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Unit-10-Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册课文翻译讲课稿

Unit-10-Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册课文翻译讲课稿
Unit-10-Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册课文翻译讲课稿

Unit 10 Agriculture

Farming for the Future

[1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet.

[2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used.

[3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease.

[4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well.

[5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse.

[6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.

In fact, a large percentage of the grain grown in these countries is used for feeding cattle. If people in these countries ate less meat, there would be more grain to feed the hungry people of the world.

[7] The ideal agricultural system would be sustainable; that is, its level of productivity could be continued indefinitely and the damage to the environment much less. This is a war which must be won because it would have only winners for both farmers and consumers of farm products.

未来农耕

1 现在面临贫困和饥饿的人一年比一年多,地球资源遭到的破坏也一年比一年严重。这些问题极为严重,不过许多专家认为情况还没有到令人绝望的地步。要解决它们就需要我们对农业、食品和整个地球的看法做出重大改变。

2 首先,世界各地的农民都必须研究开发对环境破坏性较小的耕作模式。重要的一步是把单一作物改为多种作物混合耕种。种植多种作物能改善土壤,有助于防止水土流失。通过植树来保护耕地不受风害也能防止水土流失。农民改善土壤的另一个办法是避免深耕。实际上,如果方法得当,只需浅耕即可。

3 只要土地耕作比较得当,农民就没有必要使用化肥,而可以使用天然的动植物肥料。多种作物混合耕种后,就能少用有毒的化学杀虫剂。农民还可以用生物手段控制病虫害。

4 农民还能帮助节约地球上珍贵的水资源和石油资源。为了节约水,农民可以多种节水型作物以取代常规的小麦和玉米。还可以使用更为节水的灌溉系统。为了节约石油,他们可以利用生物气发电机。生物气发电机的燃料由农场上的蔬菜和动物的垃圾和粪便提供。在欠发达的国家里,生物气发电机能减少对木柴的需求,从而也有助于保护森林。

5 在欠发达的国家里,小农场主们需要帮助。他们需要掌握更能适应当地条件的作物的有关知识。他们需要掌握怎样控制水土流失和最充分利用自己的资源。不进行土地和经济改革,这些农场主永远不会成功。这种改革应该是各国政府和国际机构的目标。目前施行的这些工业和经济作物政策只是把事情弄得更糟。

6 工业化国家可以用他们的经济资源帮助促成这些变化。他们还可以对自己的政策作些改变。目前,这些国家因为政治原因而浪费了很多食品。在欧洲和北美每年都有成吨成吨的水果和奶制品被扔掉。这些国家的饮食习惯也可作些改变。例如,人们常吃那些来自遥远地方的东西,而不吃本地产的。进口食品的运输加重了全球的污染问题。工业化国家的人们还食用大量的肉类,尤其是牛肉。事实上,这些国家所生产的粮食有很大一部分是用来喂牛的。假如这些国家的人们少吃些肉,就会有更多的粮食提供给世界上正在挨饿的人们。

7 理想的农业体系应当是可持续性的,也就是说,其生产力水平能长期保持下去而对环境的破坏却小得多。这是一场必须打胜的战斗,因为无论是对农民还是对农产品消费者而言,这场战斗只有赢者。

Dairying and Dairy Products

[1] When did people begin using milk from animals? Probably about the time they began domesticating animals - some 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. Meat was certainly the most important food first provided by domesticated animals. But the milk of cattle, goats, sheep, or other animals also became part of people's diets. As agriculture developed, milk and other dairy products, such as butter, cheese, and yogurt, became more and more important in the diet of human beings.

[2] For many thousands of years, a large percentage of the population was engaged in agriculture. Families commonly kept a few goats, cows, or sheep on their farms to provide fresh milk and other dairy products. With the coming of the industrial age, however, fewer and fewer people made their living through agriculture. The production of milk and products made from milk slowly became an industry.

[3] The development of the dairy industry was closely linked with the development of better crops and animals and with a host of technological changes, such as improved transportation, refrigeration and advancements in milk processing. For example, in earlier times, one of the biggest problems was keeping milk fresh so that it would not spoil. Milk used to be kept cool by putting a container in the shade or in cold spring water near the farm or home. Today it is automatically cooled as soon as it is removed from the cow; it is carried long distances in large refrigerated tanks and then processed and packaged for placement in refrigerated showcases in grocery stores. The production of milk in many countries is now a large, scientifically based, highly mechanized industry.

