搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 环境工程外文文献及翻译水处理

环境工程外文文献及翻译水处理

环境工程外文文献及翻译水处理
环境工程外文文献及翻译水处理

氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用和发展

摘要:本文主要阐叙了Carrousel氧化沟的结构、工艺机理、运行过程中存在的问题和相应的解决办法。最后,介绍了Carrousel氧化沟的最新的研究进展并指出了未来的主要研究方向。

关键词:Carrousel氧化沟除磷脱氮结构机理

1、前言

氧化沟又名连续环曝气池,是活性污泥法的一种变形。氧化沟处理工艺在20世纪50年代由荷兰卫生工程研究所研制成功的。自从1954年在荷兰的首次投入使用以来。由于其出水水质好、运行稳定、管理方便等技术特点,已经在国内外广泛的应用于生活污水和工业污水的治理。

目前应用较为广泛的氧化沟类型包括:帕斯维尔氧化沟、卡鲁塞尔氧化沟,奥尔博氧化沟、T型氧化沟、DE型氧化沟和一体化氧化沟。这些氧化沟由于在结构和运行上存在差异,因此各具特点。本文将主要介绍Carrousel氧化沟的的结构、机理、存在的问题及其最新发展。

2、Carrousel氧化沟的结构

Carrousel氧化沟是1967年由荷兰的DHV公司开发研制。在原Carrouse氧化沟的基础上DHV公司和其在美国的专利特许公司EIMCO又发明了Carrousel 2000系统,实现了更高要求的生物脱氮和除磷功能。至今世界上已有850多座Carrousel氧化沟和Carrousel 2000系统正在运行。

Carrousel氧化沟使用定向控制的曝气和搅动装置,向混合液传递水平速度,从而使被搅动的混合液在氧化沟闭合渠道内循环流动。因此氧化沟具有特殊的水力学流态,既有完全混合式反应器的特点,又有推流式反应器的特点,沟内存在明显的溶解氧浓度梯度。氧化沟断面为矩形或梯形,平面形状多为椭圆形,沟内水深一般为2.5~4.5m,宽深比为2:1,亦有水深达7m的,沟内水流平均流速为0.3m/s。氧化沟的曝气混合设备有表面、曝气转刷或转盘,射流曝气池、导管式曝气器和提升管曝气机等,近年来配合使用的还有水下推动器。3、Carrousel氧化沟的机理

3.1 Carrousel氧化沟处理污水的机理

最初的普通Carrousel氧化沟的工艺中污水直接与回流污泥一起进入氧化沟系统。表面曝气机使混合液中溶解氧DO的浓度增加到大2~3mg/L。在这种充分掺氧的条件下,微生物得到足够的溶解氧来去除BOD;同时,氮也被氧化成硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,此时,混合液处于有氧状态,在曝气机下游,水流由曝气去的湍流状态变成之后的平流状态,水流维持在最小流速,保证活性污泥处于悬浮状态(平均流速大于0.3m/s)。微生物的氧化过程消耗了水中溶解氧,直到DO值降为0,混合液呈缺氧状态。经过缺氧区的反硝化作用,混合液进入有氧区,完成一次循环。该系统中,BOD降解是一个连续过程,硝化作用和反硝化作用发生在同一池中。由于结构的限制,这种氧化沟虽然可以有效去除BOD,但除磷脱氮的能力有限。

3.2 Carrousel氧化沟除磷脱氮的影响因素

影响Carrousel氧化沟除磷夫人因素主要是污泥龄、硝酸盐浓度及基质浓度。研究表明,当污泥龄为8~10d时活性污泥中最大磷含量为其干污泥量的4%,为异养菌质量的11%,但当污泥龄超过15d时污泥中最大含磷量明显下降,反而达不到最大除磷效果。因此,一味延长污泥龄是没有必要的,宜在8~15天范围内选用。同时,高硝酸盐浓度和低基质浓度不利于除磷过程。

4、Carrousel氧化沟存在的问题及解决办法

尽管Carrousel氧化沟具有出水水质好、抗冲击负荷能力强、除磷脱氮效率高、污泥易稳定、能耗省、便于自动化控制等优点。但是,在实际的运行过程中,仍存在一系列问题。4.1污泥膨胀问题

