Lesson4 Tall Building
§4 Tall Building高层建筑
课程学习指南：
1.New words analysis
Spectacular=spectat(词根，观、看)+cular(adj.后缀)
Spectator(观众)=spectat+or
Residential（住宅的）=resident（住宅、居民）+ial(adj.后缀) Perimeter(周长)=peri(词根，周边的，绕一圈的)+meter(米，长度单位)
Encroach（蚕食）=en(绕，使…化)+croach(吃)
Reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土Reinforced-被加强的Prestresses concrete 预应力混凝土prestressed（预应力的）=pre(前缀，预、先)+stressed(被施加应力的)
词缀介绍：ultra, super, supra, sur, meta 均有超、上之意。如：ultrasound(超声波)，metachemistry(超级化学)
§4 Tall Building高层建筑
课程学习指南：
1.New words analysis
Spectacular=spectat(词根，观、看)+cular(adj.后缀)
Spectator(观众)=spectat+or
Residential（住宅的）=resident（住宅、居民）+ial(adj.后缀) Perimeter(周长)=peri(词根，周边的，绕一圈的)+meter(米，长度单位)
Encroach（蚕食）=en(绕，使…化)+croach(吃)
Reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土Reinforced-被加强的Prestresses concrete 预应力混凝土prestressed（预应力的）=pre(前缀，预、先)+stressed(被施加应力的)
词缀介绍：ultra, super, supra, sur, meta 均有超、上之意。如：ultrasound(超声波)，metachemistry(超级化学)
2. 长句、难句分析
Exam. 1 reinforced concrete and stressed-tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes.
[分析] 本处翻译难点是专业词组stressed-tube systems (薄壳筒体结构体系)以及economically and competitively used 的翻译处理。
译文：从此，钢筋混凝土和薄壳筒体结构体系由于造价经济和竞争力强而在许多住宅和商业建筑的得到广泛应用。
Exam. 2 Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all the column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or a rigid box in projecting out of the ground.
[分析] 本句是一典型长句，句子结构相对复杂，主句主语和谓语之间有一表目的的独立介词短语，主句有一if条件状语从句，if条件状语从句中还有that引导的宾语从句。可以采用编号法翻译。
[参考翻译] 框架式筒体结构。从强度和刚度两方面考虑，高层建筑整体结构的最有效的抗风荷载效果只有通过以下结构组合形式方可实现：所有的柱单元按照使建筑整体成为伸出地面的空心筒体起作用的方式相互连接。
Although there have been many advancements in building construction teleology
in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise building.
总体来说，纵然一般建筑施工技术已经非常
进步, 但只有在超高层的设计和施工方面取得
了令人刮目相看的成就。
The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing.
高层建筑早期的发展开始于钢结构。
Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes.
后来，钢筋混凝土和薄壳筒体结构具有经济性和竞争性的优势，而被大量地用于住宅和商业目的结构。
The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built ah over the United States are the result of innovation and development of new structural systems.
由于新型结构系统的创新和发展，现在从50到100层的高层建筑遍布全美国。
Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make building more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.
entail
使成为必需；使成为必然
a situation which entails considerable risks.必然会有很多风险的
局面。(逻)必然导致
更大高度需要增加梁柱的尺寸以使建筑物刚度更强，以便在风荷载作用下建筑物的摆动在可接受限度内。Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details.
过度的侧移可能对隔墙、天花板和其他建筑细部产生往复性损害。
In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete , as well as steel , take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.
occupant居住者；（车辆的）乘坐者；（座位的）占有者；（地方的）占用者
此外，过度摆动可能使建筑物的居住者感到不舒服。钢筋混凝土和钢结构，能充分利用整个建筑物固有的刚性，因而不需要增加刚度以限制侧倾。
In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building.
例如，在一个钢结构中，根据建筑物每平方英尺用钢量来确定结构的经济性。
Curve A in Fig.1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads.
图1中的曲线A表示不同层数传统框架的平均单位重。曲线B则表示框架受到所有横向荷载作用下的单位用钢量。
The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium. premium
奖赏[励], 奖金[品]
佣金; (利息, 工资等以外的)酬金; 额外的费用
保险费
【商】超票面价格, 溢[加]价; 贴水
学费
不公平的价值; 不当的鼓励
高级, 优质
上下边界之间的间隙则表现传统梁柱框架为高度付出
的额外费用。结构工程师已经发展了可消除这一额外
费用的结构系统。
Systems in steel.
Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations.
钢结构体系。因为一些结构类型的革新，高层钢结
构建筑物得到了发展。
The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.
这些革新被用于办公大楼和公寓的建造。Frames with rigid belt trusses.
In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used.
带有刚性带式桁架的框架。为了联系框架结构的外柱和内部带式桁架，可以在建筑物的中间和顶部设置刚性带式桁架
A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.
1974年在米望基建造的威斯康森银行大楼就是一个很好的例子。
Framed tube .
