搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 仅仅2个月,托福也能够111分

仅仅2个月,托福也能够111分

仅仅2个月,托福也能够111分
仅仅2个月,托福也能够111分

最近满脑子都是托福托福,偶然看到了这篇文章,感觉很好,希望也能给大家带来帮助,觉得好用的就分享吧

刚才看到托福成绩29+29+23+30=111真的很兴奋(虽然作为一个男性我对111这个数字本身没什么好感),两个月的准备,基本足不出户,每天4,5个小时,笔记写了整整两个本,作文练了40多篇,模考做了10套,这些付出终于有了回报!。在准备期间在网上下载了大量资料,没有这些资料我的复习根本无从谈起,所以首先感谢那些无私的上传资料的托友。其次,再网上看了一些很有用的帖子,给我提供了好的复习方法。为了报答广大托友,就写一个经验吧,希望对准备考托的朋友有点帮助,也算是将中国人无私奉献的美德发扬光大了,吼吼~

进入正题。首先说一下适合读本经验贴的人:1.复习时间至少在1个月以上的,而且每天起码拿出几个小时认真准备(4,5个小时比较理想)。2.目标分数110以下的.虽然这次我过了110,但我仍然认为过110是要看人品的,所以一定要考110+的还是参考别的帖子哈.3。有一定英语基础的,不是我显摆,我是觉得如果基础差的话应该花更长的时间,从更基本的做起。

先说几个有用的网站,帖子里会经常提到.1,小马过河,网址好像是https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0717796232.html,要是不对大家在百度搜一下哈。这个网站非常好,我的模考软件基本都是从这里下的,听力的复习资料也有好多是从这里下的,很多经验贴上的方法也不错。2,寄托家园。这个名气好像比较大,上面资料非常全,回帖也快。网址记不住了,不过很容易搜到。3,scientific America. 这个网站有一个60 second science的节目,很适合后期的听力练习,而且听力文本可以在寄托上找到。网址大家自己搜哈~4,sparknotes。当年学SAT的时候老师推荐的作文素材网站,考托的话比较适合作阅读练习。上面的人物和历史的文章很适合理科生练习。以上四个就是我复习托福用到的全部网站(最后一个是很晚才想起来的,只看过几眼)

再介绍一下我用的资料:OG即official guide,ets官方的托福指南。虽然网上可以下,但推荐大家买一本。上面关于题型的介绍一定好好看。模拟题要好好做,尽量揣摩出题人的逻辑。口语的范答更是要仔细看,它是口语回答的范本!

关于托福的练习材料我觉得买一个OG足以足以,剩下的就是模考软件了。市面上流行的有四个:longman, delta, Kaplan, barron,难度依次增加。这四个小马上好像都能下。这四个软件后面再详细介绍。考前一定下一个ets网站上提供的样题。本来样题只有已经报名的人才能享受到,但是凭借广大托友的智慧,网上基本随便一搜就能搜到word版。Ets 估计也是无奈,干脆公布样题,好赚个好名声~(这题跑的…)这个样题的模考界面和真实考试完全一样,所以考前两天一定做一下,熟悉熟悉~

接下来扫盲一下,给不太熟悉新托的朋友介绍一下toefl ibt的各部分~

1,阅读。老托考5篇,一个小时。新托三篇,一个小时。简单了?我靠,要知道,新托文章的长度是老托的三倍,虽然问题由50几个减到42个,但是时间紧了很多,所以速度阿,速度就是生命!第一篇文章给20分钟,到点自动转到下篇文章,

而且没有修改第一篇文章的机会,所以20分钟内一定要搞定第一篇。可是刚开考,大家难免紧张,如果碰上不擅常的文章类型,时间就会灰常灰常紧张(这也是我遇到的问题),所以大家一定要锻炼自己快速进入状态的能力(怎么锻炼我真不知道,我自己第一篇做的就不好)。剩下的两篇一起做,给40分钟。新托阅读的范围灰常广,除了政治,基本大学有的科目它都可能考,所以对于时间充分的托友平时注意多读英文文章。Discover杂志不错,上面都是理科的文章,文科的就看sparknotes吧。