[4] The life of a dairy farmer is usually a rigorous one. Cows must be milked and other chores done seven days a week throughout the year. Hand milking has given way to the use of milking machines, but it must still be done twice a day. Family labor frequently makes up a large part of the labor force, especially on an average-sized farm. The sons and daughters of dairy farmers sometimes learn to put in long days and to carry heavy responsibilities at a young age.

[5] Since the middle of the 20th century, there has been a great decrease in the number of dairy farms in the United States and Canada. In general, however, the farms remaining are large, have highly productive cows, and are managed with great skill. These farms represent the survivors in a very competitive business.

Future Outlook for Dairy Farming

[6] Before the end of the 20th century, a further reduction in the number of dairy farms is likely, as the less competitive farmers are forced to give up dairying [N]. World population, however, is increasing at a rapid rate, and the need for food will obviously increase as well. It is likely, therefore, that milk and milk products will be greatly in demand to help feed a hungry world.

[7] Dairy scientists have learned how to increase greatly the productivity of cows. Dairy farmers should thus be in an excellent position to meet the challenges of the future. Important developments in milk processing and the development of new products mean that dairy foods will be more easily stored, transported, and made available to people the world over.

乳品业和乳制品

1 人们是从何时开始使用动物奶的呢?大约是在8,000 到10,000 年以前,从他们开始驯养动物时起。当然肉类是家畜首先提供的最重要的食物。不过牛奶、山羊奶、绵羊奶或其它动物的奶也成为人类食谱的一部分。随着农业的发展,奶和其它乳制品,诸如黄油、奶酪和酸奶,在人类日常饮食中占有越来越重要的地位。

2 几千年来,人口中有很大一部分是从事农业生产的。农户通常都在农场里养一些山羊、牛或绵羊,以提供鲜奶和其它乳制品。然而,随着工业时代的到来,以农业为生的人越来越少。奶和奶制品的生产逐渐变成一种产业。

3 乳品业的发展是与作物和牲畜优良品种的培育有密切的关系,同时还与良好的运输条件、冷藏技术以及先进的奶处理技术等大量的技术革新有密切的关系。例如,早期最大的难题之一就是奶要保持新鲜,使其不会变质。过去,要使牛奶保持低温,通常把盛奶的容器放在农场或农家附近的阴凉处或冰凉的泉水里。现在,牛奶从母牛身上一挤出,就被自动冷却;而且是放在大的冷藏罐里,运到很远的地方,然后进行加工、包装以便放到食品店的冷冻货柜里。目前,在很多国家,牛奶生产已成为规模大、科学性强、高度机械化的产业。乳品场主

4 乳品场主的生活通常是非常艰辛的。一年到头每周七天他们都要挤奶并做其它杂务。尽管机器挤奶已经取代了人工挤奶,但每天依然要挤两次奶。家人常常是主要的劳动力,特别是在中等大小的农场里。这些农户的儿女们在他们还很小的时候,时不时地就要学会长时间工作并承担重任。

5 自二十世纪中叶以来,美国和加拿大的乳品场数量锐减。一般来说,能够挺下来的基本上都是规模庞大,拥有高产母牛,且精于管理的农场。他们代表了这一极富竞争性的行业中的幸存者。乳品生产的前景

6 二十世纪末期,由于一些竞争力不强的乳品场主不得不放弃乳品业,乳品场的数量很有可能继续减少。然而,世界人口数量却迅速上涨,对食物的需求显然会相应增长。因此,对牛奶和奶制品的需求很可能会大大增加,以便养活饥饿的人们。

7 研究乳品业的科学家们已经掌握了大幅度提高奶产量的方法。因此,乳品场主们就会处于非常有利的地位,去面对未来的挑战。牛奶加工技术的重大进展以及新产品的开发意味着奶制品的储存更容易、运输更便利,因而使世界各地的人们都能享受到奶制品。

The History of Agriculture

[1] Nobody knows exactly when or where agriculture began. But scientists now believe that it began 8,000 years ago or more when people discovered that the wild grass seeds that they threw away along with other garbage in waste piles grew well and produced many more seeds to fill people's stomachs. This may seem like a small thing to modern people, but for primitive people it was a truly revolutionary discovery. Up until then they had depended for their lives on their luck in hunting, fishing and finding wild plants that they could eat. Being able to grow a part of their own food meant that starvation was no longer such a danger.

[2] As early people learned about raising crops, they came to depend more and more on farming and less on hunting to keep themselves alive. In addition to wild grasses, from which our present-day grains came, these early people learned to grow many other plants, the early forms of today's vegetables.

