also(adv) "而且" ※……V also V 错※n also n 错

②or(conj)/else(adv) prep短else prep短错

③but(conj)/instead(adv) "但是"

5.表示人的n,与表示物的同根n的混用

editor--editoral composition--composter architect--architecture novelist--novel settler--settle sculptor--sculpture

inventor--invention post--poem,poetry musician--music manager--manage

6.做宾语,n,adj间的混用原则,同义的adj比n优先.

例外:①n1修饰n2表示某一特定含义时,不将n1改为adj. exhibition flights 飞行表演color monitor ,beauty salon

②n1修饰n2,表示n2的品质,种类,内容,材料等内在属性时,不将n1改为adj.

a stone table , intelligence test ,wildlife conservation organization ,corrision resistance 种类√

③n1修饰n2,且n1无同义adj时,不将n1改为adj.

city planing , the state goverment , goverment program money, the student union

总结: n1+n2划线①最后考虑②有无同义adj,如无,不改;如有,是否附和例外③结合句意

7.做修饰语adj与adv的混用adj+n adv+除n以外的词

①adv+n→adj+n 陷阱: be+adv+n be +adv √adv+n 错adv+同位语√

②adj+adj+n 多个adj修饰n,语序是否正确,取决于修饰关系十分成立.

③adv+adj+n 语序是否正确,取决于修饰关系十分成立.

④adv+数+n √数+adv+n 错adj+数+n 错数+adj+n √

⑤adv adj adj/V/prep/adv/分词/数词

九词序113-116

1.adj与n的词序n+adj→adj+n

例外: ①以a开头的adj只可做表语或后置定语. alike ,alive, alone akin

②以-ble,-able,-ible,-ful结尾的adj可做后置定语. a woman successful in medical science.

③不定代词+adj something new ④adj短语只能做后置定语.

⑤n+adj可以为独立主格. SVO,n+adj……. Her brushes were always clean, her color fresh and bright.

2.adj/adv的词序adj+adv→adv+adj 陷阱: adj+enough √

3.分词+adv+n→adv+分词+n

4.prep+adv+n→adv+(prep+n)

5.主系表结构谓语动词为系动词

常考系动词: be rest ,remain ,maintain ,stay , turn , grow ,get ,become ,taste→感官动词主系表,表系主.

6.常考的长词序the + 最高级+ adv + 分词+ adj + n 分词和adj可以互换

the oldest continually occupied permanent settlement .

7.当more修饰其他adj /adv 时,应紧接被修饰adj. still more abundent

more than/only修饰数量词时,应紧接数量词.

十句子成分的特殊与重复117-127

1.主句的重复①主,——, 主谓宾. ②名词+ 代词+谓宾. ③which +SVO

2.主语的缺失①状语从句引导词+ S VO. ②定语从句prep + which + SVO

3.谓语的重复①主+谓……+谓……改法：(1)谓→非谓(2)加conj

②主谓……，谓……。doing/done/加conj

4.谓语的缺失①句子中没有V ②句子中有V但全为非谓语.

5.主句的缺失conj+句子,conj+句子错选C

6.主句的重复①SVO+ conj (which,who)SVO 错

②句子+prep+句子

↓

conj

③adv+句子,句子.

↓

conj

完整版托福词汇

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roof 屋顶trunk 树干 craftsman 工匠column 圆柱 flex 弯曲 concept 概念 concrete 混凝土toughened glass 钢化玻璃 建筑学词汇(下) aerial view/bird eye view 鸟瞰图 symbol 象征 statue\sculpture 雕塑 blueprint 蓝图 sketch 草图 building orientation 建筑朝向 building structure 建筑结构 civil 土木 water supply and drainage 给排水 plot plan 总图 H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 采暖通风 electric power supply 电力供应 electric lighting 电气照明 telecommunication 电讯 instrument 仪表 heat power supply 热力供应civil architecture 民用建筑 piping 管道 fire-prevention 防火 aseismatic, quake-proof 防震 anti-corrosion 防腐

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available 可利用的adj A avenue 大道n. avoid 避免V. accomplish 完成V. await 等待V. ack no wledge 认可V. award 颁奖V. acquire 获得V. aware 意识到的adj adapt 适应V. awful 可怕的adj adequate 充足的adj. awkward 笨拙的adj adhere 粘附V. adopt 领养V. B advice 通知，建议n. advise 建议V. ban 禁止V. appare nt 明显的adj. barga in 讨价还价V. appeal 吸引n. barrel 枪管n. appetite 胃口n. barrier 障碍物n. applicable 可应用的adj. beforeha nd 事先的adj applica nt 申请人n. blast 爆炸n. appo int 任命V. breadth 宽度n. approach 靠近V. breed 发育V. appropriate 合适的adj. budget 预算n. approximate 大概的adj. bunch 一束n. arbitrary 任意的adj. bun dle 一捆n. architect 建筑师n. bureau 局n. architecture 建筑学n. C arise 升起V. arithmetic 算术n. can cel 取消V. arouse 引起V. capture 捕获V. ash 灰n. cargo 货物n. aspect 方面n. casual 偶然的adj attach 贴上V. cauti on 、、亠V. authority 权威性n. cerem ony 仪式n. automatic 自动的adj. chaos 混乱n. auxiliary 辅助的adj. cliff 悬崖n.

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Picking up 沿着：following A supremacy至高，霸权：a dominance Supplanted代替：replaced Myriad无数:many Supreme最高的：most outstanding Settle解决，决定：decide Ascending 上升，攀登：climbing Solemn 严肃的：serious Composed创作，作曲：created Scores 乐谱：music composition Comprises 包含，由，构成：consists of Intense 剧烈的：extreme Margins 空白：edges Support 支撑：hold Appreciation 感激，评价，欣赏：recognition Bias 偏见：prejudice Prevailing 流行的：most frequent Accumulated 积聚，堆积：collected Related 有关系得：connected Supported 支撑：upheld Forward-looking 向前看的：progressive 进步的Rudimentary 不发达的，未发展的：undeveloped