The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building , for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground ．
框架筒结构：如果所有的构件都用某种方式互相联系在一起，整个建筑就像是从地面发射出的一个空心筒体或是一个刚性盒子一样。这个时候此高层建筑的整个结构抵抗风荷载的所有强度和刚度将达到最大的效率。
This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete Dewitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago.
这种特殊的结构体系首次被芝加哥的43层钢筋混凝土的德威特红棕色的公寓大楼所采用。
The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York.
但是这种结构体系的的所有应用中最引人注目的还要属在纽约建造的100层的双筒结构的世界贸易中心大厦。
Column-diagonal truss tube .斜撑桁架筒体：
The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams.
建筑物的外柱可以彼此独立的间隔布置，也可以借助于通过梁柱中心线的交叉的斜撑构件联系在一起，形成一个共同工作的筒体结构。
This is simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago , using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building .
这种简单而有效的结构体系首次被芝加哥的John Hancock 中心大厦采用。这项工程所耗用的刚才量与传统的四十层高楼的用钢量相当。
Bundled tube .
With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings , the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency .
筒体：随着对更高层建筑的要求不断地增大。筒体结构和斜撑桁架筒体被设计成捆束状以形成更大的筒体来保持建筑物的高效能。
The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes , bundled at the base of the building in three rows .
芝加哥的110层的Sears Roebuck 总部大楼有9个筒体，从基础开始分成三排。
Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept.
这些独立筒体中的终端处在不同高度的建筑体中，这充分体现出了这种新式结构观念的建筑风格自由化的潜能。
The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft ( 442 m ) , is the world's tallest building .
这座建筑物1450英尺（442米）高，是世界上最高的大厦。
Stressed-skin tube system .
The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces ( wind and earthquake ) and the control of drift ( lateral building movement) in high-rise building .
薄壳筒体系统：这种筒体结构系统的设计是为了增强超高层建筑抵抗侧力的能力（风荷载和地震荷载）以及建筑的抗侧移能力。
The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further .
薄壳筒体是筒体系统的又一大飞跃。
The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube , thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high -rise buildings , and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.
facade
<建>(房屋的)正面the ornate facade of the Palace
宫殿装饰华丽的正面
假象;外观
薄壳筒体的进步是利用高层建筑的正面（墙体和板）作为与筒体共同作用的结构构件，为高层建筑抵抗侧
向荷载提供了一个有效的途径，而且可获得不用设
柱，成本较低，使用面积与建筑面积之比又大的室内
空间。
Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive .
由于薄壳立面的贡献，整个框架筒的构件无需过大的质量。这样以来使得结构既轻巧又经济。
All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members.
所有的典型柱和窗下墙托梁都是轧制型材，最大程度上减小了组合构件的使用和耗费。
The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced , and the need for upset beams above floors , which would encroach on valuable space , is minimized .
encroach v.侵犯;侵占;侵害
托梁周围的厚度也可适当的减小。而可能占据宝贵空间的墙上镦梁的尺寸也可以最大程度地得到控制。
The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh .
这种结构体系已被建造在匹兹堡洲的One Mellon银行中心所运用。
Systems in concrete .
While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at . a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.
钢筋混凝土中的各体系：虽然钢结构的高层
建筑起步比较早，但是钢筋混凝土的高层建
筑的发展非常快，无论在办公大楼还是公寓
住宅方面都成为刚结构体系的有力竞争对手。
Framed tube . As discussed above , the first framed tube concept for the buildings was used for the 43-story Dewitt Chestnut Apartment Building.
框架筒：像上面所提到的，框架筒构思首次被43层的迪威斯公寓大楼所采用。
In this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m ) centers , and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs.
在这座大楼中，外柱的柱距为5.5英尺（1.68米）。而内柱则需要支撑8英寸厚的无梁板。
Tube in tube . Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior farmed tube.
筒中筒结构：另一种针对于办公大楼的钢筋混凝土体系把传统的剪力墙结构与外框架筒相结合。
The system consists of an outer framed tuber of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area.
该体系由柱距很小的外框架与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙筒组成。
The system ( Fig 2), known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to design the world’s present tallest ( 714 ft or 218m ) lightweight concrete building ( the 52 story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston ) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories.
这种筒中筒结构（如插图2）使得当前世界上最高的轻质混凝土大楼（在休斯顿建造的独壳购物中心大厦）的整体造价只与35层的传统剪力墙结构相当。
Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed , an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore , Owings ＆Merrih in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems .
钢结构与混凝土结构的联合体系也有所发展，Skidmore ,Owings 和Merrill共同设计的混合体系就是一个好例子。在此体系中，外部的混凝土框架筒包围着内部的钢框架，从而结合了钢筋混凝土体系与钢结构体系各自的优点。
The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system .
在新奥尔良建造的52层的独壳广场大厦就是运用了这
种体系。
新概念英语第二册lesson1-48期末测试卷.
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2.情感目标：培养学生团结协作、积极向上的精神，充分展现学生的反应能力。 五、教学重点、难点 重点：蹲踞式起跑“各就位”、“预备”姿势。 难点：起跑后的快速起动 六、教法：讲解示范练习 七、器材：助跑器 八、教学过程
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