小学语法
让某人做某事
用let sb后加动词原形
如：Let’s water the flowers together.
是该做…的时候了用It’s time for+名词或It’s time to +动原。
帮助某人做某事是help sb with sth
如：帮我学英语是 help me with my English
··with和in
长着什么用with
如：the girl with big eyes 大眼睛的女孩；
穿着什么用in
如：the man in black穿黑衣服的男人
或：the woman in the white skirt 穿白色短裙的妇女
···到达用get to
但注意到家，到这儿，到那儿不可以加to
如：get home; get here; get there,另外go home; come here; go there也一样。
···动词还原的用法
前面用了do, does did, don’t, doesn’t didn’t后面动词要还原。
如：Did she watch TV last night?
Helen doesn’t like taking photos.
···比较
两者比较用比较级，三者以上比较用最高级
如：Who runs faster, the boy or the girl? The boy does
谁跑得更快，男孩还是女孩？男孩。
Which season do you like best? I like autumn best.
你最喜欢哪个季节？我最喜欢秋天。
Which season do you like better, summer or winter? I like winter better.
你更喜欢哪个季节，夏天还是冬天？我更喜欢冬天。
···激动兴奋的
excited表示激动的，兴奋地主语是人；
exciting表示令人激动的，令人兴奋的主语是事情
如：The running race is very exciting, so all the students are very excited.
赛跑非常令人激动，因此所有的学生都很激动。
···节日的表示法
有day的节日前用on.
没有day的节日前用at,
如：at Christmas; on Christmas Day; at New Year; on New Year’s Day.
··both 表示两者都
如：My parents are both teachers.
all表示三者以上都
如：The students are all very excited.
···日期的表示法
用the+序数词+ of +月
如:三月三日 the third of March;
12月25日 the 25th of December.
···基数词变序数词的方法
基变序有规律，结尾加上th；一二三特殊例，结尾字母t、d(即first，second，third)；
八去t，九去e，ve要用f替（即eigh—eighth；nine—ninth；five--fifth；twelve—twelfth）；
ty改y为ie后加th别忘记(即整十数如twenty—twentieth；forty—fortieth)；
几十几十位为基个位为序（如第二十一为twenty-first）。
另外强调序数词前一定要加the。
···时间表示法
有两种：
（1）直接读时钟和分钟。
如6:10读成 six ten; 7:30读成seven thirty; 8:45读成eight forty-five;
(2)用to与past表示。
在半小时包括半小时以内用几分past几点
如：6：10读成ten past six; 7:30读成half past seven;
过了半小时用下一个钟点差几分
如7：45读成a quarter to eight; 9:50读成ten to ten;
···本身就是复数的词
眼镜glasses; 耳机earphones; 鞋shoes;裤子trousers等词本身是复数。
如：My glasses were on the chair just now.
但如果表示这双，这副，一双的时候用单数
如：There is a pair of chopsticks on the plate. This pair of earphones is for you.
···have, has
表示某人有(has用于第三人称单数)；There is/ are;
There was/ were 表示某地存在有
注意There be 句型的就近原则
单数或不可数用there is /was;
复数用there are/ were.
·····比较级
注意只有同类事物才可进行比较。
如：My eyes are bigger than hers.Your school bag is heavier than mine. My computer is nicer than N ancy’s. My brother is stronger than me.
···rain与snow的用法
(1)作为名词意思是雨水和雪是不可数名词
如：There is a lot of rain there in spring. 那儿的春天有很多雨水。
(2) 作为动词意思是下雨和下雪，有四种形式分别是：
动词原形rain， snow；
第三人称单数rains ，snows；
现在分词raining； snowing
过去式rained； snowed;
如：①Look! It is raining now. 瞧！天正在下雨。
②It often rains in Nantong in summer.南通夏天经常下雨。
③ It rained yesterday.昨天下了雨。
④It is going to rain tomorrow. 明天要下雨。
(3)形容词为rainy 和snowy 意思是有雨的和有雪的
如：It is often rainy here in spring.这儿的春天经常是有雨的。
If it is rainy tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.如果明天是有雨的，我将呆在家里
··形容词副词比较级的构成
规则的：
(1)直接在形容词或副词后加er
如；small—smaller；low—lower；
(2)以e结尾的加r
如：late—larer；
(3)双写词尾加er
如：big—bigger；thin—thinner；fat—fatter；
(4)以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i加er
如：heavy—heavier；early—earlier；
不规则的有：
good，well—better(最高级为best)；many，much---more(最高级为most)；
far---farther；
···规则动词过去式的构成
(1)直接在动词后加ed
如：clean—cleaned；milk—milked；play—played；
(2)以e结尾的直接加d
如：dance—danced；taste—tasted；
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i加ed
如：study—studied；carry—carried；
(4)双写词尾加ed
如：stop—stopped；jog—jogged；
不规则的有：am，is—was；are—were；do，does—did；have，has—had；go—went；meet—met；sit—sat；see—saw；get—got；tell—told；run—ran；come—came；steal—stole；read—read；
···现在分词的构成
(1)直接在动词后加ing
如：sing—singing；ski—skiing；
(2)双写词尾加ing
如：swim—swimming；jog—jogging；run—running；
(3)以不发音的e结尾的去e加ing
如：ride—riding；dance—dancing；make—making；
···动词第三人称单数的构成
(1)直接在动词后加s
如：run—runs；dance—dances
(2)以s，sh，ch，o结尾的加es
如：do—does；go—goes；wash—washes；catch—catches
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i加es
如：study—studies；carry—carries；
···名词复数构成的方法
有规则的有：
(1)直接在名词后加s
如orange—oranges；photo—photos；
(2)以x，s，sh，ch结尾的加es
如：box—boxes；glass—glasses；waitress—waitresses；watch—watches；peach--peaches
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i加es
如：study—studies；library—libraries；hobby—hobbies；family—families；
(4)以f，fe结尾的改f，fe为v＋es如：knife—knives；thief—thieves（注：以o结尾的我们学过的只有mango加es，mango—mangoes其余加s，）
不规则的有：
man—men；woman—women；people—people；child—children
··时间介词
季节前，月份前用介词in
如：in summer；in March
具体的哪一天如星期几，几月几日用介词on
如：on Saturday; on the second of April; on Wednesday morning
在几点钟前用介词at
如： at a quarter to four;
只在上下午晚上用in
如：in the morning/ afternoon/ evening;
但在夜间用at night。
另：季节，月份和星期前不好加the.
··介词
介词后要么不加动词，加动词只能加动词ing形式
如：be good at running;
do well in jumping;
···代词
人称代词主格做主语用一般放在句首或动词前，主格分别是 I you he she it we you they。
宾格做宾语用，一般放在动词或介词后
如：Open them for me. Let us …, join me等。
宾格分别是me you him her it us you them。
形容词性物主代词放在名词前，不能单独使用，分别是my your his her its our your their
名词性物主代词相当于形物加名词，它只能单独使用后面不好加名词，分别是mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs。
···some
用于肯定句中，在否定句和问句中改为any,但当表示委婉语气时仍用
如：Can I have some writing paper? Would you like some orange juice?
···想要做某事
用 would like +to+动原或want + to +动原。
例：I’d like to visit the History Museum.=I want to visit the History Museum
···喜欢做某事
用like +动词ing或like+ to + 动原。
如： Su Yang likes growing flowers.
苏阳喜欢种花。
The children like to play with lanterns at Spring Festival.
孩子们喜欢在春节去玩花灯。
···比较
than 前用比较级；as…as之间用原级。
如：My mother is two years younger than my father.
我妈比我爸年轻两岁。
Liu Tao jumps as far as Ben.
刘涛跳得和本一样远。
···go的用法
去干嘛用go +动词ing
如: go swimming; go fishing;
go skating;
go camping;
go running;
go skiing;
go rowing…
··祈使句
肯定祈使句以动词原形开头；否定祈使句以don’t加动词原形开头。
如：Open the box for me ,please.
请为我打开盒子。
Liu Tao! Please get up earlier tomorrow.
刘涛，明天请早点起床！
Don’t walk on the grass!
不要在草地上走！
Helen! Don’t climb the tree,please.
海伦！不要爬树。
···情态动词
can; can’t; should; shouldn’t; must; may后一定加动词原形。
如：The girl can’t swim, but he can skate.
女孩不会游泳，但是会滑冰
Don’t talk in class, you should listen to the teacher carefully.
不要再课上说话，你应该认真听老师讲。
···一般将来时
表示将要打算发生的事情或动作，常与tomorrow, next week(year; Tuesday…), this week( weekend ;even ing; afternoon;…)today等词连用。结构是主语+be(am, is, are) going to + 动原或主语+will +动原。
如：What are you going to do tomorrow? I am going to have a picnic.