当废水中的碳水化合物较多,N、P含量不平衡,PH值偏低,氧化沟中污泥负荷过高,溶解氧浓度不足,排泥不畅等易引起丝状菌性污泥膨胀,非丝状菌性污泥膨胀主要发生在废水水温较低而污泥负荷较高时。微生物的负荷高,细菌吸取了大量的营养物质,由于水温低,代谢速度较慢,积贮起大量高粘性的多糖类物质,使活性污泥的表面附着水大大增加,SVI 值很高,形成污泥膨胀。

针对污泥膨胀的起因,可以采取不同的对策:由缺氧、水温高造成的,可加大曝气量或降低进水量以减轻负荷,或适当降低MLSS(控制污泥回流量),使需氧量减少;如污泥负荷过高,可以提高MLSS,以调整负荷,必要时可停止进水,闷曝一段时间;可通过投加氮肥、磷肥,调整混合液中的营养物质平衡(BOD5:N:P=100:5:1);PH值过低,可投加石灰调节;漂白粉和液氯,能抑制丝状菌繁殖,控制结合水性污泥膨胀。

4.2泡沫问题

由于进水中带有大量油脂,处理系统不能完全有效地将其除去,部分油脂富集于污泥中,经转刷充氧搅拌,产生大量泡沫;泥龄偏长,污泥老化,也易产生泡沫。用表面喷淋水或除沫剂去除泡沫,常用除沫剂有机油、煤油、硅油,投加量为0.5~1.5mg/L。通过增加曝气池污泥浓度或适当减少曝气量,也能有效控制泡沫产生。当废水中含表面活性物质较多时,易预先用泡沫分离或其他方法去除。另外也可考虑增设一套除油装置。但最重要的是要加强水源管理,减少含油过高废水及其有毒废水的进入。

4.3污泥上浮问题

当废水中含油量过大,整个系统泥质变轻,在操作过程中不能很好控制其在二沉池的停留时间,易造成缺氧,产生污泥上浮;当曝气时间过长,在池中发生高度消化作用,使硝酸盐浓度过高,在二沉池易发生反硝化作用,产生氮气,使污泥上浮;另外,废水中含油量过大,污泥可能挟油上浮。

发生污泥上浮后应暂停停水,打碎或清除污泥,判明原因,调整操作。污泥沉降性差,可投加混凝剂或惰性物质,改善沉淀性;如进水负荷大应减少进水量;如污泥颗粒细小可降低曝气机转速;如发现反硝化,应减小曝气量,增大回流或排泥量;如发现污泥腐化,应加大曝气量,清除积泥,并设法改善内水力条件。

4.4 流速不均及污泥沉积问题

在Carrousel氧化沟中,为了获得其他独特的混合和处理效果,混合液必须以一定的流速在沟内循环流动。一般认为,最低流速应为0.15m/s,不发生沉积的平均流速应达到0.3~0.5m/s。氧化沟的曝气设备一般为曝气转刷和曝气转盘,转刷的浸没深度为250~300mm,转盘的浸没深度为480~530mm,与氧化沟水深(3.0~3.6m)相比,转刷只占了水深的1/10~1/12,转盘也只占了1/6~1/7,因此造成氧化沟上部流速较大(约为0.8m~1.2m,甚至更大),而底部流速很小,致使沟底大量积泥(有时积泥厚度达1m),大大减少了氧化沟的有效容积,降低了处理效果,影响出水水质。

加装上、下游导流板是改善流速分布、提高充氧能力的有效方法和最方便的措施。上流导流板在距转盘轴心4.0处,导流板高度为水深的1/5~1/6,并垂直于水面安装:下游导流板安装在距转盘轴心3.0m处。导流板的材料可以用金属或玻璃钢,但以玻璃钢为佳。导流板与其改善措施相比,不仅不会增加动力消耗和运转成本,而且还能够较大幅度地提高充氧能力和理论动力效率。

另外,通过在曝气机上游设置水下推动器也可以对曝气转刷底部低速区德尔混合液循环流动起到积极作用,从而解决氧化沟底部流速低、污泥沉积的问题。设置水下推动器专门用

于推动混合液可以使氧化沟的运行方式更加灵活,对于节约资源、提高效率具有十分重要的意义。

5、Carrousel氧化沟的发展

由于污水处理标准中对除磷脱氮的要求越来越严格,Carrousel氧化沟也得到了进一步的发展。目前,研究及应用较多的包括以下两种类型:微孔曝气型Carrousel2000系统、Carrousel3000系统。