2,听力。听力分为两部分,每一部分会考一个conversation 和两个lecture。前者campus life related,后者academic。新托听力难点在于长度:一般的conversation要2-3分钟,lecture要5-6分钟,是老托的两倍。考题也比老托更注意细节。答题时间是10分钟,注意,这个只是答题时间,播放听力时倒计时会停止的。

3,口语。口语是最难的部分。说它难,不是因为它的考题多**,而是对于广大中国考生而言,口语本身就是弱项,加之新托考口语的形式很机械,使得考生必须做充分的准备。口语分三个部分。第一部分问两个日常话题(比如你喜欢看什么书,平时做什么运动),15秒准备,45秒回答。第二部分为两个…读+听+说?的考题。先给45秒读一段文字,一般是关于你即将听到的内容的背景简介,然后听一段内容,然后问你一个跟读、说内容都有关的问题,给你30秒准备,60秒回答,回答得内容一定要是读、听内容上的,不要加自己的观点。第三部分是两个…听+说?的考题。第一个题是campus life related。内容一定(我说一定是因为我看了两年的机经,都是这个模式)是一个人遇到一个问题,另一个人提出两个解决方法。问你的问题是说一下遇到了什么问题,有什么解决方法,哪个好。在回答哪个好的时候可以加自己的经历或是观点,但不是一定要加。20秒准备,60秒回答。最后一题academic topic,听一段lecture,然后回答问题,这个题的形式就不确定了,有精

力的可以研究一下机经,说不定有我没发现的规律~同样,20秒准备,60秒回答。回答口语的基本要求是要有detail,有时还要有example。

4.写作。新托比老托多了一个integrated writing,就是你先读一段文字,3分钟,然后听一段lecture最后根据问题写一篇文章,限时20分钟。读的内容一定是一个论点+三个支持论点的论据,听得内容一定是反驳前面读到的三个论点,问题一定是问你how is the lecture related to the passage之类。这个题型规律很强,没什么技术含量。第二部分的independent writing和老托一样,题目基本出自或衍化于185题库,在这里不多说了。

5.加试。新托的阅读和听力考试时可能会遇到加试,一般遇到一个,人品爆发的时候也会有双

加试,比如我。。。阅读加试会加考两篇文章,40分钟。听力加试加考1个conversation和两个lecture,答题时间5分钟。关于加试的目的说法不一。一说是ets用加试来测试未来要使用的新题,二说加试是用来衡量当次试题的难度水平,就是说如果加试大家答得都不好,说明题比较难,分扣得就会松。比如说OG上阅读的评分表显示,如果一个人错10道阅读题,就是答对32到,那么分数可能是23-25,那么到底给多少分就要看当次考题的难度了。关于加试的目的没有确定的说法,而且加试算不算分也不能确定,所以答题时对待加试也要认真。加试题目好多都是重复的,网上很好找,不过现在的加试新题越来越多。

下面着重讲讲我的复习方法,方法因人而异,我的方法不可能适用于每个人。所以大家主要是参考,还要根据自己的实际状况安排复习计划。

1.词汇。不用说了,词汇是一切的基础,没有词汇纯是扯淡,还好托福单词量要求不大,我背的新东方的一本托福词汇,封皮很像红宝书,感觉单词量足够了,为了托福而去背gre词汇完全完全没必要。关于词汇书我没有好的推荐,我背得那个很多单词释义和词典上的英文解释驴唇不对马嘴,害得我每遇到一个生词就要翻字典对照,很费时间。建议大家买词汇书的时候最好用一个词典对照几个单词,看看书的释义是否准确~现在词汇书都分单元。复习前每天背一单元,一个月基本搞定。等复习的时候每天复习3,4个单元,看完第二遍。最后用几天的时间再

看第三遍。个人觉得三遍足以。

2.阅读。阅读我觉得主要还是看底子,技巧不多。文章读懂了,结构搞清楚了,基本答题也就没什么问题。最重要的是速度!阅读文章差不多7,8百字吧,读完一遍也就有个大体轮廓,细节肯定记不清。要命的是考试中很多问题是归纳或者概括的,比如从第二段能推断出什么,或者写某某句话的目的是什么,答这种问题肯定要把相应的段落再看一遍,很费时间,所以没有速度答起题来是很紧张的,我考试的时候一直到最后几秒还在答题。提高阅读速度没别的办法,就是多读,上面提到的discover, sparknotes都不错。建议大家复习前做两套旧托的阅读真题,5篇文章如果能45分钟完成(要有一定的正确率阿)那速度还是可以的,否则要抓紧时间提高速度阿~