你明天要去干嘛？我要去野餐。
The childre are going to have a sports meeting next week.
孩子们下个星期将参加运动会。
Tom will/is going to see a play with his father this evening.
Tom今晚将和父母去看演出。
问句将be动词或will移前；否定句在be动词或will后加not.
··一般过去时
表示发生在过去的事情或存在的状态，常与just now; a moment ago; … ago; yesterday; last ( week; mo nth; year; Monday; weekend); this morning等词连用。
结构是主语+be动词的过去式（was; were）或主语+动词的过去式。
注意：be动词与动词过去式不可同时使用。
如：My earphones were on the ground just now.
我的耳机刚刚还在呢。
Where were you last week? I was at a camp.
你上个星期去哪了？我去野营了
What did you do yesterday? I visited a farm
你昨天去干嘛了？我去参观农场了。
问句有be动词将be动词移前，没有be动词借助于did，后面动词还原；
否定句有be动词在后面加not，没有借助于didn't后面动词还原。
··一般现在时
表示经常反复发生的事情或动作，常与often, usually, sometimes, always, every day(week year…) on S undays等词连用。
结构是主语+动词原形；当主语为第三人称单数即he,she, it, Tom, my mother, the boy等词时，动词后加s 或es.
如：We have an English lesson every day.
我们每天都要上英语课
Do the boys run faster than the girls? Yes, they do.
男孩比女孩跑的快吗？是的
问句借助于do, does否定句借助于don’t, doesn’t，后面动词一定要还原。
···现在进行时
表示正在发生的事情或进行的动作，常与now,listen,look等词连用，结构是主语+be动词(am, is, are)+动词ing.
如：It is raining now.
外面正在下雨
It is six o’clock now.
现在6点了
My parents are reading newspapers in the sitting room.
我父母正在客厅看报纸
Look! The children are having a running race now.
看！孩子们正在赛跑
问句将be动词移前，否定句在be动词后+not.
··1. 不定冠词的用法:
(1) a用在子音前; an用在母音前。
An hour
(2) 表同种类的全体, 此时a带有any的意味。
A dog is a faithful animal. (=Dogs are faithful animals.)
(3) 等于one。
I have a sister and two brothers.
(4) 等于the same.
Birds of a feather flock together.
(5) 等于per"每一......"。
We work eight hours a day. Ninety miles an hour;
(6) a = a certain, 表说话者不认识此人。
Do you know a Mr. Smith?
(7) 物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词，
Asparagus is a grass. (a = a kind of) ;
This is a good cloth for summer.
(8) "have (or take) + a + 抽象名词"，与抽象名词的动词形同义。
Let us take a swim. = Let us swim.
2. 定冠词的用法：
(1) 由于上下文的关系, 某名词所指的东西已非常明显, 或已有一定的范围, 该名词应加the。
Shut the door.
Please pass me the caster.
(2) 表该名词的总称。
The cow is a useful animal. (= Cows are useful animals.)
(3) 前面已提过的名词，再度提到时前面加the。
Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage.
The cottage was in the country, and the boy lived there all his life.
(4) 用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前。
This is the book that I promised to lend you.
(5) 用在宇宙（独一无二）的天体名词之前。
The sun; the moon; the sky; the earth;
(6) 用在方位，方向等名词之前。
The sun rises in the east and set in the west.
(7) 乐器的名称前要加the。
To play the piano (violin, guitar, flute, etc.)
(8) 表示单位的名词前要加the。
Gasoline is sold by the gallon.
Meat is sold by the catty.
(9) 在最高级的形容词或序数(the first...)之前要加the。
Taiwan is the best place to live in.
(10)专有名词在下列情况可加the。
（A）海、河、运河的名称：The Thames; the Bahamas;
(B) 复数形的专有名词: The West Indies; the Bahamas;
（C）船泊的名称: The Queen Mary; the Flying Scotsman; the Comet;
(D) 书报、杂志、经典的名称： the Times; the Central Daily News; the Koran;
(E) 公共建筑、机关的名称: The Ritz Hotel; the Ministry of Education;
(F) 国民的总称: the French; the Japanese; the Chinese;
(G) 用在姓氏的复数前指其全家人: The Chens will move to the country.
3. 冠词的省略:
(1) 称呼语之前不加冠词。
Waiter, bring my bill, please.
(2) 家庭称谓如父母兄弟前不加冠词，甚至佣人也都不需加冠词。
Father is out, but Mother is at home.
Cook has made mince-pies for Christmas.
3) 三餐名称前不加冠词。
Come to dinner (breakfast, lunch) with me.
(4) 运动、游戏、颜色、感官的名词前不加冠词。
He likes basketball.
White is a beautiful color.
Do you play bridge?
Sight is one of the five senses.
(5) 表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语，或作同位语时不加冠词。
He was elected president.
George Ⅵ, King of England.
(6) School; church; hospital等字，指原有的用途时不加冠词，若指建筑物本身或场所时，则要加冠词。
School begins at eight. （school作抽象名词用）
The school stands on the hill. （school指建筑物）
(7) 两个相对的名词并用时不加冠词。
Arm in arm; day by day; man to man; young and old;
··1. 副词的用法:
(1) 修饰动词: He works hard. He speaks slowly.
(2) 修饰形容词: The flower is very beautiful.
(3) 修饰其他副词: He works very hard.
(4) 修饰名词: Even a child (or Even he) can do it.
(5) 修饰全句: Probably he will come back.
(6) 修饰副词片语: He came exactly at two o'clock.
(7) 修饰副词子句: He started soon after we came.
2. 副词的位置
(1) 副词修饰形容词、副词（片语或子句）时，通常放在前面。
The mountain is very beautiful.
He came long before the appointed time.
(2) 修饰动词的副词
不及物动词 + 副词 She speaks well.
及物动词 + 受词 + 副词 She speaks English well.
(3) 表确定时间或场所的副词, 通常放在句首或句末, 放在句首时语气较强。
She was born in Taipei in 1948.
(4) always, never, often, sometimes, usually等频率副词的位置。
(A) 在一般动词前: They always say so.
(B) 有动词be时,在be动词后: I am always busy.
(C) 有助动词时, 在助动词和本动词间: This job will never be finished.
(5) 置于句首修饰全句: Fortunately he succeeded in the examination.
(6) 同类两个以上的副词须依 (单位较小者 + 单位较大者) 的顺序排列。
He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China.
(7) 有两个以上不同种类的副词修饰语时, 其顺序为: 地点+状态+次数+时间。
She arrived there safely the other day.
1
. 时间副词
(1) Time"时候": 可以用作when的答语, 如: late ( = at a late time), now ( = at this time), presen tly (= at the present time), then ( = at that time), just, nowadays, today, etc.
I've just heard that you are leaving us. ( = at this very moment)
Nowadays, many teenagers have long hair. ( = at the present time)
注: 两个以上表时间的副词须依"单位小的时间＋单位大的时间"排列。
I'll see you at nine on Monday.
(2) Duration"期间" : 用来作how long的答语，如：
momentarily, temporarily, for many weeks, long, from May till August, etc.
Has he been ill long? Yes, he has been ill since the end of May.
He was away from school (for) four or five weeks.
(3) Frequency"频率": 用来作how often的答语，可分两种：
(A) 非限定频率：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ever, etc.
The sun always rises in the east. My brother rarely writes to me.
(B) 限定频率：daily, hourly, monthly, annually, twice, everyday, once, etc.
I have been in Singapore once.
We have English lessons every other day.
注：以上三种时间副词在一起时，其顺序为"期间＋频率＋时间"。
I was there for a day or so every year during my childhood.
注： Seldom, rarely, never等有否定意义的频率副词置于句首，要将助动词或be动词放在主词之前。
Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs.
4.地方副词: 表示where？的副词，也包括"动态方向"的副词，如：
below, by, down, elsewhere, far, here, home, in, locally, near, off, opposite, out, around, away, back, outward(s), right, sideway(s), upward(s), etc.
(1) 地方副词通常置于句尾，加强语气时可放在句首。
He lives in a small village. They are not there.
(2) 两个地放副词并列时，地方确定的副词在后面，地方不确定的副词在前面。
The children running around upstairs.
(3) 两个以上的地方副词须依"小地方＋大地方"的顺序排列。
Many people eat in restaurants in London.
5. 几个特殊副词的用法：
(1) enough, too,
(A) enough放在所修饰的形容词和副词后面; too放在形容词和副词前面。
She's old enough to do some work.
She's too old to do any work.