5.1 微孔曝气型Carrousel 2000系统

微孔曝气型Carrousel 2000系统采用微孔曝气(供养设备为鼓风机),微孔曝气器可产生大量直径为1mm左右的微小气泡,这大大提高了气泡的表面积,使得在池容积一定的情况下氧转移总量增大。根据目前鼓风机生产厂家的技术能力,池的有效水深最大可达8m,因此可根据不同的工艺要求选择合适的水深。传统氧化沟的推流是利用转刷、转碟或倒伞形表爆机实现的,其设备利用率低、动力消耗大。微孔曝气型Carrousel 2000系统则采用了水下推流的方式,即把潜水推进器叶轮产生的推动力直接作用于水体,在起推流作用的同时又可有效防止污泥的沉降。因此,采用潜水推进器既降低了动力消耗,又使污水得到了充分地混合。

5.2 Carrousel 3000系统

Carrousel 3000系统是在Carrousel 2000系统前再加上一个生物选择区。该生物选择区是利用高有机负荷筛选菌种,抑制丝状菌的生长,提高各污染物的去除率,其后的工艺原理同Carrousel 2000系统。

Carrousel 3000系统的较大提高表现在:一是增加了池深,可达7.5~8m,同心圆式,池壁共用,减少了占地面积,降低造价同时提高了耐低温能力;而是曝气设备的巧妙设计,曝气机下装导流筒,抽吸缺氧的混合液,采用水下推进器解决流速问题;三是使用了先进的曝气控制器qute.四是采用一体化设计,从中心开始,包括以下环状连续工艺单元;进水井和用于回流活性污泥的分水器;分别由四部分组成的选择池和厌氧池。这之外是有三个曝气器和一个预反硝化的Carrousel 2000系统.五是圆型一体化的设计使得氧化沟不需要额外的管线,即可实现回流污泥在不同工艺单元的分配。

6、结论

Carrousel氧化沟由于具有良好的除磷脱氮能力、抗击负荷能力和运营管理方便等优点,已经得到了广泛的应用。但由于科技的发展和社会的进步,该工艺必将得到进一步的提高。作者认为:Carrousel氧化沟的未来研究方向主要体现在以下几个方面。

1、结合生物膜法,研究和开发生物模型Carrousel氧化沟。这样不仅可以提高单位反应器的微生物总量,从而提高有机负荷,而且生物膜本身具有的内置A/O系统强化了脱氮效果。

2、不断提高Carrousel氧化沟中微生物的活性。例如在氧化沟中投加EM专一菌种、投加铁盐使微生物驯化成生物铁、投加活性炭增强菌胶团的形成并提高耐毒性冲击等。

3、提高Carrousel氧化沟设备性能和检测技术。提高表曝机、水下推进器的性能,减少维修工作量;利用DO、ORP等多目标监控技术及变频技术是今后Carrousel氧化沟科学运行的必由之路。

4、提高Carrousel氧化沟的耐寒、耐读性能,减少占地面积和工程造价。膜理论的应用、深池水条件和工艺性能的研究为降低工程造价、提高耐寒耐毒性能等提供了可能的方向。Oxidize the ditch craft in dirty water handle of application and development

Summary: This text expatiated primarily the Carrousel oxidizes the construction, craft mechanism of the ditch and circulate the problem exsited in the process with the homologous the method of solution.Finally, introduce the Carrousel oxidize the latest research progress of the

ditch and pointed out the future and main research direction.

Key phrase: The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphor takes off the nitrogen construction mechanism

Application and Development of Carrousel Oxidation Ditch Process on Wastewater Treatment

Abstract: The structure and the techniques of carrousel oxidation ditch process on nitrogen and phosphor removal are introduced in this paper. The problems inrunning and their corresponding resolvent are also pointed. At last, The authorshowed the up to date research improvement and the mainly future research dire-ction.