[3] Primitive farming methods were very simple. Seeds were planted in little holes in the ground made with a sharp stick. Grain was harvested with stone knives or stone-edged sickles or sometimes pulled up by the roots. The invention of the spade and the hoe made it possible to cultivate the ground by loosening the soil and keeping down weeds. At first the work in the fields may have been done by women, while the men watched the animals, hunted occasionally, and defended the village against its enemies.

[4] Domestic animals were first kept for hunting (such as dogs) or food (such as cows, sheep, and pigs). Eventually animals could be used to carry loads or pull plows which were little more than forked sticks used to loosen the soil. They were inefficient, but they made it possible to cultivate more land with less work than with hand tools.

[5] The Egyptians, the Mesopotamians, American Indians and the Chinese developed advanced systems of agriculture. They knew the value of fertilization, irrigation, and drainage, and they developed improved varieties of plants and animals by choosing the best ones.

[6] Advances were made in 18th-century England where horse-drawn farming

machines, improved systems of crop rotation and fertilization, and better breeds of sheep and cattle were developed.

[7] Meanwhile, Europeans were exploring the New World. They returned home with crops previously unknown in Europe — white and sweet potatoes, corn, pumpkins, and tomatoes. One plant, the potato, was found to grow well in cold, damp climates and on poor soils. It soon became an important food item in northern Europe.

[8] In the 20th century the major advances were in three areas—chemistry, breeding, and technology. Modern farming depends heavily on chemical fertilizers and insect control. Other chemicals control plant diseases and weeds.

[9] One of the biggest research findings has been the development of new strains of wheat and rice. Scientists in every continent have adopted the new types of rice and wheat.

[10] Breakthroughs may soon lead to another big change or “revolution”in agriculture. Scientists are changing living things by altering their genes. Through “gene-splicing”, nature itself can be changed quickly. Food plants may be improved to do a better job of fighting off insects and weeds, with fewer pesticides. Plants may become better able to reproduce themselves each year. Changes in genes can also make grains and other plant foods better. These changes would make farming easier and more productive.

[11] Perhaps the most important effect of the new revolution in genetics is that all people may benefit from it, not just those in highly developed nations. Countries that cannot afford tractors, fertilizers, and other expensive aids to modern agriculture may be able to use these things in a simpler, sustainable agricultural system.

[12] There are still many things to be done. We must find ways to produce our food with fewer chemicals. One way is to find natural biological controls to do the same things chemicals do now. Such “miracles”have happened before, and they have helped agriculture become one of the most progressive, efficient industries in the world.

农业的发展史

1 没人确切地知道农业是何时何地开始的。但是现在科学家们认为,它始于八千年以前或更早。当时,人们发现那些与其它垃圾一起被扔在垃圾堆里的野草籽长势很好,结出了更多的籽,可以用来果腹。在现代人眼里,这似乎只是小事一桩,但是对于原始人而言,这确实是革命性的发现。在那以前,他们的生活全凭运气,靠打猎、钓鱼、寻找可食用的野生植物时的运气。能够种植自己所需的一部分粮食,意味着挨饿的威胁已不复存在。

2 随着早期的人们学会了种植庄稼,他们渐渐地越来越依靠农业,而更少地依靠打猎为生。除了种植野草(现今的谷类作物就是由它们演化而来的),他们还学会了种植很多其他植物,也就是今天蔬菜的前身。

3 原始的耕种方法十分简单。用尖尖的木棍在地上戳出小洞,种子就种在这些小洞里。收割谷物用的是石刀或者有刃的石镰刀,有时候将谷物连根拔起。锹和锄头的发明使耕作成为可能,依靠它们来松土和除草。起先,地里的工作也许是由妇女来完成的,而男人们则防备动物的袭击,偶尔打打猎,并且保护村庄使之不受敌人侵犯。

4 最初,饲养家畜是为了打猎(例如养狗)或者用来作为食物(例如养牛、羊和猪)。最终动物能够被用来驮运重物或者拉犁。这种所谓的犁不过是用来松土的分叉的棍子而已,它们效率不高,但比手持工具要省力,而且耕的地要多。

5 埃及人、美索不达米亚人、美洲印第安人和中国人逐渐形成了先进的农业耕种系统。他们知道施肥、灌溉和排水的重要性,并且通过精选良种,培育了动植物的改良品种。

6 十八世纪的英国在农业方面取得了一些进步,发明了马拉的农业机械,形成了先进的庄稼轮作和施肥体系,培育了优良的牛羊品种。

7 此时,欧洲人正探索新大陆。他们带回了以前欧洲不曾有过的庄稼――土豆、白薯、玉米、南瓜和西红柿。人们发现,土豆这种植物非常适宜于潮湿阴冷的气候以及在贫瘠的土壤中生长。很快它就成为北欧的一种主要食物。

