现代农林英语英汉对照

现代农林英语课文英汉对照

硕水保163班

2016年12月29日

contents

Unit 1 Urban Agriculture ......................................................................... I Unit 2 Forestry Management ................................................................ III Unit 3 Biodiversity ............................................................................... VI Unit 4 Wetlands ............................................................................... V III Unit 5 Agricultural High Technology .................................................... XI Unit 6 Low-Carbon Agriculture ........................................................ X IV Unit 7 Urban Planning .................................................................... X VI Unit 9 Landscape Gardens ................................................................. XX Unit 10 Ecological Literature .......................................................... XXII

现代农林英语英汉对照

Unit 1 Urban Agriculture

Current Situation and Issues

The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) has warned that the 12 megacities (+10 million population) will experience increasing difficulty in feeding themselves. London’s ‘ecological footprint’ is estimated to extend to 125 times the capital’s surface area with food accounting for around 40% of this. London’s residents, visitors and workers consume 2.4 million tons of food and produce 883,000 tons of organic waste per year. The food industry makes a significant contribution to London’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with around 11% of all jobs found in the food sector.

联合国粮食及农业组织警告说12个拥有千万人口的超大城市将要在养活自己上遭遇越来越多的困难。据估计，伦敦的生态足迹已经延伸到城市面积的125倍，其中粮食占据40%的面积。伦敦的居民、参观者和工人每年消耗240万吨食物，产生883000吨有机垃圾。食品产业这对伦敦的国内生产总值（GDP）做出了巨大的贡献：约11%的工作可以在食品部门找到。

The Lea Valley region of East London typifies a declining industrialized horticulture. This once thriving area for food production has shrunk since the war due to the relative scarcity of labor and competition from imports from an increasingly globalized food economy. The industry now covers an area of 120 hectares under glass. It has a high productivity with 200 or so horticultural enterprises ranging in size from less than an acre to 20 acres with production nearly always automated and hydroponic, often in peat based media and using artificial fertilizers. There is some pesticide use but it is now lower because of the adoption of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, whilst energy use has also been reduced through technological improvements. The enterprises sell nationally to wholesalers and supermarkets.

东伦敦的Lea Valley地区代表着衰退的产业化园艺。自战争以来，由于劳动力相对稀缺和来自日益全球化的粮食经济的进口的竞争，这种曾经蓬勃发展的粮食生产地区已经减少。该行业目前占地120公顷的温室。它具有非常高的生产力：200多个规模从小于一英亩到20英亩、几乎持续的自动化生产和水培生产、通常使用泥炭培养基和人造肥料的园艺企业。有一些杀虫剂的使用，但现在已经减少，因为采用了病虫害综合防治（IPM）方法，同时通过技术改进减少了能源使用。该企业销售给全国的批发商和大型超市。

This remnant of urban agriculture (UA) could provide an opportunity to redevelop, modify, and diversify the industry towards a more sustainable system; further improvements in technology and IPM, conversion to organic, development of sustainable, social enterprises, and production for local London markets, such as farmers’ markets, shops restaurants, and co-ops, etc., could utilize the existing infrastructure and change the modes of production and food system in London.

这种城市农业（UA）的残余可以为重建、修改和多元化行业使其成为一个更加可持续的系统提供机会;进一步改进技术和病虫害综合防治，转变为有机，开发可持续的社会企业以及为当地伦敦市场（如农民市场，商店，餐馆和合作社等）的生产可以利用现有基础设施并改变模式的生产和食品系统。

UA in East London is generally no longer a response to crises or a ‘coping strategy’ as it once was during the first and second world wars and in previous centuries. Commercial activities are primarily motivated by profit although some producers, particularly organic, have a

‘philosophy’ attributed to their lives and see it more than simply a way to make money. Sustained losses to enterprises result in an erosion of capital, increase in debt, and eventual bankruptcy. Social and environmental objectives and policies of initiatives (local sourcing, price discrimination/sliding subscription scales, workers’ rights and conditions, animal welfare, etc.), need to coexist with financial profitability and economic sustainability if they are to survive and thrive.

东伦敦的城市农业不再是应对危机或“应对策略”的反应，就如它曾经在第一次和第二次世界大战和在过去的几个世纪中那样。商业活动主要是由利润驱动，虽然一些生产者，特别是有机生产者，由于他们富有哲理的生活使他们看到它不仅仅是一种赚钱的方式。企业的持续亏损导致资本流失，债务增加和最终破产。社会和环境的主体以及初步政策（地方采购，价格歧视/滑动认购规模，工人的权利和条件，动物福利等）需要与金融利润和经济可持续共存，如果他们要生存和繁荣的话。

Recreational food growing is motivated by factors other than profit, such as therapy and enjoyment. UA activities do provide a way for low-income groups to have a supply of fresh fruit and vegetables along with many of other benefits, contributing to household food security and nutrition. This is of particular importance to communities in East London experiencing problems in the availability of, and access to, affordable, fresh food or ‘food poverty’.

