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2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三

2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三

Time to cool it

1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just

a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.

2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.

3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.

4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.

5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number,the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company,Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.

6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃, they

stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.

7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.

8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless,Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.

9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.

Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.

Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

A. Apple

B. IBM

C. Intel

D. Alex Mischenko

E. Ali Shakouri

F. Rama Venkatasubramanian

1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.

2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 199

3.

3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.

4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.

5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.

Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage

FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.

7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.

8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.

9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.

Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.

10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect?

A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.

B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.

C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.

D. None of the above.

Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.

Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present,scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.

Key and Explanations:

1. D

See Paragraph 3: ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...

2. C

See Paragraph 5: The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel,in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.

3. F

See Paragraph 8: ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.

4. E

See Paragraph 8: Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz,says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.

5. B

See Paragraph 9: To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.

6. TRUE

See Paragraph 2: ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.

7. FALSE

See Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has,nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges?

8. FALSE

See Paragraph 5: Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.

9. NOT GIVEN

See Paragraph 9: In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.

10. D

See Paragraph 6: Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.

11. heat

See Paragraph 1: Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.

12. paraelectric

See Paragraph 3: Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.

13. thermoelectric

See Paragraph 7: ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials,this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.

14. radiator

See Paragraph 9: The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.

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雅思阅读解题方法 由于大家基础,阅读习惯的差异,雅思阅读解题方法有很多,我这里为大家收集整理了雅思阅读解题的三类方法,下面分享给大家,希望对大家有所帮助。 雅思阅读解题方法一、一揽众山法 适用人群:英语词汇量大,平时经常阅读英语文章或浏览英语网站,语法基础扎实,短期记忆力强,对自己的英语能力非常有信心的考生。 操作方法:拿到试卷后快速阅读一下文章标题,然后选定一篇文章开始做题。选定文章后先阅读所有的题目,即13-14道题目,把每一道题目的关键词划出来并进行短期记忆。(注:关键词包括定位词和考点,定位词多以名词为主,考点则多以谓语动词和形容词副词为主)重点记忆一些定位性强的名词。看完题目之后去看文章,从头开始看,按文章的顺序和段落去理解,边看边回忆之前记忆中的定位词,看到了就用笔做一个记号。注意在看的过程中是要以理解文章为主,不要过多的去想题目的内容,主要是看懂文章。看完以后再去看题目,根据文章的内容去做题。如果有文章的内容记不清,就可以利用之前读文章时划出的定位词再回原文看一下然后确定答案。 优点:节省时间,做题速度快 缺陷:挑战考生英语快速阅读能力和记忆力,并不适用于大部分考生,主要针对一些立志阅读考8分以上的考 生。 雅思阅读解题方法二、各个击破法 适用人群:英语基础不是非常好,词汇量缺乏,文章对其来说基本看不太懂的考生。 操作方法:拿到阅读试卷后浏览文章标题,然后选定一篇

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Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief, continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia), but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade, briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag, 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years,European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty: the Maastricht treaty in 1992, the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997, the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution,laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted, not immobilised, by this setback. D. In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty —the Treaty of Rome, its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously, restating their commitment to “ever closer union”and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself, and in normal circumstances,the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless, a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto it) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty. All that will be necessary will be to incorporate the 50th-anniversary declaration into a new treaty containing a number of institutional

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