Key words: Carrousel; oxidation ditch; nitrogen and phosphor removal; structure;techniques

1. Foreword

Oxidize the ditch( oxidation ditch) again a continuous circulation spirit pond( Continuous loop reactor), is a live and dirty mire method a kind of to transform.Oxidizing the dirty water in ditch handles the craft be researched to manufacture by the hygiene engineering graduate school of Holland in the 50's of 20 centuries success.Since in 1954 at Dutch throw in the usage for the very first time.Because its a water fluid matter good, circulate the stability and manage convenience etc. technique characteristics, already at domestic and international and extensive application in live the dirty water to is dirty to manage aqueously with the industry[1].

Current application than oxidize extensively the ditch type include:The ( Pasveer) oxidizes the ditch, the ( Carrousel) oxidizes the ditch, ( Orbal) oxidizes the ditch, the type of T oxidizes the ditch( three ditch types oxidize the ditch), the type of DE oxidizes the ditch to turn to oxidize the ditch with the integral whole.These oxidize the ditch because of the difference of esse in construction with circulating, therefore each characteristics[2].This text will introduce construction, mechanism, existent problem and its latest developments that Carrousel oxidize ditches primarily.

2. The Carrousel oxidizes the construction of the ditch

The Carrousel oxidize the ditch to be researched to manufacture by Dutch DHV company development in 1967.Oxidize the last the company of DHV in foundation of the ditch in the original Carrousel to permited specially the company EIMCO to invent again with its patent in the United States Carrousel 2000 system( see the figure ), realizes the living creature of the higher request takes off the nitrogen with divided by the function of .There has been in the world up to now more than 850 Carrousels oxidize the ditch with the Carrousel 2000 system are circulating[3].

From diagram therefore, the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch the usage the spirit of that definite direction control with shake up the device, face to mix with the liquid deliver the level speed, from but make drive the liquid of admixture that shake up is in oxidize ditch shut match outlet circulate flow.Therefore oxidize the ditch have the special hydraulics flows the , current complete mix with the characteristics of the type reactor, have the characteristics that push the flow type reactor again, the ditch inside exsits obviously of deliquescence oxygen density steps degree.Oxidizing the ditch cross section is rectangle or trapezoids, the flat surface shape is many for oval, the ditch internal water is deep general for 2.5 ~4.5 m, the breadth is deep compare for 2:1, also have the deep water amount to 7 ms of, ditch inside average speed in water current is 0.3 ms/ s.Oxidize ditch spirit admixture equipments contain surface spirit machine, the spirit of turn to brush or turn the dish and shoot to flow the spirit machine, pipe type spirit

machine with promote take care of type spirit machine etc., match with in recent years usage still contain underwater push machine[4~6].

3. The Carrousel oxidizes the mechanism of the ditch

3.1 The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch handles dirty and aqueous principle

The at the beginning common Carrousel oxidizes the dirty water in inside in craft of the ditch direct with dirty mire in reflux together enter oxidize the ditch system.The surface spirit machine makes fuse in the liquid of admixture the density of the oxygen DO increases about 2 the 3 mgs/ L.Under this kind of well the term of the oxygen , the microorganism gets the enough deliquescence oxygen comes and go to divided by the BOD;At the same time, the ammonia were too oxidized nitrate with second nitrate, this time, mix with the liquid be placed in the oxygen appearance.In the spirit machine downstream, after water current be become by the swift flow appearance of the spirit District of even flow the appearance, the water current maintains in the minimum current velocity, guaranteeing the live and dirty mire be placed in the floats the appearance.( average current velocity>0.3 ms/ s)Oxidize microbially the process consumed to fuse the oxygen in the water, until the value of DO declines for zero, mixing with the liquid report the anoxia appearance.Versa nitric that turn the function through anoxia area, mix with the liquid enter to have the oxygen area, completing once circulating.That system inside, the BOD declines the solution is a continuous process, the nitric turns the function to turn with the versa nitric the function take place in same pond.Because of structural restrict, this kind of oxidize the ditch although can then valid whereabouts BOD, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous ability limited[7].