休闲食物的生长是由于除了利润之外的因素的促进，如治疗和享受。城市农业活动为低收入群体提供了一种获取新鲜水果和蔬菜以及许多其他利益的方法，有助于家庭食品安全和营养。这对东伦敦正在经历可负担得起的新鲜食物或“粮食贫困”的获得和获得方面的问题的社区尤其重要。

Unit 2 Forestry Management

The Economic and Ecological Gains of a Green Drive

绿色驱动下的经济和生态增益

Forests are replacing fields for the snake of ecology and economy, and it seems what’s good for the planet is good for the wallet.

为了寻求生态和经济，森林正在取代农田，这看起来就像对地球有利的对钱包也有利。

Good for the Wallet

对钱包有利

‘This mountainous area is barren, and the output of my corn and rice fields wasn’t enough to live on. A year’s hard work gave me miserly returns, and not a penny saved before the project was carried out,’ said Zhao Liping, a farmer in Wenshan Village of Hongya County, Sichuan Province.

四川省洪雅县文山村的一位农民赵立平说：“山区土地贫瘠，我的玉米田和水稻田的产出都不够维持生活。一年的劳作给我极少的回报，在工程执行前几乎没有攒下积蓄。”

10 years ago, like 600 other households in the village, Zhao relied on 13 Mu (15 Mu = 1 hectare) of arable land to barely make ends meet. He contracted a small lot of forestland to supplement his income, but poor mountain paths made the cost of lumber and people movement extremely high, canceling out the revenue.

十年前，赵立平就像村里其他600户家庭一样，依靠着13亩耕地勉强维持收支平衡。他签订了一小片林地来增补他的收入，但是差劲的山路使得木材和人的移动所产生的费用非常高，这部分就抵消了收入。

The year 2001 saw big changes as projects returning farmland to forest were piloted here. Zhao was involved, planting eucalyptus and tea on his own land. In addition, he was subsidized RMB 230 for each Mu, which almost equaled the farming revenue. With the newly assighed forest, he had a total of over 40 Mu of land. And the expected increase in income was seen as the trees grew. Zhao and his fellow villagers were very satisfied.

2001年这一年见证了巨大的转折因为退耕还林工程在这里进行了试验。赵立平也涉及了这项工程，在他的地上种植了桉树和茶树。他还获得了额外的每亩地230元的津贴，相当于他种地的收入。包括新分配的林地在内，他总共拥有超过40亩的土地，以及随着林木生长而可以预期的增长的收益。赵立平和他的村民同伴对此非常满意。

Thanks to the subsidies, Zhao and his family are no longer ruled by the land. They started to raise chickens, cultivate trees and bamboo, or take seasonal work at factories or mines. Three years later, he had some saving set aside and knocked down their old adobes to make way for a now house.

得益于这额外的收入，赵立平和他的家人不在受限于土地。他们开始养鸡、栽植树木和竹子，或者在工厂或者矿井做一下季节性的工作。三年后，他有了一些存款并推翻了他们的旧房子来盖新房子。

In Zhao’s memory, there wasn’t a single multiple-floor residence here before 2001. Not every household in the village has moved into multiple-storey housing, but over 80percent farmers now own a mobile phone, and many bought motorcycles too.

在赵立平的记忆里，2001年以前村里没有独栋的多层楼房。虽然村里不是所有的居所都换成了多层楼房，但是超过80%的农民拥有了移动电话，许多人还购买了摩托车。

‘No on imagined the mountains before construction began in 2004,’ Zhao said. ‘If we were using the original broken paths, it would take an entire day to shoulder 25 kg fertilizer up. Now tons of timber is transported down in hours.’

赵立平说：“没有人能想到大山能够变成今天这样。道路建设是最令人印象深刻的—2004年施工开始之前没有一条路通向山里。”“如果我们走最初的破烂的道路，它将花费一整天的时间去将25kg的肥料扛上山。现在，数吨的木材能够在一小时内就运输下来。”

‘It’s a piece of cake to carry 25 kg of fertilizer with a motorcycle,’ he grinned. Besides a motorcycle, Zhao also bought a compact car and a van. Peng Changshu, director of the forestry supervision station at the town, pointed out that people as well off or more so than Zhao is by no means rare. As forestland was assigned to each household, they all planted bamboo or trees that bring higher returns like cedar, eucalyptus and birch. At present one Mu can produce nearly RMB 10,000. For those contracting 500 or 600, even 1,000 Mu, benefits are quite considerable.