3.听力。体力最重要的就是笔记。要知道,听力里的lecture会达到6分钟,而且有些问题是很**的细节体,所以千万千万不要觉得可以凭记忆搞定所有题,笔记是必须记得!在制定复习计划前,要先测一下你的听力水平。可以听一套老托的听力题,如果你需要集中90%-100%的注意力才能听懂,那你的水平肯定不够,因为新托要记笔记,记笔记就会分散一

部分精力。理想水平是集中7,8成的精力就能听懂老托听力,比如一边吹口哨一边转笔还能听懂。听力较差的人建议做旧托听力真题的听写,听写文本和音频可以在小马上找到。听一句写一句,不仅练听力,还能练手写,听不懂的反复听,一段音频听完了对照文本挑错,尽量做到一字不错。这样坚持一个月,每天练一个小时,听力肯定有提高。听力基础好的可以听scientific American 60 second science,文本可以在寄托上找到。每天听4,5段,非常有帮助。接下来讲讲笔记怎么记。笔记一定要记得巧,一句话记几个关键词就够了,千万不要尝试考试的时候玩听写!举个例子:有一篇文章讲古罗马人饱受重金属lead的毒害,听力中有这样一句话,Ancient Rome used many water pipes that were made of lead. Many people believe that the lead would dissolve into water and in turn caused lead poisoning. However, there are many kinds of minerals contained in water and these minerals will build up a layer on the surface of the pipes and prevent lead from dissolving into water. 如果听到这样一段话,你会做什么样的笔记呢,如果是我,我只记pipe, water mineral, layer.因为听完后其实大家对听力内容是有个大的轮廓和记忆的,记几个关键词就能让你想起来当时听到了什么。当然,如果你笔速快,可以多记点,这个要看个人情况了。还有就是做笔记的重点,新托听力其实考题是有侧重点的,比如一个概念的定义,一个例子的作用,都很爱考。不过为了保险起见,我一般是从头记到尾,把自己认为有可能考得都记了,其实这也有好处,就是可以帮你集中注意力~而且现在新托真题资源非常有限,很难分析清楚到底什么细节容易考,什么不考,所以笔记多多益善吧~