For the sake of the acquisition better divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous result, Carrousel 2000 systems increased a oxygen District before common Carrousel oxidize ditch with the unique oxygen area.( call again that the versa nitric in front turns the area)The dirty mire in all refluxes enters the anaerobic District with 10-30% dirty water, can under the anoxia with 10-30% carbon source term complete remaining of dirty mire in reflux inside nitric acid nitrogen to versa nitric to turn, creates for the unique oxygen pond of hereafter unique oxygen term.At the same time, anaerobic District inside of concurrently the sex germs convert the dissolubility BOD VFA, the germ acquire the VFA its assimilation PHB, the energy source needed solves in the phosphoric water and cause phosphatic releasing.The anaerobic District a water enters the inner part installs the unique oxygen area that have the mixer, the so-called unique oxygen is a pond inside to mix with liquid since have no the numerator oxygen, also have no the compound oxygen( nitric acid root), the here unique oxygen environment is next,70-90% dirty water can provide the enough carbon source, can make the germ of released the phosphorus well.The unique oxygen area connects behind the common Carrousel oxidizes the ditch system, further completing to do away with the BOD and take off the nitrogen with divided by the phosphorus .Finally, mix with the liquid transfer the dirty mire inside in oxidize ditch enrich oxygen area eject, while enriching the oxygen environment germ surfeit, phosphorus from the water, ejecting the system with the dirty mire in surplus.Like this, in Carrousel 2000 systems, than completed to do away with the BOD, COD with take off at the same time goodly the nitrogen divided by the phosphorus .

Synthesizing and dirty water in the river City , long sand City decontamination center[s of the dirty the factory of water in the first in Kunming of adoption that crafts handles the movement result of the factory therefore:Through Carrousel 2000 system after handling, the BOD,

COD, SS does away with the rate to all come to a 90% above, the TN does away with the rate comes to a 80%, the TP does away with the rate to also come to a 90%.

3.2 The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphorus takes off the nitrogenous influence factor.

Affecting the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphoric factor is dirty mire , nitrate density and quality densities primarily.The research expresses, being total and dirty mire as 11% that a hour biggest phosphorus 4% with deal is its fuck dirty mire deal within live and dirty mire, keep for the the germ physical endowment measures, but when dirty mire over 15 d hour dirty mire the inside is biggest to contain the obvious descent in deal in phosphorus , canning not reach the biggest divideding by the result of phosphorus on the contrary.Therefore, prolong persistently the dirty mire ( for example 20ds,25ds,30ds) is to have no necessary, proper choose to use within the scope of 8~15 d.At the same time, high nitrate density with low quality density disadvantage in divided by the process of phosphorus .

Affecting the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch takes off the nitrogenous and main factor is DO, nitrate density and carbon source densities.The research expresses, oxidizing the ditch inside exsits deliquescence oxygen density steps degree namely the good oxygen area DO attains 3~3.5 mgs/ L, the anoxia area DO attains 0~0.5 mgs/ L is a prior condition to take place nitric turn reaction and versa nitrics turn the reaction.At the same time, ample carbon source and higher C/ the N ratio benefits to take off to complete nitrogenously[7].

4. The Carrousel oxidizes problem and solution methods of the ditch esse.

Though the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch has a water fluid matter good, the anti- pounds at the burthen ability strong, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogen efficiency. But, in physically of movement process, still exsits a series of problem.

4.1 Dirty mire inflation problem

When discard the aquatic carbohydrate more, the N, P contains the unbalance of deal, the pH value is low, oxidizing the dirty mire in inside in ditch carries high, fuse the oxygen density the shortage, line up the mire not etc. causes easily dirty mire in germ in form in silk inflation;Not the dirty mire in germ in form in silk inflation takes place primarily at the waste water water temperature is lower but the dirty mire carries higher hour.The microbial burthen is high, the germs absorbed the large quantity nourishment material, is low because of the temperature, metabolism the speed is slower, accumulating the rises large quantity is high to glue sexual and many sugar materials, making the surface of the live and dirty mire adhere to the water to increase consumedly, SVI the value is very high, becoming the dirty mire inflation.