他笑着说：“用摩托车载25kg的肥料简直是小菜一碟。”除了摩托车，赵立平还买了一辆小汽车和一辆货车。彭长书，这个镇的林业管理站的站长，指出如赵立平一样富裕甚至比他更有钱的人决不少。当林地被分至每户家庭，他们都种植竹子和能带来高收益的树种，比如雪松、桉树和桦树。现在，一亩地能够带来一万元的收益。对于那些承包了500亩或者600亩，甚至1000亩地的人来说，收入是十分可观的。

While the successful pilot was still producing results in Wenshan Village, the Grain for Green project was kicked off across the country.

因为这个成功的试验在文山村一直产生效益，退耕还林政策开始向全国推广开来。

Good for the Planet

对地球有利

In response to escalated ecological deterioration across the nation, particularly frequent floods of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and serious soil erosion in central and western regions, the State Council decided to conduct a trial of returning farmland to forest or grassland in 1999. The project was implemented nationwide and was in full swing by 2002. Farmland with a slope of more than 25 degrees and seriously desertified land would be covered by trees.

为了应对全国升级的生态恶化，尤其是长江黄河频繁的洪水以及中西部地区的水土流失，国务委员会决定在1999年开展退耕还林还草工程。到了2002年，这项工程在全国开展地如火如荼。坡度超过25度的农田和严重土壤沙漠化的土地将被种植树木。

‘When forest area was small, as in the past, the air wasn’t very good,’ Zhao pointed out. He has been living in the mountains for decades, so he is sensitive to air quality. ‘Now, the farther you walk, the more comfortable you feel; the air is clear.’

赵立平指出：“在过去，森林面积小，空气不是很好。”他几十年来居住在山中，因此对空气质量很敏感。“现在，你越往深处走，你越会感觉舒适；空气很清新。”

‘The effects of better air quality and water conservation are almost intuitive,’ said Peng. ‘The Qingyi River at foot of the mountains is crystal clear now. In the past, however, surface soil would be washed into the river when it rained, or carried away as the waters rose on the banks. Better vegetation prevents soil erosion.’

彭长书说：“更好的空气质量和水资源保护的效果很直观。”“山脚下的清潩河现在如水晶般清澈。然而在过去，地表土在下雨的时候会被冲刷到河里，或者被涨到岸上的水带走。植被更好的保护了水土流失。”

Hongya County took on an entirely new look with the project and rural tourism prospers as a result. In Liujiang Town, for example, 120 households opened family inns.

洪雅县由于该工程换上了全新的面貌并使农村旅游变得昌盛。比如，柳江镇有120户家庭开放了家庭旅馆。

Located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, Sichuan is of treat significance in terms of water resource conservation. Indeed it plays an important role in national ecological reconstruction.

四川位于长江和黄河的上游，对于水资源的保护具有重要的意义。它的确在国家生态重建上也承担着重要角色。

In 11999, Sichuan took the lead in implementing the Grain for Green project. As of the end of 2009, forestlands had increased by 28.32 million Mu, of which about 13.36 million used to be farmland. Investment from the central and local governments amounted to RMB 29 billion, benefiting 22.66 million farmers in 6.34 million households. Each household received an average subsidy of RMB 4,000.

1999年，四川省带头实行了退耕还林政策。到了2009年底，林业用地增长了2832万亩，其中1336万亩地在过去是农业用地。中央政府和地方政府一共投资了29亿，造福了634万户家庭的2266万名农民。每一户可以收入平均4000元的补贴。

Unit 3 Biodiversity

What Is Biodiversity?

什么是生物多样性？

All living things we know of are part of the Earth’s biodiversity, the diversity of life. The concept of biodiversity can be divided up in levels such as:

我们所知道的所有的生命体都是地球生物多样性的一部分——生命多样性。生物多样性的概念可以被分成几个层次：

?Landscape 景观

?Ecosystems生态系统

?Species 物种

?Genes (genetic diversity)基因（基因多样性）

It is important to understand that these are all interconnected. As we know, several species are only found in specific areas, or ecosystems. We do not find many rainforest trees in the desert for example. Some species are adapted to specific temperature ranges or need a minimum amount of rainfall every year to survive. Other species may live their whole lives on land except when it is time to mate. Frogs and toads, for example, lay eggs that need water to develop. Species may also be restricted to an environment because of other species, either because of competition that allow the stronger competitor to occupy the space or by intricate relationships whereby one or more species are dependent on the presence of another species. So it is important to realize that in nature there is often a reason why things are found where they are and that every habitat is a network of species. These species have generally, in turn, evolved to be dependent on each other but also on the specific conditions found in that environment for survival.