(B) too...to + 动词"太…而不能", enough to + 动词"足够可以"(= so...that)
I am too poor to afford such extravagance.
= I am so poor that I cannot afford such extravagance.
You are rich enough to keep a maid.
= You are so rich that you can keep a maid.
(2) very, much,
(A) very修饰形容词，副词； much (或very much)修饰动词。
He spoke very carefully.
It is much talked about these days.
(B) Very修饰原级形容词及副词；much修饰比较级，最高级的形容词及副词。
our work is very good.
This is much better.
This is much (by far) the best.
(3) already, yet, still,
(A) Already用于肯定句，作"已经"解； yet用于否定句，作"还"解，用于疑问句作"已经"解。
I already like him. (= I have by this time come to like him.)
He can't drive yet. (= He can't drive up to this time.)
注：Already用在疑问句或否定句时，表惊讶。
Have you already seen him? (= That was quick.)
(B) Still表动作或状态的持续，作"仍然"解。
I still like him. (= I continue to like him.)
注：Still放在动词前后，有时句意不同。
He is still standing. (continue to stand)
He is standing still. (= standing motionless)
(4)only和 also常随句中位置的变动，句意和语气也会改变。
Only John phoned Mary today.
John phoned only Mary today.
John phoned Mary only today (today only).
(5) just, merely, purely, simply等字放在所修饰的词语之前； alone则放在其后。
You can get a B grade just (merely, purely, simply) for that answer.
You can get a B grade for that answer alone.
6.副词应注意的事项：
(1) 有些字可当形容词又可当副词, 例如: early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late; hourly; early; weekly; etc.
We had an early breakfast. (形容词)
We went by a fast train. (形容词)
We had breakfast early. (副词)
Don't speak so fast. (副词)
(2) above; then; after; up; down; away; home等地方或时间副词亦可作形容词。
The above statement (= the statement which is above)
(3) 有些形容词变为副词, 可在字尾加ly, 也可以不加, 不过在字义上不同。
(A) easy"安适地"; easily"容易地";
Stand easy!
He's not easily satisfied.
(B) clear ( = completely"完全地"; clearly"显然地")
The bullet went clear through the door.
The thieves got clearly away.
(C) high"高"; highly"很; 非常"
The birds are flying high.
He was highly praised for his work.
(D) Slow和slowly当副词时同义, 但slow比slowly语气强.
I told the driver to go slow(er).
Drive slowly round these bends in the road.
(E) hard"辛苦地"; hardly"几乎不"
He works hard. (= He is a hard worker.)
He hardly does anything nowadays. (= He does very little nowadays.)
(F) just"刚才; 仅"; justly"公正地"
I've just seen him.
He was justly punished.
(G) late"迟"; lately (= recently)"最近地"
He went to bed late.
I haven't seen Mr. Green lately.
(H) Pretty (= fairly, moderately)"十分, 颇"; prettily (= in a pretty way, attractively)"漂亮地" The situation seems pretty hopeless.
She was prettily dressed.
(I) near"接近地"; nearly"几乎"
The time for the examination is drawing near.
I nearly missed my train.
注：formally和formerly是分别由形容词formal"正式的"， former"以前的"加ly形成的副词。
··1. 比较分三种: 一原级；二比较级；三最高级；
2. 比较级和最高级的构成：
(1) 规则变化:
(A) 单音节和双音节字在字尾加-er和-est。
原级比较级最高级
small smaller smallest
wise wiser wisest
dry drier driest
hot hotter hottest
后三组注意加-er和-est的变化。
(A) 三音节以上的字和部分两音节以上的字, 在原级前面加more和most。
原级比较级最高级
useful more useful most useful
diligent more diligent most diligent
(2) 不规则变化:
good(好的)和well(健康的)的比较级都是better; 最高级都是best;
bad(坏的)和ill(生病的)的比较级都是worse; 最高级都是worst;
many(很多的)和much(作形容词是大量的; 作副词是非常地)比较级都是more; 最高级都是most;
little(作形容词是小的; 作副词是一点地)有两个比较级是little, smaller less; 两最高级是littlest, s mallest least;
far(作副词是远地)的两个比较级是farther(更远, 表距离), further(更进步, 表程度); 两个最高级是fart hest, furthest;
old的两个比较级是older(表年龄或新旧), elder(表长幼顺序); 两个最高级是oldest, eldest;
late的两个比较级是later(表时间), latter(表顺序); 两个最高级是latest(最近的), last(最后的);
3. 比较的方式:
(1) 相等比较: ...as + 原级 + as... 和 ...as + 原级 + 名词 + as...;
William is as poor as John. ( = William's poverty is equal to John's.)
She has as much money as I (have).
(2) 劣等比较: ...less + 原级 + than...( = not so or as + 原级 + as...;)
She is less careful than her. = She is not so (or as) careful as her.
(3) 优等比较: ...比较级 + than... 和 ...the + 比较级 + of the two;
He is more careful than her.
Jim is the more stupid of the two boys.
4. 最高级的表达方式:
(1) 优等比较: (最…)
...the + 最高级( + 单数名词或one) + of (or among) + 人或物(复数)
...the + 最高级( + 单数名词或one) + in + 场所(单数)
A giraffe is the tallest of (or among) all animals.
A giraffe is the tallest in the animal kingdom.
(2) 劣等比较: (最不…)
...the + least + 原级( + 单数名词或one) + of (or among) + 人或物(复数)
...the + least + 原级( + 单数名词或one) + in + 场合(单数)
Grammar is the least interesting of (or among) all the subjects.
Jack is the least diligent boy in his class.
(3) 其他表示最高级的方式:
(A) 用原级表示最高级。
He is as happy as he can be. = He is happiest.
(B) "比较级 + than any other + 单数名词"表示最高级。
This is more difficult than any other book here.
= This is the most difficult of all the books here.
(C) 否定的比较级表示最高级。
Nothing can be simpler than this. = This is the simplest thing of all.
(D) 叙述用法的最高级形容词。
Summer is hottest in July. She was happiest when she was young.
1. 不用than的比较:
(1) than的省略:
Never before did he work harder (than now).
(2) 作限定用法的形容词, 常接代名词one.
I want a better job.
Bring me a smaller one.
(3) 作叙述用法的形容词.
He is better now.
It is warmer this morning.
(4) 接if子句的比较级.
You will understand it easier if you consult the dictionary.
(5) 只作限定用法的形容词比较级, 如: inner, outer, upper, former, latter, utter, elder, etc.
The plan was an utter failure.
My brother will come back from America in the latter part of the year.
(6) 比较级 + and + 比较级"越来...越"
He became more and more eloquent towards the end of his speech.
(7) 由拉丁文而来的比较级(接to不接than).
He is junior to me. (to之后接受格)和 He is younger than I. (than之后接主格)
其它的例子如下:
senior(= older)和junior(= younger); superior(= better)和inferior(= worse); major(= more)和mino (= less); prior(= before)和prefer(= like better);
(1) prefer + (动)名词 + to + (动)名词= prefer to + 原形… rather than + 原形
I prefer reading to talking. = I prefer to read rather than talk.
(2) The + 比较级…, the + 比较级… "越…, 越…"
The more I read, the more intensely interested I became.
The more he has, the more he wants.
第一个the是关系副词, 引导副词子句, 修饰第二个the(指示副词).(红色修饰黑色)
The happier a human being is, the longer he lives.
在句意明确时, 常以省略句的形式出现.
The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
5. 含有否定词的比较级:
(1) no less than = as much (or many) as"多达"和not less than = at least"最少"
I have no less than (= as much as) 10,000 dollars.
He has not less than (= at least) 5 dollars.
(2) no less...than = as...as"和...一样"和not less + 原级 + than"至少不比...差; 也许比...更..."
She is no less rich than (= as rich as) her sister.
She is not less rich than her sister.
(3) no more than = only"只"和not more than = at most"最多"
He has no more than (= only) 10 dollars.
He has not more than (= at most) five.
(4) no more...than = not...any more than"和...一样不..."和not more...than = not so...as "没有到…的程度; 不像...那样..."
I am no more mad than you are. (= I am not mad any more than you (are). = You are not mad, nor a m I).
He is not more generous than John. (= He is not so generous as John.)
7. more than的用法:
(1) = over"过多; …以上"
It takes more than an hour.
(2) 修饰名词、形容词、副词、动词或子句，表"远超过；何止"。
The story of the erupted island is more than a story.
She was dressed more than simply.
His merits more than offset his demerits.
It is more than I can understand. (= It is beyond my understanding.)
8. 有关比较级应注意事项:
(1) 句义相当或同类的东西, 才级比较.