Cause that aim at the dirty mire inflation, can adopt the different counterplan:From the anoxia, water temperature high result in of, can enlargement tolerance or lower into the water measures to alleviate burthen, or the adequacy lowers the MLSS( control dirty mire reflux measure), making need the oxygen measures decrease;If the dirty mire carries high, can increase MLSS, to adjust the burthen, necessity the hour can stop into the water, stuffy a period of time;Can pass the hurl add the nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fatty, adjust the admixture nourishment in the liquid material equilibrium( BOD5:N:P=100:5:1);The value of pH over low, can throw to add the lime regulate;Bleach the powder with the liquid chlorin( press to fuck 0.3% of the dirty mire~0.6% the hurl adds), can repress the silk form germ breed, controling the dirty mire in combinative water inflation[11].

4.2 Foam problem

Because entering to take the grease of large quantity in the water, handling system can't completely and availably its obviation, parts of greases enriches to gather in in the dirty mire, through turn to brush the oxygen agitation, creation large quantity foam;The mire is partial to long, the dirty mire is aging, and also easy creation foam.Spray to pour the water or divided by with the surface the of do away with the foam, in common use divided by the an organism oil, kerosene, the oil of silicon, throw deal as 0.5~1.5 mgs/ L.Pass to increase dirty mire in pond in spirit in density or adequacies let up the tolerance of , also can control the foam creation effectively.When contain the live material in surface in the waste water more, separate with the foam easily and in advance method or other methods do away with.Also can consider to increase to establish a set of divideding by the oil device moreover.But enhance most importantly the headwaters manage, reducing to contain the oil over the high waste water and other poisonous waste water of into[12].

4.3 Float the problem on the dirty mire

When contain in the waste water the oil measures big, whole system mire quality become light, can't like to control very much in operate process its at two sink the pond stop over time, resulting in the anoxia easily, producing the corrupt and dirty mire ascend to float;When spirit time over long, take place in pond the high degree nitric turn the function, making nitrate density high, at two sink the versa nitric in easy occurrence in pond turn the function, creation nitrogen spirit, make dirty mire ascend float;Moreover, contain the oil in the waste water?

Take place the dirty mire ascend after floating should pause enter water, broke off or dirty mire in clearance, judge the clear reason, adjust the operation.The dirty mire sinks to decline the sex bad, can throw to add of oagulate or sloth materials, the improvement precipitates the sex;Such as enter the water carries big let up into the water measures or the enlargement reflux measures;Such as the dirty mire grain small lower the spirit machine turn soon;If discovers versa nitric turning, should let up the tolerance , enlarge the reflux or row the mire measures;If discover the dirty mire is corrupt, should enlargement tolerance, the clearance accumulates the mire, and try the ameliorative pond internal water dint term[12].

4.4 Current velocity is not all and the dirty mire sinks to accumulate the problem

In Carrousel oxidize ditch, for acquiring its special admixture with handles result, mix with liquid must with certain current velocity is in ditch circulate flow.Think generally, the lowest current velocity should should attain for an average current velocity for, doing not take place sinking accumulating 0.3~0.5 ms/ s.The spirit equipments that oxidize the ditch is general to turn to brush for the spirit of to turn the dish with the spirit of , turning to brush of immerse to have no depth for 250~300 mms, turn the dish immerse to have no depth for 480~530 mms.With oxidize the ditch water the deep(3.0~3.6 ms) comparing, turn to brush occupied the deep 1/10~ in water 1/12, turned the dish to also occupy the 1/6~ only 1/7, therefore result in to oxidize the ditch upper part current velocity bigger( roughly 0.8~1.2 ms, even larger), but the bottom current velocity is very small( especially at the water is deep 2/3 or 3/4 below, mix with the liquid has no current velocity almost), causing ditch bottom large quantity accumulate the mire( sometimes accumulate the mire thickness amount to a 1.0 ms), the valid capacity that reduced to oxidize the ditch consumedly, lowered to handle result, affected a water fluid matter.

Adding the top, downstream leads to flow the plank is a valid method that ameliorative current velocity distribute, increases the oxygen ability with the most convenient measure.The upper stream leads to flow the plank installs at be apart from to turn the 4.0 places( upper

stream) :dish( turn to brush) axis, lead to flow plank high degree as the deep 1/5~ in water 1/6, combine the perpendicularity install in the surface;The downstream leads to flow the plank installs at be apart from to turn dish( turn to brush) axis 3.0 ms.Leading to flow knothole material can use metals or glass steels, but regard glass steel as good.Lead to flow the plank compares with other ameliorative measure, can't not only increase the motive consumes with revolves cost, but also can still than significantly exaltation 充oxygen ability with theories motive efficiency[13].