8 二十世纪,农业主要在化学、育种和应用技术这三个领域得到了发展。现代农业十分依赖化学肥料和虫害的控制。还有其它一些化学药品来抑制植物疾病和杂草的生长。

9 新的小麦和大米品种的培育是农业上最重要的研究成果之一。各大洲的科学家们都采用了这些新的品种。

10 研究上的突破会很快导致农业的又一个巨大变化或者"革命"。科学家们正通过改变基因来改变生物。通过"基因重组",自然本身会很快被改变。食用作物会得到改良,以便更好地战胜虫害和杂草,还能少用杀虫剂。作物可以年年繁殖得更好。改变基因也可以改良谷类和其他食用作物。这些变化会使耕种更方便,作物更高产。

11 遗传学新革命的最重要影响,也许是所有的人都能从这场革命中获益,而不仅仅是那些来自发达国家的人们。那些用不起拖拉机、肥料和其他现代农业所需的昂贵的辅助设备的国家,能够在一个更为简单而可持续发展的农业体系中利用这些东西。

12 还有很多事情有待于人们去做。我们必须设法使用更少的化学制品来生产食品。方法之一是找到一些天然的生物控制剂,让它们起到现在的化学制品所起的作用。这样的"

奇迹"以前曾经发生过,它们曾使得农业成为世界上最高效的、最先进的产业之一。

新编大学英语教案(第二册)_unit2communicationproblems

新编大学英语教案(第二册)_U n i t2 C o m m u n i c a t i o n P r o b l e m s -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

Unit Two Communication problems Teaching Objectives 1. Let the students have some ideas of the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate. 2. Make the students find the efficient ways to communicate with each other. 3. Let the students come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings. Teaching allotment six academic hours Focus points 1.key words and phrases assume, conflict, convey, emphasis, ignore, misinterpret, react, verge, feel like, for effect, on the verge of, pull out, take----lightly 2.difficult sentences 1) When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today. 2) So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. 3) To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations. 3.grammar focus prefix “mis---”的不同意义 Related Information It is well-known that learning a second language is never easy, and, generally speaking, the older one is when one attempts a new language, the more difficult it becomes. This is at least partly due to what is known as language interference, meaning that the linguistic patterns of our first language interfere with those of the second because no two languages have exactly the same sounds and grammatical structures. The English language has a very large vocabulary because it has incorporated words from many other languages over the centuries. This is nowhere more apparent than in its color words. For example, there are many words that express the color “purple”, describing its different shades and hues: mauve, violet, lilac, or lavender. An interesting 2

新编大学英语第三册课文翻译共23页

Unit 1 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说,羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安,感到不自然;也就是说,他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法:我给人留下的是什么印象?他们喜欢我吗?我讲话是不是傻里傻气?我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中,而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常,人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如,具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信,他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励,也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害;他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。 相反,他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下,羞怯的人自尊心较弱,往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们(是否)在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感;他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴,因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞:“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然,尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质,过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢?幸运的是,人们能够通过坚持

不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的,因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如,大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难,就把自己列为差生,这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能,甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时,我们正在自我否定。 如果你害羞,这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感:1.认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同,羞怯感就会自然减弱。 2.确定合理的目标。例如,在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起,你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力,仅和一两个人交谈,你会感到更自在些。 3.内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情,(光)感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反,应该承认你犯了个错误,并决心在将来更加善解人意。 4.所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 5.不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的,或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。 6.接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如,如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术,要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心,你们还是好朋友,但你的烹饪技术也许确实