Most of the highways in America are wider than Europe. (错)
Most of the highways in America are wider than those in Europe. (对)
(2) 使用比较级时, 必须把本身除外, 常于other或else连用.
This book is more interesting than any other book.
This book is more interesting than any book else.
··1. 形容词的位置：
代名形容词＋数量形容词＋性状形容词＋名词
再细分如下：
1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such...)＋2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any...)＋3序数(first, second...)＋4基数(one, two...)＋5性质、状态(kind, fin e, good...)＋6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big...)＋7新旧、温度(old, new, hot...)＋8颜色(red, blu e...)＋9国籍(Chinese, English, Japanese...)＋10材料(iron, brick, stone...)＋11名词、动名词(boy, hou se...)
2. some和any的用法：
（1）两者修饰可数单数名词，表某一个；任何一个；修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词，表一些；有些。
〔2）一般的用法：some用于肯定句；any用于疑问句，否定句或条件句。
I am looking for some matches.
Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.
〔3）特殊的用法：
(A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时，问句也用some。
Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)
(B) any表任何或任何一个时，也可用于肯定句。
Come any day you like.
（4）some和any后没有名词时，当做代名词，此外两者也可做副词。
Some of them are my students.〔代名词）
Is your mother any better?（副词）
3. many和much的用法：
〔1）many修饰复数可数名词，表许多； much修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。
He has many friends, but few true ones.
There hasn't been much good weather recently.
（2）many a:
many a和many同义，但语气比较强，并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。
Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)
〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of。前有as, like时, 只用so many。
These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.
They worked like so many ants.
（4）as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。
He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量）
I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情）
（5）many和much之后不接名词时，作为代名词；另外much也可用副词。
Many of them were very tired.
I don't eat much for lunch. 〔代名词）
He is much taller than I. （副词〕
4. (a) few和(a) little的用法：
(1) (a) few用在复数可数名词之前，(a) little用在不可数名词之前。
He took a few biscuits. (=several)
He took few biscuits(=not many)
He took a little butter. (=some)
He took little butter. (=not much)
(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代，含否定的意味。
The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.
Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.
(3) a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。
He has a few (=some or several) friends.
(4) a little和little之间的差别，就和a few和few的差别一样，只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.
He is not much better, but there is a little hope.
5. 其他的数量形容词：
(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.（复数名词）
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.（不可数名词）
(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount o f, 均表（量），修饰不可数名词。
The room contained a great deal of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a good deal of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a large quantity of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a large amount of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a small quantity of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a small amount of furniture. （不可数名词）
(3) a number of "许多；一些"；a great (large, good) number of "许多"，修饰复数可数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。
A number of books are missing from the library.
The number of books from the library is large.
（the number of ＋复数名词←→单数动词）
The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.（复数可数名词）
(4) enough的用法：
(A) 可接复数可数名词和不可数名词。
There are enough chairs. （可数）
There is enough furniture. （不可数）
(B) 可放在年修饰名词的前后。
We don't have enough time. =We don't have time enough.
(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of ＋复数可数名词
冠词或数词(one, two...) ＋ (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词
(6) the rest of "其余的"，可接复数可数名词及不可数名词，作主词时，接可数名词则用复数动词，接不可数名词则用单数动词。
The rest of the students are absent. （复数可数名词）
The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词）
注：the rest作代名词，等于 the others，和复数动词连用。
6. 不可名词量的表示语：
(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。其公式为：
数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词
(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。
(A) 物质名词：
a piece (suit) of armour;
a piece (slice) of cake;
a piece (an article) of furniture;
a piece of jewelry;
a piece (sheet) of paper;
a cake of soap;
a piece (slice) of bacon;
a piece (stick) of chalk;
a bit (blade) of grass;
a piece (strip) of land;
a bit (grain) of rice;
a bowl of soup;
(B) 抽象名词
a word of abuse;
an item (a bit) of business;
an attack of fever;
a bit (an amount) of interest;
a fit of passion;
a piece (word) of advice;
a piece of evidence;
a piece (an item) of information;
a piece (an item) of news;
(C) 自然现象：
a flash of lightening;
a bolt of thunder;
7. 名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of,
(1) 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。
What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
I don't like that sort of game.
(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.
I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
(3) 比较下列用法：（加*表非正式用法）
I don't like this (*those) kind of person.
I don't like many (or these) kinds of roses.
I like this kind of flower.
I like flowers of this kind.
I like *these kind of flowers.
I like this kind of roses.
I like roses of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）
I like roses of these kinds.（置名词后更强调种类）
8. 数词：
(1) 基数(Cardinal numerals)：one, two, three...
(A) 除one接单数名词外，其余均接复数名词。
He has one sister and three brothers.
(B) hundred的后面须加and（但可以省略）。
12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;
(2) 序数(Ordinal mumerals)：first, second, third...
(A) 序数前面必须附以定冠词。而a second, a third等，则是another的意思。
(B) 日期多用序数。
It's on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th).
(C) 序数的简体。
9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;
(3) 分数：
(A) 分数的表示法：第一，分子用基数，分母用序数。第二，分子大于2时，分母须加"s"以形成复数。
1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;
(B) 分数可接与不可数名词；所接的名词是单数，则与单数动词连用，是复数则与复数动词连用。
A third of the peach was bad.
A third of the bananas were bad.
(4) 倍数词：常用的有half, double, treble（三倍）等。
(A) half a, a half, half the ＋名词，表（一半的）。
He ran a half mile in half an hour.
He ran half a mile in half an hour.
I have read half the book.
(B) half还可作名词，代名词及副词。
Two halves make a whole. （名词）
This is half as much again as that. （副词）
(C) 倍数常用的表达法：
(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times...) ＋定冠词或所有形容词＋名词或所有代名词
I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.
That window is three times the size of this.
9. "数词＋名词"结合而成的形容词：
(1) 数词＋名词＝形容词
a five-dollar bill;
two three-hour periods;
the Three-power Conference(三强会议);
(2) 数词＋名词＋形容词＝形容词
a six-year-old boy;
a three-hundred-year-old tree;
注：上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结，而且其中的名词要用单数形式。
(3) 名词（无冠词）＋基数＝the ＋序数＋名词
World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;
Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;
Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;
Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;
Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;
Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;
cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;
这几种用法，非专有名词，可不用大写，但等号两边须一致。〕
(4) "数词＋复数名词"作主词，虽为复数形，但强调单一性，则用单数动词。若强调一个一个的个别数，则用复数动词。
Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.
Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.
cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.
10. 各种数字的读法：
(1) 年号的读法：
1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;
(2) 电话号码；货币的读法：
1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);
(3) 小数点的读法：
13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;
(4) 算术式的读法：
2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.
5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.
3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.
9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.
··小升初英语基础语法知识：形容词(二)
1. 限定用法：形容词紧靠着〔代）名词，直接修饰该〔代）名词。
(1) 前位修饰：
(A) 字尾为en或表比较的形容词，大多只能作限定用法，放在名词的前面。
a wooden leg; earthen ware; his elder sister; the upper room, etc.
(B) 下列这些形容词只有限定用法，没有叙述用法。
upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare;
(C) 形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
He could not do it in so short a time.
He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is).
(2) 后位修饰：
(A) 名词之后的数词＋名词＋old; long; high; wide; deep; etc.
a man eighty-five years old; a river two hundred miles long;
(B) 为加强语气或音调美，而将限定形容词放在后面。
He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute.
(C) something; anything; everyone; anybody... ＋形容词。
I'll tell you something very important.
That's nothing new.
D) 由形容词子句省略主词和动词而不的过去（或现在）分词或形容词片语。
I have answered all the letters (which were) received (by me).
Alfred was a king anxious for his people's welfare.
2. 叙述用法：形容词作补语，间接地修饰〔代）名词。
He was awake all the night. 〔主词补语）
The noise kept me awake. 〔受词补语）
注：可作限定用法和叙述用法的形容词。
I have many trustworthy friends. 和 All of my friends are trustworthy.
It was a hot and sultry day. 和 The weather became hot and sultry.
3. 作补语的形容词：
(1) be＋形容词＋介系词：由此结合而成的片语，有些等于及物动词。
I am fond of skiing. = I like skiing.
He is afraid of it. = He fears it.
注：其他如：be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with (to); be late for; be subject t o; be worthy of; etc.
(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词，其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介词。
John is interested in English grammar.
He was surprised at her behaviour.
(3) be＋形容词＋介系词：可接〔代）名词，动名词，或名词子句，但名词子句若是that子句须省略介词，因that子句不可直接作介词的受词。
She was not aware of the facts.
She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.
She was not aware that there is danger.
(4) It+ be ＋形容词＋that子句
It is true that she never came.
此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true; etc.