Moreover, pass in the spirit on board swim to establish the underwater push machine can also turn to the spirit of the liquid of admixture that brush the bottom low speed area circulates to flow to rise positive push function, from but the solution oxidizes the problem that low and dirty mire in current velocity in bottom in ditch sink accumulates.Establish the underwater push machine useds for exclusively the push mixs with the liquid can make movement method that oxidize the ditch much more vivid, this for economy energy, lift the high-efficiency having the very important meaning[14].

5. The Carrousel oxidizes the development of the ditch

Because the dirty water handles standard inside to divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous request more and more strict, the development that Carrousel further oxidized the ditch to also get.Current, the research and application includes morely below two category type:Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems, Carrousel 3000 system.

5.1 Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 system

Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 tiny bore in adoption in system spirit( provide oxygen equipments as the drum breeze machine), the tiny bore spirit machine can produce the diameter of large quantity as a surface for or so and small spirit steeping, this consumedly increases spirit bubble accumulates, undering the certain circumstance in capacity in pond make the oxygen transfer the gross measures aggrandizement.( if deep increment in pond, its spread the quality efficiency will be higher)Produce the technique ability of the factory house according to the current drum breeze machine, the valid water of the pond is deep biggest amounting to a 8 ms, therefore can select by examinations according to the different craft request the fit water is deep.The tradition oxidizes the ditch pushes to flow is to make use of to turn to brush, turn a disc or pour the umbrella type form machine realizes of, its equipments utilization is low, the motive consumes big.Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems then adopted the underwater pushes the way that flow, rises to dive the propeller the leaf the motivation that round creation the direct function namely in the of water, at push to flow the function to can keep dirty mire from sinking to decline effectively again at the same time.As a result, the adoption dives the propeller since lower the motive consume, making mire water got again to mixs with adequately.

Seeing from water power characteristic, tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems are wreaths form the fold flows the pond type, concurrently pushing the flow type with complete mix with the type flows .In regard to whole oxidize ditch, can think that oxidize the ditch is a complete mix with spirit pond, its density variety coefficient smallest even can neglect to do not account, enter the water will get the dilution quickly, therefore it have the very strong anti- pounds at the burthen ability.But have oxidize ditch inside of a certain very much the some pushing the characteristic of the flow type, in the nearby district in downstream in machine in spirit inDO density higher, but along with increase with spirit machine distance continuously then the density of DO lowers continuously.( appear the anoxia area)This kind of structure method

makes friendly oxygen in area in anoxia area exsited to build the thing inside , making use of its water power characteristic well, coming to an efficiently the living creature takes off the nitrogenous purpose.

Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 system though have the oxygen ability strong, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogen effective, cover the area little with can consume low etc. advantage, it also exsits at the same time the problem that tiny bore spirit equipments maintain.Current, the service life of the local and tiny bore spirit machine is 5 years in 4~, can amount to 10 years in 8~ goodly, but with import the tiny bore spirit machine compare to still have the certain margin.The spirit machine maintains unlike the form equipments is so convenient, it need to fuck the pond talent fixs, and also is to say once the tiny bore spirit machine appears the problem to need the adoption parallel two inconvenience for or third sets to solving problem, or adopting promoting device waiting to resolving, this too will giving production with managing bringing biggest[15 16].

5.2 Carrousel 3000 system

Carrousel 3000 systems are in the Carrousel 2000 systems are ex- to plus a living creature the choice the area.That living creature choice area is a craft to make use of high organism carries to sieve germ grow, repress silk form germ increase, increase each pollutant do away with the rate, afterward principle together Carrousel 2000 system.

Carrousel 3000 system of bigger increases to express at:An is to increased the pond deep, can amount to 7.5~8 ms, united at heart circle type, the pond wall uses totally, reducing to cover the area, lowering to build the price to increases to bear the low temperature ability at the same time;( can amount to 7 ℃)Two is the liquid of admixture that spirit equipments that skillful design, the form machine descends to install to lead to flow , the anoxia of take out , adopt the underwater propeller solution current velocity problem;Three is to used the advanced spirit controller QUTE.( it adopt the much aer kind of changing the deal control mode)Four is to adopt the integral whole turn the design, starting from the center, including below wreath form consecution craft unit:Enter the well of water with the cent water machine that used for the live and dirty mire in reflux;Difference from four-part the choice pond that cent constitute with 厌oxygen pond.This outside is a Carrousel to have three spirit machine with a prepare versa nitric turn the pond 2000 system.( such as figure 2 show)Five is tube line that the design that the circular integral whole turn to make oxidize the ditch do not need additionally, can immediately realize dirty mire in reflux allotment in different craft unit[17].