4.口语。口语是公认的最难缠的部分,要很精心的准备。首先纠正大家一个观点,就是口语好口语部分一定高分。不信你可以试试,给你15秒时间准备,让你回答the good characteristics of good parents.回答要流利,基本不能磕巴,要有具体细节,甚至例子,60秒回答,不能提前5秒以上结束。你要是能达到上述要求,恭喜你,你是神,你不用往下看帖了,口语不用准备了~不过相信大多数人没有事先准备是不可能完成的,所以要想口语拿高分,离不开精心的准备。准备口语前,大家一定把OG上的口语部分好好读读,每道题考什么,要回答什么一定弄清楚。前两道题网上比较流行的就是…段子法?,就是准备一些可以回答很多问题的段落。因为前两题考得都是日常生活常见的话题,所以范围有了很大限制,如果归归类,基本就是描述地点,回忆事件,或者介绍一个人之类。看一下这三个题目:describe a time when you need help from others, how does s/he help you? What is the result?; Describe a challenging experience and how do you overcome it; Describe an important decision you make.这三个问题要怎么回答?每个题都要准备么?显然是没这个必要的,因为准备一个段子就能搞定这三个题。我准备的例子是高考结束后决定是去香港读大学还是留在内地读大学。对于第一个问题,我可以说高考之后我面临两个选择:去香港和留在内地。前者可以开阔我的眼界,但是有可能我适应不了那面的学习生活,后者则比较保险。这个时候我就需要香港同学的帮助了,于是我可以虚构一个已经去香港的朋友,他怎么怎么给我提供资料,怎么怎么用他亲身经历告诉我怎么适应香港的生活,最后的结果就是我决定去香港了。第二个题,答题内容完全不用变,只要提提怎么challenging就行了。第三个题还是不用变,原封不动的搬过来用就行。网上有牛人声称准备了十几个不同类的段子就可以应万变了,个人觉得有点夸张了,即使真的只用了十几个段子,那归纳的肯定很勉强,与其勉强的用段子,不如多花点时间准备最恰当的例子~我准备口语前两题时看了05年11,12月+06全年+07全年的机经。第一边把所有题都准备了,当然,重复考得题和一些极为相象的题除外,比如what do you usually do in your spare time 和what is your favorite sport,这两个题目完全一样。第二遍我把能归纳的归纳,剪掉了一些段子,第三遍就是背了。在这里插一句:托福口语考题是会重复的,即使不重复,好多新题也是从考过的题演化来的,所以准备机经一定有用。更重要的,准备段子会锻炼你的思维,我指回答口语题的思维。其次,口语前两题的出题来源很重要一部分是185题库。虽说是作文题目库,但是仔细看的话,很多题目是很难写成作文的,只能做为口语题。比如some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the day?s work. Others prefer to get up later in the day and work until late at night. Which do you prefer? 这个题要是让写350字的作文真的就有点扯了,基本可以肯定是口语题。这个185题库也很重要,我后来才发现它的重要性,准备的比较匆忙,建议大家重视它和机经~最后要说一下段子的内容,光准备段子不够,还要保证段子的内容符合要求,这点我做的不好,因为考试时我感觉回答的很流利,词汇句式也挺丰富,估计是内容有些问题,不然应该不止23。大家准备前一定好好研究OG对口语回答的要求还有不同等级的范答。3,4题…读+听+说?难度要低一些,与其说是在考口语不如说在考复述。因为答题的时候不能加自己的观点,一定要根据你听到和读到的来答,所以最关键的就是:在读的时候,记下关键词,听的时候,笔迹要做好。练习3,4题我觉得最好的办法是用老托听力题练复述:听1-2遍题然后复述内容。5,6题…听+说?题我觉得是最简单的。因为3,4题有读的部分,答题的时候读,听内容都要联系。5,6题就是听,基本就是考复述了,笔迹做好了基本没问题。看到这里大家应该知道笔迹在新托中的分量了,后面要讲的写作的部分还是要做笔记,而且笔迹更重要!

5.写作。先讲讲independent writing。托福的作文和高考不一样,高考是能写多难写多难,最好几个从句套一起中间再加个片儿语,词汇能多精深就多精深,只要别精深到批卷老师看不懂以为你自己造了个词就行。托福讲究的是长短句结合,词汇最重要的是用的恰当!要是不信的话看看OG上两篇5分范文就知道了。当然了,你也别全文都用最基本的500词汇。比如把necessary 换成imperative,unimaginable换成unconceivable就不错。长句子一定要有,因为实力是必须显摆的,短句要穿插其中,使文章更有力度,更简洁。作文题目主要还是来自或衍化于185题库,不过也考过很新的题。对于非英语专业的学生,我觉得最难的还是速度。30分钟写350字,绝对不是白给的,加之又是机考,不会盲打的同学光打出350字就得多长时间啊,还要留出3,4分钟检查,最后给你构思的时间就很少了,最多5分钟。但是提高的方法也很容易:写!每天写一篇,写一个月,速度绝对没问题了。我准备的时候185题库里的作文写了40多篇,考试的时候构思也就2,3

分钟,写的时候很多句子自动就蹦出来了。在这里插一嘴,大家平时练习如果用word一定一定把自动修改关了。受office 的毒害,现在的学生拼写能力已经恢复到原始状态了,我就是这样。不信试试,拼写“性格”,“必要的”,肯定好多人写不对(characteristic, necessary)。有的人备托的时候准备了很多名人的例子,这个完全没必要,考试的时候写自己的例子是完全可以的。然后再讲integrated writing。我觉得,这个是整个托福考试最简单的部分,只要笔迹做好了,肯定搞定。首先,它听的内容语速很慢,方便做笔记,其次你读的文章在你写作文的时候会显示出来,所以。。。真的很简单,我考前就好好练了一次。考前准备不准备模版都行,看心情吧,呵呵。还有一点,就是现在市面上模考软件这部分作的很差,根真题差的太多了,所以完全没有参考价值,非要做的话就当练听力了。Ets提供的样题里面的这部分要好好做,只有它根真题是最像的,而且我觉得练这一次足以。