(A) that子句中的假设法。
It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should可省略〕
(B) 人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。
I'm not sure why he came.
I'm not clear where she went.
4. 有关worth; worth while; worthy的句型如下:
(A) 主词(含it) + be worth + (动)名词
(B) It(虚主词) + be worth while + 不定词或动名词
(C) 主词 + be worthy + of + (动)名词
主词 + be worthy + 不定词
his book is worth reading. (= It is worth while to read this book. = This book is worthy of read ing. = This book is worthy to be read.)
5. like和as: like只能作介词不能作连接词; as则两者都可。
I hoped to succeed as you have (succeeded).
I hoped to succeed like you.
I hope to succeed *like you have. (like作连词是非正式的用法)
···动词不定式
1)不定式作宾语动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor
hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ough t plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undert ake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need p refer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, e xplain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
··不定式作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send
state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying
B. lie
C. lay
D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent
B. inventing
C. to have invented
D. having invented
be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意：有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
··不定式作主语
1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, be tter;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerat e(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
·不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
···不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light
··不定式作状语
1)目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit
B. sit on
C. be seat
D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
··Many，much都意为"许多"， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
···
小学英语语法复习：many,much
Many，much都意为"许多"， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
···1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词
many more +可数名词复数
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
3) far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中，father 表示距离，further表示进一步。
I have nothing further to say.
···小学英语语法复习：few,little,a few,a little
·(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little
B. few
C. a little
D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
卖出了许多书。
··小学英语语法复习：both,either,neither,all,any,none
·这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后，行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1) both (两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both，either
both与复数连用，either与单数连用。
Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
(两岸)
There are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的两边)
路边长满了野花。
3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词;跟复数名词，用复数动词。
All of the students are there.
所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那
···in，put on，wear，dress, have on, pull on 用法辨析
都含有“穿、戴”之意，但用法不同。
in是介词，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。例如：This is a picture of a young man in a black coat.
这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。这里in a black coat是young man的定语。
He is in a black nylon jacket today. 今天他穿着黑色尼龙夹克。
In a black nylon jacket在这个句子里作表语。
put on “穿上、戴上”，强调“穿”“戴”的动作，后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如：
I want you to put on this coat and this hat.
我要你穿这件外套，戴这顶帽子。
Put on your heavy winter coat if you are going out.
如果你要出去，穿上你的厚冬衣。
pull on的意思也是“穿上”，带有“匆忙”的意思：
It’s the weekend. I know you’re free. So pull on your jeans and come out with me.
现在是周末，我知道你有空。所以穿上你的牛仔裤，和我一起出去吧。
You’re late! Quickly pull on your clothes and leave! 你迟到了!快穿上衣服走吧!
wear “穿着;戴着”，表示状态，宾语可以是衣帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。例如：
You’d better wear blue or black pants with blown shoes.
穿棕色鞋子的时候, 最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。
Why does he often wear dark sunglasses? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜?
dress的宾语通常是人，意思是“给……穿衣服”。dress oneself 或 get dressed表示给自己穿衣服。例如：My son is now able to dress himself. 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。
It’s time to wake up and get dressed! 该起床穿衣服了。
be dressed in 的意思是“穿着”，表示状态。
She is dressed in a fur coat. 她穿着毛皮大衣。
dress up的意思是“盛装打扮、乔装打扮”。
I’d like you to dress up for my birthday party tonight.
今晚我希望你为我的生日派对打扮打扮。
Young kids often dress up and have fun at Halloween.
万圣节前夜····
·没有比较级的形容词和副词包括：
1)有些程度副词，如：quite, rather, comparatively, incomparably, relatively,
fairly等与形容词连用具有"比较"含义。故这时句中的形容词不能再使用比较级。例如：
It is a set of comparatively new instrument in our laboratory.
This book is rather difficult for the juniors, but fairly easy for the
seniors.
2)下列几类形容词也没有比较等级：
(1)表示"终极"意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如：absolute(ly), blind, dead,
excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如：back, backward, forward, front,
past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如：atomic, cultural,
economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有"最"或"唯一"概念的形容词。如：maximal, mere, minimal, matchless,
sole, only unique等。
···时态时间标志口诀集锦
· 1. 一般现在时：“总经常有每没（美眉^^）复星周”
总：always， usually等经常：often 有：sometimes （记住，“有”不是have，而是“有时”）每：every week/month/year 等没：never 复星周：on Mondays， on Tuesdays等
2. 一般过去时：“昨天上个XX（读作叉叉）前，in加年份when字连”（原创）
昨天：yesterday，后面可以加morning， afternoon，evening等
上个：last，后面可以加week， month，year等
XX前：ago，前面可以加three weeks/months/years ago
in加年份：in 2009/2008/1986/1220等，2010前全用一般过去时，后年2012前就都是过去时了，2012，世界末日？电影看多了。
when字连：when I was a child等 when字后面都是过去时，也要用一般过去时。
3. 一般将来时时间标志口诀：正好和一般过去时对应：“明天下个XX后”
明天：tomorrow，后面可以加morning， afternoon，evening
下个：next，后面可以加week， month，year等
XX后：after和in，后面可以加three weeks/months/years
这里要注意一下，after后加时间点才表示将来，如after 3 o‘clock 。加时间段表示过去，如after 2 hou rs 表示过去。in后加时间段表将来，如in two years。
4. 现在进行时：“现在时刻看和听，最近在哪请安静。”
现在：now， at present， at the moment等
时刻：It’s ten o‘clock. I’m beating Xiaoqiang.
看和听：Look！ Listen！后面一般都用现在进行时。
最近：What are you doing recently/these days？
在哪：Where is Xiao Z？ Xiao Z is beating Xiaoqiang.
请安静：Be quiet！/Don‘t make any noise！/Stop making noise！ Xiaoqiang is sleeping.
···英语中有趣的双关语
·所谓pun，通常是指利用一个单词的两个含义，或者利用两个特定的单词，达到“一语双关”的目的。比如下面第一句话，其中的grave有两个含义，一个是“严肃的”（形容词），一个是“坟墓”（名词），因此这句话的意思是：他不是一个严肃的人，除非他躺到坟墓里，才能严肃起来。再比如下面第二句话，其中的pray（祈祷）和prey（捕食），发音相同，外形相似，因此这句话的意思是：他们今天为你祈祷，明天就会加害于你。这就是两
个典型的pun。
①He is not a grave man until he is a grave man.
②They pray for you today and prey on you tomorrow.
国外一个网站评选的2003年十大pun，下面是其中的三个例子，如果您能看懂、听懂，肯定会觉得pun很有意
思。
①He drove his expensive car into a tree and found out how the Mercedes bends.
他违章超速驾驶，结果将昂贵的名车撞到树上，他终于看到他的奔驰车（Mercedes）是怎样撞弯（bends）的。
这句话的幽默之处是将Mercedes Benz（奔驰车）中的Benz，故意改写成bends。
②Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana.
这句话乍一看，好象是说：时光像箭一样飞逝，水果像香蕉一样飞逝。其实这句话后半部分的真正意思是：果
蝇喜欢吃香蕉，也就是fruit flies/like/a banana。
③A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tyred.
这句话的表面意思是：自行车自己站不起来，因为它只有两个轮胎（two-tyred）。而这句话的另外一个意思是：这辆自行车被它的主人骑了很长时间，它现在太累了（too tired）。
怎么样，pun是不是很有意思？我下面再列出三个pun，但不告诉您意思，请您自己琢磨一下。如果您能琢磨
出来，那说明您的英语水平已经很高了。
①he wore a new hairpiece every day and was considered a big wig.
②Old math teachers never die, they just become irrational.
③When a clock is hungry it goes back four seconds.