新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译

新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译一善良之心,久久相依当时我没有意识到,是爸爸帮我保持平衡奥古斯塔斯 , J , 布洛克 1 随着我渐渐长大,当别人看见我和爸爸在一起,我会觉得很尴尬。他身材矮小,走起路来跛得很厉害。我们一起走时,他要把手搭在我的肩上才能保持平衡,人们就会盯着我们看。对这种不必要的注意我觉得非常难堪。他也许曾注意到,或着觉得烦恼,但他从来没有流露出来。2 要协调我们的步伐并不容易,他(的步子)一瘸一拐的,我(走起来)则缺乏耐心。因此,我们走路的时候并不怎么说话。但出发时,他总是说:“你定步伐,我会尽量跟上。”3 我们通常在家和地铁之间来往,这是他上班的必由之路。不论生病还是碰到恶劣的天气他都去上班,几乎没有旷过一天工。即使别人无法上班,他也要去办公室。对他来说这是一种自豪。4 当地上有冰或雪的时候,即使有人帮忙他也无法走路。这时,我或者我的姐妹就用孩子玩的雪撬拉着他,穿过纽约布鲁克林的街道,直到地铁的入口处。一到那儿,他就能紧紧抓住扶手一直走下去, 地铁道里比较暖和,下面的楼梯不结冰。曼哈顿的地铁站正好是他办公楼的地下室,因此除了从布鲁克林我们去接他的地方到回家为止,他都不用再出去。5 一个成年男子要有多少勇气才能承受这种屈辱和压力,我现在想来惊讶不已。他从没有痛苦或抱怨,他是怎么做到这一步的我感到不可思议。6 他从不把自己当作同情的对象,也从不对更幸运的或更能干的人表示任何嫉妒。他在别人身上所寻找的是一颗“善心”。如果他找到了一颗善心,那么有这么颗心的人对他来说就是一位大好人了。7 由于年龄的增长,我相信那是一种用来判断人的恰当的标准,尽管我还不能精确地知道什么是一颗“善心”。但是,当我自己没有的时候,我是知道的。8 尽管很多活动我爸爸不能参加,但他还是尽量用某种方式参与。当本地的一支棒球队发现缺经理的时候,他使它维持下去。他是一个很懂行的棒球迷,经常带我去埃贝茨球场看布鲁克林的道奇队打球。

Unit-10-Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册课文翻译讲课稿

Unit 10 Agriculture Farming for the Future [1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet. [2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used. [3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease. [4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well. [5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse. [6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.

新编大学英语综合教程3课文翻译

Unit 1 Personality In-Class Reading 羞怯的痛苦 1 对许多人来说,羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安,感到不自然;也就是说,他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法:我给人留下的是什么印象?他们喜欢我吗?我讲话是不是傻里傻气?我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 2 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中,而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常,人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如,具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信,他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励,也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害;他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反,他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。 3 相比之下,羞怯的人自尊心较弱,往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们(是否)在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感;他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴,因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞:“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然,尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质,过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 4能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢?幸运的是,人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的,因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如,大多数人希望每门功课都得A。 5 如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难,就把自己列为差生,这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能,甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时,我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞,这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感: 6 1.认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同,羞怯感就会自然减弱。 7 2.确定合理的目标。例如,在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起,你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力,仅和一两个人交谈,你会感到更自在些。 8 3.疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情,(光)感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反,应该承认你犯了个错误,并决心在将来更加善解人意。 9 4.所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 10 5.不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的,或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。

新编大学英语2课文原文

【1-A】 A Good Heart to Lean On ore than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance. Augustus J. Bullock [1] When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance, people would stare. I would be ashamed of the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on. [2] It was difficult to coordinate our steps—his halting, mine impatient—and because of that, we didn't say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you. ” [3] Our usual walk was to or from the subway, which was how he got to work. He went to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. It was a matter of pride for him. [4] When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn , N.Y. , on a child's sleigh to the subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept ice-free. In Manhattan the subway station was the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside again until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home. [5] When I think of it now, I marvel at how much courage it must have taken for a grown man to subject himself to such indignity and stress. And I marvel at how he did it—without bitterness or complaint. [6] He never talked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a “good heart”, and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him. [7] Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don't know precisely what a “good heart” is. But I know the times I don't have one myself. [8] Unable to engage in many activities, my father still tried to participate in some way. When a local baseball team found itself without a manager, he kept it going. He was a knowledgeable baseball fan and often took me to Ebbets Field to see the Brooklyn Dodgers play. He liked to go to dances and parties, where he could have a good time just sitting and watching. [9] On one memorable occasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punching and shoving. He wasn't content to sit and watch, but he couldn't stand unaided on the soft sand. In frustration he began to shout, “I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! I'll fight anyone who will sit dow n with me! ” [10] Nobody did. But the next day people kidded him by saying it was the first time any fighter was urged to take a dive even before the bout began. [11] I now know he participated in some things vicariously through me, his only son. When I played ball (poorly), he “played” too. When I joined the Navy, he “joined” too. And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that I visited his office. Introducing me, he was really saying, “This is my son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, if things had been different. ” Those words were never said aloud. [12] He has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our walks. If he did, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am envious of another's good fortune, when I don't have a “good heart”. [13] At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, “You se t the pace. I will try to adjust to you.” ( 703 words)

新编大学英语3读写译课文翻译

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