然后来讲讲市面上的模考软件。Langman, delta, Kaplan, barron,除了delta其他的我都做了。对于delta我没法评价,其余三个由易到难为langman, Kaplan, barron. Langman有两套完整试题,kaplan4套,barron 7套。如果你打算做3或

4套软件的话,至少拿出两周,每天做一套。做模考软件前先把OG上各部分的练习题作了,熟悉题型。具体讲讲每个软件。Langman界面还好,但是题实在是太简单了,没有时间的可以不做,而且我做的时候总是没法录音。Kaplan软件做的很好,可以录音,口语还有范答,用起来也很顺手。它的阅读文章难度比较大,因为全是文科文章。。。比如历史文化地理什么的,很适合理科生折磨自己,不过题不难。听力语速长度都还好吧,题简单。口语部分题出的一般,前两题还好,后面参考价值不大。作文出的也一般,随便练练吧。Barron是最难的,而且带加试!这点很好,因为真实考试的时候如果碰到加试很恶心的,听力加个加试就是1个半小时,阅读更长。我考试的时候碰上两个加时,总共考了4个半小时!你想想,如果高考数学语文连着考你会不会疯掉。。。barron难主要体现在它的长度上,阅读还好,听力比较**,有的lecture到10分钟了都。不过题不是很难,做到第四套时我正确率已经过95%了。最后要做ets给的样题,界面和真正考试是一样的,题比较简单。总的来说,OG+模考软件都比真实考试简单。因为真正考的时候题是灰常灰常暧昧的,还好多归纳题。我做barron阅读带加试的时候曾经提前20分钟搞定,考试当天时间还是不够用,所以还得再唠叨一边:速度阿,速度就是生命。

最后讲一下机经。我觉得机经只对口语前两题和写作有用,别的基本没用。因为都是托友回忆的,细节根本记不清,就算你遇到了机经上的一个阅读或者听力,你还是一样要仔细的做。

结束之前想说几句别的。虽然我这篇经验帖写了六千多字,但其实当你认真去准备的时候就会发现,其实新托技巧是不多的,实力和认真的准备才是王道!不要以为平时英语看都不看,上个托福班学点所谓的技巧就能考100多了,这是绝对不可能的!别以为美国人都是傻子。平时多积累才是最重要的。

最后的最后,就是写完了,可能过于罗嗦,大家看得烦了,有些观点大家也可能不同意,总之去其糟粕取其精华呗。不管采取什么复习方法,我始终坚信:有付出就一定有回报!祝大家都考110+!

【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO5-2阅读文本

【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO5-2阅读文本 TPO5 TPO5-2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People 1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true statements about Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia EXCEPT: A. Collectively, these regions are traditionally known as Oceania. B. These islands of Micronesia are small and spread out. C. Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand mark the boundaries of Polynesia. D. Melanesia is situated to the north of Micronesia. The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000. 2. By stating that the the ories are "mutually exclusive” the author means that A.if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be false B. the differences between the theories are unimportant C. taken together, the theories cover all possibilities D. the theories support each other

【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO23-3阅读文本

【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO23-3 TPO23 TPO23-3 Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines 1. The word "infrequent”in the passage is closest in meaning to A. puzzling B. uncommon C. questionable D. undocumented 2. According to paragraph 1, the twentieth-century approach to studying Australian rock art was different from earlier approaches because the twentieth-century approach A. recognized that many different groups of Aborigines created Australian rock art B. concentrated on a limited range of Aboriginal rock art C. examined Aboriginal art from an Aboriginal rather than from a European perspective D. focused more intensely on understanding and documenting rock art 3. The word "rela tively”in the passage is closest in meaning to A. completely B. comparatively

【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO15-2阅读文本

【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 15-2阅读文本 TPO 15 TPO15-2 Mass Extinctions D Fossil records disappeared. of many marine species have 1. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about mass extinctions? A They take place over a period of 70 million years. B They began during the Cretaceous period. C They eliminate many animal species that exist at the time they occur. D They occur every 250 million years. 2. According to paragraph 2, scientists base their belief that a mass extinction is going on at present on which of the following? A The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similar to the speed of past extinctions. B The number of species that have died out since the last extinction event is extremely large. C Mass extinctions occur with regularity and it is time fo「a门othe「one. Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologically short interval of time are called mass extinctions. There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). There was another,