···英文名字的误区及起名方法
·随着全球化进程的深化，英文名对每个人，尤其是年轻人，变得越来越重要。但是，很多人并不知道如何起英文名，往往胡乱起，结果产生很多问题。
问题1：所起英文名太常见
第一种问题是起的英文名太常见，如：Henry, Jane, John, Mary. 这就像外国人起名叫赵志伟、王小刚、陈小平一样，给人牵强附会的感觉。虽然起名字并无一定之规，但给人的感觉很重要。
问题2：不懂文化差异而犯忌
此外，由于文化差异，有些名字引申义不雅，如：Cat, Kitty, 在英语俚语中，它们指的是女性的阴部(*****)。Cat宜改为Cathy, Kitty宜改为Kate。
问题3：改名又改姓
一般来说，非英语国家的人到了美国，都可能改名，但没有改姓的。这关系到家族荣誉，将来还会关系到遗传基因。因此，无论自己的姓多么难读，都要坚持。常见有人起英文名时连姓也改了，如司徒健Ken Stone，肖燕Y an Shaw。下列英文姓尚可接受，但也最好不用，如：Young杨，Lee李。
问题4：英文名与姓谐音
有些人因为姓被人叫得多，便起个与姓谐音的英文名。但这样的英文名单独叫尚可，全称时就不太自然了，如：肖珊Shawn Xiao，钟奇Jone Zhong，周迅Joe Zhou，安芯Anne An。
问题5：不懂语法用错词性
名字一般用名词，不用形容词。有些人不懂这一规律，用形容词起名，如Lucky，其实这不是英文名。
问题6：用错性别
偶尔还有人弄错了性别，如女士起名Andy, Daniel。
那么怎样起英文名呢？这里给你几条建议：
方法1：英文名最好与中文名发音一致，如：
郑丽丽Lily Zheng 杨俊June Yang 孔令娜Lena Kong 张艾丽Ally Zhang
吕萌 Moon Lu 张波Bob Zhang 许开云Caron Xu 江丽霞Lisa Jiang
王姬Jill Wang 蒋大为David Jiang 张爱玲Irene Zhang 李斌Ben Li
方法2：如第一条做不到，则争取英文名与中文名局部发音一致，如：
李连杰 Jet Li 谢霆锋Tim Xie 侯德健James Hou 许环山Sam Xu
朱晓琳Lynn Zhu 王冬梅May Wang 吴家珍Jane Wu 吴珊Sandy Wu
关荷Helen Guan
方法3：如上述两条均做不到，还可使英文名与中文名发音尽量接近或相关，如：
陈方宁Fanny Chen 李秀云Sharon Li 王素琴Susan Wang 周建设 Jason Zhou
罗凯琳Catherine Luo 董岱Diane Dong 崔文生Vincent Cui 李翠Tracy Li
黄宏涛Hunter Huang 沈茂萍Maple Shen 刘丽芳Fountain Liu
···只有复数形式的名词
·1) 一些成双成对的名词通常只有复数形式，常见的有jeans (牛仔裤)、headphones (耳机)、trousers (裤子)、clothes (衣服)、pants (短裤)、glasses (眼镜)、shoes (鞋子)、sunglasses (太阳镜)、scissors (剪刀)、co mpasses (圆规)。这些名词可单独作主语，动词用复数形式，也可用...pair/pairs of修饰，作主语时动词取决于pair的形式。
2)一些食物名词只有复数形式，常见的有noodles, vegetables, snacks。
3) 一些固定短语中的名词只有复数形式，常见有的express one's thanks to sb. (向某人表达感激之情), a letter of thanks (一封感谢信), in high/low spirits (情绪高涨/低落), have sports (进行体育活动)。
4) 一些不可数名词只有复数形式，但却表示单数概念，常见的有news (消息), means (手段)。
As we all know, no news is good news. 众所周知，没有消息就是好消息。
5) 一些专有名词只有复数形式，但却表示单数概念，常见的有：the United States (美国)、the United Na tions (联合国)、the United Kingdoms (英国)、the Arabian Nights (《一千零一夜》)。
···do的用法
·1) 构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2) do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重
要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4) 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5) 用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6) 用作代动词，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。(do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车，对吧?
··Be的用法
·1) be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
···In的用法
·1、介词 prep. 在…里;在…中
There is no cloud in the sky. 晴空万里无云。
Glasgow is in Scotland. 格拉斯哥在苏格兰。
2、介词 prep. 进;入
Ray put his hand in the water. 雷把手放进水中。
3、介词 prep. 在;于(时间)
Margaret started school in 1973. 玛格丽特一九七三年开始上学。
No,it was in 1970,not 1969. 不对，是在1970年，不是1969年。
4、介词 prep. 在…(时间)以内I'll be ready in an hour.
我一小时以内准备好。
5、介词 prep. 在…(情况)中
My mother is in good health 我的母亲身体很好。
Emma was in tears. 埃玛哭了。
6、介词 prep. 穿;戴
The policeman is in uniform.
警察穿着制服。
She dresses him in his new clothes.
她给他穿新衣服。
7、介词 prep. 在…(环境)下
We walked in the rain.
我们冒雨行走。
They slept in the shade.
他们睡在树荫下。
8、介词 prep. 以…(方式)，用…(语言)
He spoke in Italian.
他讲话用意大利语。
They talked in English.
他们用英语交谈。
Please write in pencil,not in ink.
请用铅笔写，不要用钢笔写。
The letter was written in French.
信是用法文写的。
9、介词 prep. 从事(职业);参加(活动)
He's in the army.
他在军队里
10、副词 adv. 向内;进入
He just looked in for a moment.
他只是(在门外)往里头看了看。
Come in.
进来。
Step in, please.
请进来。
11、副词 adv. 在内;在家;在办公室
Is your broth
···happen的用法
·生活中什么事都可能会“发生(happen)”。那么，你知道怎样使用happen这个词吗?下面我们就对happen的用法作一小结。
happen是不及物动词，它的用法常见的有如下几种情况：
1. 表示“某地(某时)发生了什么事”，常用“sth.+ happen +地点/时间”这一结构来表达，此时主语应是事情。例如：
The story happened in 2003. 这个故事发生在2003年。
An accident happened in that street. 那条街上发生了一起事故。
2. 表示“某人出了某事(常指不好的事)”，要用“sth.+ happen+to sb.”这一结构来表达。例如：
A car accident happened to her this morning. 今天上午她发生了交通事故。
What happened to you? 你怎么啦?
3. 表示“某人碰巧做某事”，要用“sb.+ happen+ to do sth.”这一结构来表达。例如：
I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday. 昨天我碰巧在街上遇到了我的一个朋友。
4. happen表示“碰巧或恰巧发生某事”时，还可用“It happens / happened that...”这一结构来表达。例如：It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day. 碰巧那天布莱恩和彼得在家了。
It happened that he had to take part in a meeting that afternoon. 碰巧那天下午他不得不参加一个会议。
注：that从句中的主语是人时，此种结构可以与“sb.+ happen + to do sth.”结构互换。例如：
It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day. = Brian and Peter happened to be at home that day.
···with的用法
·with 是介词，但其意义颇多，一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪，请允许我以教材中的句子为例，进行分类，并配以简单的解释，为同学作一个全屏显示。你们可要看好哟！
1. 带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如：
Run with the kite like this.
2. 附加、附带着……(表事物特征)。如：
A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish.
3. 和…… (某人)一起。
a. 跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈……) 。如：
Now I am in China with my parents.
Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.
He / She's talking with a friend.
b. 跟go, come 连用，有 "加入"到某方的意思。如：
Do you want to come with me?
4. 和play一起构成短语动词play
with 意为"玩耍……，玩弄……" 如：
Two boys are playing with their yo-yos.
5. 与help 一起构成 help...with...句式，意为"帮助 (某人) 做 (某事)"。如：
On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English.
6. 表示面部神情，有"含着……，带着……" 如：
"I'm late for school," said Sun Yang, with tears in his eyes.
7. 表示 "用……" 如：
You play it with your feet.
What do the farmers do with your machines?
8. 表示 "对……，关于……"。如：
What's wrong with it?
There's something wrong with my computer.