6. Conclusion

The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch because of having the good a phosphorus takes off the nitrogen ability, anti- pounds at the burthen ability with circulate to manage the convenience etc. the advantage, having got the extensive application.But because of technological development with social advance, that craft is necessarily will exaltation getting further.The author thinks:The Carrousel oxidizes the future research direction of the ditch will now of main below several aspects.

1 Combination living creature method, research with develop the living creature model Carrousel oxidize the ditch.Like this can not only increases the microorganism gross of the unit reactor measures, from but increases the organism carries, but also living creature oneself the inside that have places the A/ the system of O enhances to take off the nitrogen result[18].

2 Increases continuously the Carrousel oxidize the microbial activity in inside in ditch.For

example throw to add the EM in oxidize ditch with single mind the germ grow, throws in that the salt of iron make the microorganism tame the live char in iron, devotion in living creature to become the formation to strengthen the germ gum regiment and increases to bear the toxicity pound at etc..

3 Increasing the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch equipments function with supervise and control the technique.Function that increases form machine, underwater propeller, reduce to maintain the workload;Making use of DO, etc. of ORP many targets supervises and control the technique and changes the technique of is from now on the Carrousel oxidizes ditch science circulate necessarily from it road.

4 Increasing the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch resistant to cold and bear toxicity can, reduce to cover the area to build the price with the engineering.Theoretical application, deep pond in water power term with the research of the craft function is to lowers the engineering builds the price and increases resistant to cold bear the toxicity can wait to provide the possible direction.

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

土木工程外文文献及翻译

本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目:Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源:国道数据库 文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2008.3.25 院(部):土木工程学院 专业:土木工程 班级:土木辅修091 姓名:武建伟 学号:2008121008 指导教师:周学军、李相云 翻译日期: 20012.6.1

外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the

土木工程外文文献翻译

专业资料 学院: 专业:土木工程 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件:1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重,那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实,较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上,正是因为有了这种宏观的构思,新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展,可能更重要的是:几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈,高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类: 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架,包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙,包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式,同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力,大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且,就较高的建筑物而言,大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展,以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并

不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反,有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了,然而,如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导,那么,得以发展的就只能是好的结构,并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何,要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计,两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论,但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低,中高度的建筑中常用的体系,它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系,或者和其他体系结合起来使用,以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑,可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系,这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS,STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地,由于柱梁节点固有柔性,并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点,所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然,在设计的后期阶段,实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强,在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色,它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑,并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版

土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】

外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete (来自《土木工程英语》) Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In

土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

( 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目: About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名: 学 院:土木工程学院 系 别:建筑工程系 专 业:土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级:土木08-4班 指导教师:

英文原文: Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,

土木工程外文文献及翻译

Original Article Impact of crack width on bond: confined and unconfine d rebar David https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0717955883.html,w1, Denglei Tang2, Thoma s K. C.Molyneaux3 and Rebecca Gravina3 (1)School of the Built Environment, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK (2)VicRoads, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (3)School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia David W. Law Email: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0717955883.html,w@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0717955883.html, Received: 14January2010Accepted: 14Decemb er2010Published online: 23December2010 Abstract This paper reports the results of a research project comp aring the effect of surface crack width and degree of corrosi on on the bond strength of confined and unconfined deforme d 12 and 16mm mild steel reinforcing bars. The corrosion was induced by chloride contamination of the concrete and

商业建筑外文文献翻译)

Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion

建筑外文文献及翻译

外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have

建筑外文文献及翻译

建筑外文文献及翻译

外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract -- This paper put forward the affecting factors of project 'prsiority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms —Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi- project 's project 's priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it 'csritical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects 'duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposed a mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Based on work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4] discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-

相关主题