托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福,为大家带来托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 Memphis:United Egypt's First Capital [1]The city of Memphis,located on the Nile near the modern city of Cairo,was founded around 3100 B.C.as the first capital of a recently united Egypt.The choice of Memphis by Egypt's first kings reflects the site's strategic importance.■First,and most obvious,the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state's administrative center,standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country.The older predynastic(pre-3100BC)centers of power,This and Hierakonpolis,were too remote from the vast expanse of the delta,which had been incorporated into the united state.■Only a city within easy reach of both the Nile valley to the south and the more spread out,difficult terrain to the north could provide the necessary political control that the rulers of early dynastic Egypt(roughly 3000-2600 B.C.)required.■ [2]The region of Memphis must have also served as an important node for transport and communications,even before the unification of Egypt.The region probably acted as a conduit for much,if not all,of the river-based trade between northern and southern Egypt.■Moreover,commodities(such as wine,precious oils,and metals)imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would have been channeled through the Memphis region on their way south.In short,therefore,the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm,an essential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods. [3]Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications within Egypt.The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication,and the national capital was,again,ideally located in this respect.Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times.It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade,transport,and communications than was previously appreciated.Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums.When the floodplain was much lower,as it would have been in predynastic and early dynastic times,the outwash fans(fan-shaped deposits of sediments)of various wadis(stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods)would have been much more prominent features on the east bank.The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the Nile floodplain,forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis.The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers,making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic. [4]Furthermore,the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for the

托福TPO阅读46文本+题目+答案

小编发布托福TPO46阅读本文+答案,希望帮助考生对照文本更好的研究真题,充分备考,争取理想成绩,实现留学梦想。 1. The Origins of Writing It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all

托福TPO46阅读文本题附答案

托福TPO46阅读文本+题目+答案 1. The Origins of Writing It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands. In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia, and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding, once and for all, to more convenient alternatives. The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay. This script consists of simple shapes, basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus; scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks (cunei in Latin) that are its hallmark Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines, there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words. Learning these complex signs required long training and much practice; inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small professional class, the scribes. The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E., and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language. The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same, and so di d peoples in Syria and Asia Minor. ■ The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome. ■For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages, training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language. ■The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities—animals, jars, baskets, etc. Writing, it would appear, started as a primitive form of bookkeeping. Its use soon widened to document the multitudinous

【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO5-4阅读文本

【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO6-1阅读文本 TPO6 TPO6-1 Powering the Industrial Revolution 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven. B. The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places. C. Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland. D. Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise. In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George 111(1760-1820), available sources of powe r for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although

托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福,为大家带来托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析,希望对大家备考有所帮助。 ▉托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本: Types of Social Groups Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.

【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO21-1阅读文本

【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO21-1 TPO21 TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy 'practical" in the passage is 1. According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat? A. Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground. B. When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam. C. Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam. D. When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated. 2. The word meaning to A. usable B. plentiful C. economical D. familiar Paragraph1: Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and

托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本解析(精)

智课网TOEFL备考资料 托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本+解析 摘要:小马托福资料下载栏目为大家提供最完整的TPO资料和TPO模考软件,其中本次分享的托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本+解析是TPO阅读中的一套,包含三篇文章每篇文章14道题目,形式与真实考试一样,考生们在练习的时候一定要将原文内容完全掌握然后再去作答。 阅读是托福考试最容易复习的一项了,但是大家还是不能轻易的放松,今天小编为大家带来的资料是托福阅读模考软件TPO19文本+解析,大家一起来看看本资料的精彩内容吧。 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems In the late nineteenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new "community ecology" was on the composition and structure of communities consisting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant communities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded successively by herbaceous plants (plants with little or no woody tissue, shrubs, and trees, eventually becoming a forest. Light-loving species are always among the first invaders, while shade-tolerant species appear later in the succession. Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.

相关主题