···
小学英语语法大全(全套十八讲)
小学英语语法大全 第1讲字母 1、英语中共有26个字母。Aa，Ee，Ii，Oo，Uu是元音字母，Yy是半元音字母，其余是辅音字母。英语单词就是由这26个字母组合而成的。Aa和Ii可以独立成词，分别表示“一个（张……）”和“我”的意思，Ii翻译成“我”时要大写。 2、英语字母可以分为印刷体和书写体。在书、报、杂志上见到的一般都是印刷体。在四线三格上书写时应注意书写位置，可以记住以下口诀：大写字母不顶格，小写字母占满格。书写时还要注意字母的笔顺。 3、英语句子的第一个单词的首字母要大写。单词与单词之间在书写时必须保持适当的距离，一般以空出一个小写字母的宽度为宜。句子的末尾要有标点符号。 4、英语中的句号是一个实心圆点(.)，省略号是三个居下的实心圆点（…），英语中没有顿号和书名号，顿号用逗号替代，书名用斜体字表示。 5、英语缩写词 PRC中华人民共和国UN 联合国 WHO 世界卫生组织NBA美国职业篮球联赛KFC 肯德基 IT 信息技术 EQ 情商 CCTV 中国中央电视台kg 千克 a.m. 上午USA 美国 HK 香港 WTO 世界贸易组织 CBA 中国男子篮球联赛 ATM 自动柜员机 ID 身份证 CPU 中央处理器 BBC 英国广播公司 cm 厘米 p.m. 下午 UK 英国 SOS 国际求救信号 UFO 不明飞行物 VIP 贵宾 EMS邮政特快专递 IQ 智商 RMB 人民币 VOA 美国之音 No. 号码 6
第2讲语音 1、音素：语音的最小单位。 2、元音：发音时气流不受阻碍。元音分为单元音和双元音两类。 单元音发音时唇形和舌位不变；双元音发音时由一个元音向另一个 元音滑动，唇形和舌位有一个变化过程，且前重后轻，前长后短。 3、辅音：发音时气流受到阻碍。辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音两类。 清辅音发音时声带不振动；浊辅音发音时声带振动。 4、音标：用来记录音素的符号。为了避免与字母混淆，音标被放在斜括号/ /内。 5、英语中的一个字母或字母组合在不同的单词中发音可能是不一样的，而相同的发音对应的字母或字母组合也可能不完全相同。 6、开音节：以元音字母结尾或以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母再加不发音的e结尾 （r除外）的音节。元音字母在开音节中读长音，即该字母的名称音。 闭音节：以一个或几个辅音字母（r除外）结尾。元音字母在闭音节中读短音。
小学英语语法专项练习试题含答案解析_
.WORD. 格式 . 小学生语法专项练习题 名词练习 一.写出下列单数名词的复数形式 1.orange_______________ 2.box__________ 3.woman____________ 4.tomato________ 5.bus_______ 6.boy________ 7.baby_______ 8.watch_______9.photo________ 10.class_______ 11.foot________12.house________13.pen_______ 14.car________ 15.horse________ 16.radio_______ 17.dish________18.child________ 答案： 1 oranges 2. Boxes 3. women 4. tomatoes 5.buses 6. boys 7babies 8.watches 9. Photos 10 classes 11. feet 12 houses 13 pens 14 cars 15 horses 16. radios 17 dishes 18 children 二.将下列单词的复数形式改成单数形式 1.doctors_________ 2.cities_______ 3.pianos__________ 4..ears________ 5.churches_______ 6.leaves_________ 7.teeth________ 8.zoos____ 9.brushes ________ 10.knives__________11.men _________12.pears _________答案 1. doctor 2 city 3 piano 4. ear 5. church 6. leaf 7 tooth 8zoo 9brush 10 knife 11.man 12 pear 三.请从括号里选出正确的答案 1.Please give me__ （ two / two cups of）coffee. 2.There are a lot of___(sheep /sheeps ) on the farm. 3.I ’ d like some( bread / breads ) and___ (potato /potatoes) . 4.Look! There is a ___(mouse /mice) in the corner. 5.He bought_____ (a piece of /a piece ) paper. 6.“ Where is (Woman ’ sWomen/ ’s)Room? ” asked Susan. 7.____ ( The girl /The’s girls’ ) hobby is drawing. 8.Aunt Lucy sent_____ (a child a children ’) books’/ sto me. 红色为答案
小学英语常用语法知识总结
小学英语基础语法知识---常考知识点（一） 1）我(I)用am，你you用(are)，is跟着他(he)她(she)他(it)； 2）单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。 3）变否定，更容易，be后not加上去。 4）变疑问，往前提，句末问号某丢弃。 5）还有一条须注意，句首大写莫忘记。 2 名词变复数的基本规则 1）一般情况下，单数名词直接加-s变为复数名词；如：book(s), bag(s)； 2）以“s,x,sh,ch”结尾的名词，直接加-es变为复数名词； 如：bus(es), box(es), brush(es), watch(es)； 3）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变y为i,再加-es变为复数名词； 如：family - families, strawberry - strawberries； 4）以“元音字母（a.e.i.o.u）+y”结尾的名词，以及专有名词，加-s变为复数名词； 如：monkey(s)，donkey(s)； 5）以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v,再加-es；如：knife - knives，wolf - wolves；6）以“o”结尾的名词，有生命的加-es，没有生命的加-s变为复数名词； 如：potato(es)，tomato(es)，photo(s)，zoo(s)； 7）不规则名词复数：如：mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, man-men, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 1）一般动词后直接加-ing；如：flying，playing； 2）以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，去掉e加-ing；如：skate-skating，ride-riding；3）以重读闭音节结尾的单词，要双写最后一个字母再加-ing； 如：skip-skipping，hop-hopping，run-running；swim-swimming；
小学英语语法讲解及习题
小学英语语法讲解及习题——时态篇: (一)一般现在时基本用法介绍与练习 一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时的构成 1.be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：We study English.我们学习英语。 【注意】当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 一般现在时的变化 1.be动词的变化。 否定句：主语+be+not+其它。如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be+主语+其它。如：-Are you a student?-Yes.I am./No,I'm not. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike? 2.行为动词的变化。 否定句：主语+don't(doesn't)+动词原形(+其它)。如：I don't like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如：He doesn't often play. 一般疑问句：Do(Does)+主语+动词原形+其它。如：-Do you often play football?-Yes,I do./No,I don't. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：-Does she go to work by bike?-Yes,she does./No,she doesn't.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How does your father go to work? 3.动词+s的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks,milk-milks 2．以s.x.sh.ch.o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses,wash-washes,watch-watches,go-goes 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i,再加-es，如：study-studies 一般现在时用法专练: 一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink________go________stay________make________look________have________ pass________carry________come________watch________plant________fly________ study________brush________do________teach________ 二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1.He often________(have)dinner at home. 2.Daniel and Tommy_______(be)in Class One. 3.We_______(not watch)TV on Monday. 4.Nick_______(not go)to the zoo on Sunday. 5.______they________(like)the World Cup? 6.What_______they often_______(do)on Saturdays? 7._______your parents_______(read)newspapers every day? 8.The girl_______(teach)us English on Sundays. 9.She and I________(take)a walk together every evening. 10.There________(be)some water in the bottle. 11.Mike_______(like)cooking. 12.They_______(have)the same hobby. 13.My aunt_______(look)after her baby carefully. 14.You always_______(do)your homework well.
小学语法专项练习题
选择适当的代词填空 1.We like(he, his, him)very much。 2.Is this guitar(you, your, yours)? 3.(She, Her, Hers)name is LiLi. 4.Father bought(买） a desk for( my, me, mine) 5.(It, It's, Its)is very cold today. 6.Are you and Tom classmates? Yes(we, you, they )are。 学生语法专项练习题 名词练习 一. 写出下列单数名词的复数形式 1.orange_____________ 2.box__________ 3.woman____________ 4.tomato________ 5.bus_______ 6.boy________ 7.baby _______ 8.watch_______ 9.photo________ 10.class_______ 11.foot________12.house________13.pen_______ 14.car________ 15.horse________ 16.radio_______ 17.dish________18.child______ 二. 将下列单词的复数形式改成单数形式 1.doctors_________ 2.cities_______ 3.pianos__________ 4..ears________ 5.churches_______ 6.leaves_________ 7.teeth________ 8.zoos____ 9.brushes ________ 10.knives__________11.men _________12.pears _________ 三. 请从括号里选出正确的答案 1.Please give me__（two /two cups of ）coffee. 2.There are a lot of___(sheep /sheeps ) on the farm. 3.I’d like some__ (bread / breads ) and___ (potato /potatoes). 4.Look! There is a ___(mouse /mice) in the corner(角落). 5.He bought(购买)_____(a piece of一张 /a piece ) paper纸. 6.“Where is___ (Woman’s / Women’s) Room?” asked Susan.苏珊 7.7. ____ (The girl’s/The girls’ ) hobby业余爱好 is drawing. 8.Aunt Lucy sent_____ (a child’s /a children’s ) book to me. 四．冠词练习
小学基础语法汇总(完美版)
第一部分：基础知识 1.字母：26个字母的大小写 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 2.语音：元音的发音 五个元音字母：A E I O U 12个单元音：前元音：[i:] [?] /e/ [?] 中元音：[?:] [?] 后元音：[ɑ:][?][?:][?] [u :] [?] 双元音（8个） Ⅰ.合口双元音（5个）[ai] [ei] [au] [?u] [?i] Ⅱ.集中双元音（3个）[i?] [ε?] [u?] 3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词 4.句子：大小写，标点符号 第二部分：语法知识 一.名词：名词单复数，名词的格 (一)名词单复数 1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5.不规则名词复数：（需背熟）
man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea (二)名词的格 (1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格： a) 单数后加’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加’如: his friends’ bags c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加’s children’s shoes l并列名词中，如果把’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如: Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 l要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车 (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系：如: a picture of the classroom a map of China 第二部分：语法知识 二.冠词：不定冠词，定冠词种类： (1)不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle 元音开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / (2)定冠词：the the egg the plane
小学英语语法总结及讲解
小学英语语法总结及讲解 一、一般现在时 一般现在时基本用法介绍 【No. 1】一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时的构成 1. be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：We study English.我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 一般现在时的变化 1. be动词的变化。 否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike? 2.行为动词的变化。 否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如：I don't like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如：He doesn't often play. 一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。
如：- Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。 如： - Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How does your father go to work? 动词+s的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 二、现在进行时 1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 2．现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing. 3．现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。 4．现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。 5．现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为： 疑问词+ be + 主语+ 动词ing? 但疑问词当主语时其结构为：疑问词+ be + 动词ing? 动词加ing的变化规则
(完整word版)小学语法专题训练
专项训练---动词Be 一．用be动词适当的词填空。 1. I ________ from Australia. 2. She _______ a student. 3.Jane and Tom _________ my friends. 4. My parents _______ very busy every day. 5. I ______ an English teacher now. 6. Where _________ you from? 7. The light _________ green. 8. My name _________ Li Dong. 9. I _________ twelve. 10._________ they your new friends? 11. I ______ a boy. 12. ______ you a boy? No, I _____ not. 13. The girl______ Jack's sister. 14. The dog _______ tall and fat. 15. ______ your brother in the classroom? 16. Where _____ your mother? She ______ at home. 17. Whose dress ______ this? 18. That ______ my red skirt. 19. The books_______under the table. 20. Who ______ I? 21. Some tea ______ in the glass. 22. Gao shan's shirt _______ over there. 23. My sister's name ______Nancy. 24. This ______ not Wang Fang's pencil. 25. ______ David and Helen from England? 26. We ____ friends. 27. She ___ a teacher. 28. I ___ a girl. 29. Many ants ____ in my house. 30. His mother ____ fat. 31. He _____ in Class 4, Grade 1. 32. What _____ your name? 33. These _____ buses. 34. What class _____ you in? 35. It_____ a car. 36. Helen____ a student 37. This _____my book. 38. My father______a cook. 39. Jack’s friend____in Class One. 40. You ____ a doctor. 二.选择 1.She Miss Hen. A.be B.am C.is 2.I ___sorry. A./ B.am C.are 3.Here __my ball. A.is B.are C.am 4.You__number eight. A.are B.is C.am 5.What_______this. A.is B.are C.be 6.Helen__a student. A.be B.am C.is 7.Those_____oranges. A.is B.are C.am 8.How old__your teacher? A.be B.am C.is 9.Where____her mother? A.are B.is C.am 10.The two cups of milk _for me. A.is B.are C.be 三. 将下列句子变成否定句和一般疑问句 1.His brother is a teacher. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 2.Those are his parents. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 3.I’m 14 years old. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 4.The ruler is on the table. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 5.Tom is my teacher . 否定句: 一般疑问句: 6.My shoes are 20 yuan . 否定句: 一般疑问句: 7.This is a pen . 否定句: 一般疑问句: 8.My name is Andy. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 9.We are twins. 否定句: 一般疑问句:
小学英语语法汇总
小学最全英语语法汇总一、时态 1．一般现在时 （1）表示经常发生的动作或事情，通常用“usually 通常, often常常, every…每…, sometimes有时，always总是,”等词。 （2）基本结构： (3) 动词第三人称单数形式（同名词单数变成复数方法相同）
2．现在进行时, （1）表示正在发生的动作，通常用“now现在, look 看，linsen听”. （2）基本形式： be + 动词ing eg: I am(not) doing my homework. You/We/They are(not) reading. He/She/It is(not) eating. What are you doing Is he reading （3）动词的现在分词形式（动词+ing）
3. 一般过去时 （1）表示过去已经发生的事情,通常用“last …上一个…, just now刚才, a moment ago刚才，yesterday昨天”等词。 （2） be 动词的过去式: am/is—was are—were （3）过去式基本结构
（4）词过去式的变化：规则动词的变化： 不规则动词的变化： 原形过去 式 原形过去式原形过去式原形过去式 sweep swept t each taught have had go went keep kept think thought do did find found
sleep slept b uy bought eat ate say said feel felt drink drank is/am w as take took read read give gave are were mean meant put put sing sang drive d rove meet met cut cut begin began speak s poke make made let let ring rang write w rote see saw fly flew run ran ride rode come came draw drew sit sat hear heard tell told grow grew learn learned/ learnt get got know knew 4．一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来打算做的事或将要发生的事情。常常与tomorrow, next Sunday等时间状语连用。结构：be going to +动词原形或will +动词原形 例如：I’m going to visit my grandpa next week. 二、人称代词
小学英语基本语法
小学英语基本语法 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
第一章名词 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。 二、分类 1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如：john is a student student是普通名词，john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。 2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。 三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词——可以数的名词 不可数名词——数不清（没有复数） drinkmilk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge foodrice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法： 1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。 注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。 如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 i'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。 we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。 2）用单位词表示。
小学英语语法时态讲解与归纳.
小学英语语法时态讲解与归纳—一般现在时 一、一般现在时： 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 二. 构成及变化 1.be动词的变化。 肯定句：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike? 2. 行为动词的变化。 l、当主语为第一，二人称及复数时，助动词为do 肯定句：主语+动词原形(+其它)。如：We often play basketball after school. 否定句：主语+ don't+动词原形(+其它)。如：we don’t play basketball after school. 一般疑问句：Do +主语+动词原形+其它? 如： Do you often play basketball after school l? Yes, we do. / No, we don't. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+以do开头的一般疑问句？ 如： What do you often do after school ? 3、当主语为第三人称单数时 , 助动词为does 肯定句：主语+动词三单式(+其它)。如： He swims well. 否定句：主语+ doesn’t+动词原形(+其它)。如：He doesn’t swim well.. 一般疑问句：Does +主语+动词原形+其它。 如：Does he swim well ?
小学英语语法知识点专项练习
小学英语语法知识点专项练习 一、名词复数规则 写出下列各词的复数 I_________ him_________ this ________ her ______ watch _______ child_______ photo _______ diary ______ day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______ box_______ strawberry_____thief_______ peach______ sandwich______ man______ woman_______ paper_______ juice_______ water________ milk________ rice__________ tea__________ 二、一般现在时用法专练: 写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry_________ come________ watch______ plant_______ fly __________ study_______ brush________ do_________ teach_______ drink________ start_______ 用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. He often ________(have) dinner at home. 2. Daniel and Tommy _______(be) in Class One. 3. We _______(not watch) TV on Monday. 4. Nick _______(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5. ______ they ________(like) the World Cup? 6. What _______they often _______(do) on Saturdays? 7. _______ your parents _______(read) newspapers every day? 8. The girl _______(teach) us English on Sundays. 9. She and I ________(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There ________(be) some water in the bottle. 11. Mike _______(like) cooking. 12. They _______(have) the same hobby. 13. My aunt _______(look) after her baby carefully. 14. You always _______(do) your homework well. 15. I _______(be) ill. I’m staying in bed. 16. She _______(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao _______(do) not like PE. 18. The child often _______(watch) TV in the evening. 19. Su Hai and Su Yang _______(have) eight lessons this term. 20. －What day _______(be) it today? －It’s Saturday. 改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上) 1. Is your brother speak English? ________________________ 2. Does he likes going fishing? ________________________
小学英语基本语法
小学英语基本语法(总16页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1 -CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除
第一章名词 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。 二、分类 1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如：john is a student student是普通名词，john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。 2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。 三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词——可以数的名词 不可数名词——数不清（没有复数） drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法： 1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。 注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。 如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 i'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。 we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。 2）用单位词表示。 用a ... of 表示。
小学英语语法总结全集
小学英语语法总结全集 四大时态 一、一般现在时 一般现在时的功能： 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。例：The sky is blue. 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 （句中一般含有usually , often , always , sometimes , every week等） 一般现在时的构成：肯定句 1. be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 （我用am，你用are，is 连着he she it , 单数is，复数are ） 2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：We study English.我们学习英语。 （当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词要变成V3单。 V3单的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches go-goes 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies一般过去时 否定句：be+not ; V助+not 一般疑问句：Be / V助提前（some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换）二、现在进行时/正在进行时 一般现在时的功能： 表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。（句中一般含有now, look, listen.） 现在进行时的构成：肯定句 主语+ be +V-ing. 动词加ing的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking 2．以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting 3．如果末尾是辅音+元音+辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping swimming (listen除外，直接加ing) 否定句：be+not 一般疑问句：be提前（some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换） 三、一般将来时 概念： 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。句中一般有：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。基本结构： ①主语+be going to + do/地点+其他如：I am going to go swimming tomorrow.