理解他们之间是互相联系的这点很重要。众所周知，一些物种只能在特定的区域或者生一些物种态系统内找到。例如我们不能在沙漠里找到很多雨林树木。有一些物种要适应特定的温度范围或者每年需要最小量的降雨去生存。另一些物种可能整个生命过程都在陆地上进行，除了他们配对的时候。比如青蛙和蟾蜍，产下的蛋需要水去发育。由于其他物种的存在，一些物种也会受到环境的限制，也因为竞争才允许更强大的竞争者去占据空间，或者通过复杂的关系使得一个或更多的物种独立于其他物种而存在。因此，意识到在自然界经常发现一个事物存在的理由和每一个栖息地都是一个物种网络是很重要的。作为回报，这些物种通常演变成相互独立但也为了生存在那种环境的特定条件下被发现。

If an area is suddenly destroyed or even disturbed, the chance is often very small that all species will have time to find a refuge within reasonable distance to survive. Another very important aspect of this is that the biological diversity also includes things we may not necessarily like such as wasps, venomous snakes, sharks, poison ivy and ticks. Some may say, ‘I can do without those things but I agree that we should help the pandas and dolphins.’ Well, it is not that simple since in nature, fundamentally, everything plays a role.

如果一个区域突然被破坏或者甚至被扰乱，所有的物种有时间去找到一个在合理距离内的避难所去生存的机会是非常小的。另外一个非常重要的方面是生物的多样性也包括我们可能不是很喜欢的东西比如：黄蜂、毒蛇、鲨鱼、毒常春藤和蜱。一些人可能会说：“没有这些东西我可以生存，但是我同意我们应该帮助熊猫和海豚。”好吧，这不是这么简单的，在自然界，每件事都有它自己基本地定位。

Why should we strive to conserve habitats and species? Why should we care? The most

striking answer to this question would probably be, ‘to survive as a species ourselves’. The only way the human species is going to survive is a careful and sustainable use of the Earth’s resources.

为什么我们应该努力去保护栖息地和物种？我们应该关系什么？这个问题最引人注目的回答可能是：“把我们自己当成一个物种去生存”。人类唯一的生存方式是小心和可持续的利用地球资源。

Estimates have varied greatly about how many species there are alive on earth today. Different scientists have estimated between 2 million and 100 million species, where only about 1.6 million species have actually been described. New species are being discovered and described every year, especially in the tropics. It was not long ago that whole new ecosystems on the deep-sea floor were discovered. An environment that was thought to be relatively empty was found to hold a diverse community of organisms living together around deep-sea vents, thousands of meters away from sunlight.

已经最大范围的估算了现在地球上还有多少物种存在。不同的科学家已经估算了是二百万到一亿之间，但是实际上只有160万的物种被描述。每年都有新的物种被发现和被描述，尤其是在热带。不久前全新的生态系统在深海层被发现。在距离阳光数千米处的深海入口处，一个相对较空的环境被发现支撑着多种有机共同体一起生活。

Unfortunately for nature, biodiversity is facing a great challenge due almost entirely to one strong competitor—humans. The rapid increase in global human population has resulted in major threats to our natural environment and many of its species. Humans have applied skills to alter nature in such abrupt ways that many species have had no chance to adapt to the new conditions. Since no one knows exactly how many species there are, it is difficult to say how fast the extinction rate is. It has on the other hand, been estimated that between five and 10 species may disappear every DAY. (Some even say that this number is an understatement). This would add up to several thousand species every year.

对自然界不幸的是，生物多样性正面临着一个巨大的挑战——人类，几乎是一个强大的竞争者。全球人口的迅速增长对我们的自然环境和许多物种造成了主要的威胁。人类已经使用技术去改造自然，以这种许多物种没有机会去适应新环境的突然方式。因为没有人知道具体有多少物种，很难说请物种灭绝的速度是多少。另外，据估计，每天有5-10个物种可能消失。（一些人甚至说这个数字是低估了的）。这将增加至每年几千物种。

Extinctions have been occurring naturally for as long as earth has existed. The most commonly mentioned mass extinction was when the dinosaurs died out approximately 64 million years ago. The difference nowadays is that the extinction rate during the 20th century seems to have gone several thousands of times faster than before. It is obvious that we do need land grow crops on, and we do need construction material to build houses for people to live in and, of course, we need to find ways to feed all people of the world. The problem is just how we could do this without causing more disturbances on nature, and what the results may be if we ignore the conservation of nature trying to solve these problems.

灭绝从地球存在开始就自然而然地出现。最普遍提到的大量灭绝的是650万年前的恐龙灭绝。现在不同的是20世纪的灭绝速度看起来是以前的几千倍。很明显，我们确实需要在土地上种植庄稼，我们也确实需要用建筑材料去建给人们居住的房子，当然，我们需要找到喂饱全世界所有人类的方法。问题是我们要怎么做才能不对自然界造成干扰，如果我们忽视保护自然的后果可能是什么，尝试去解决这些问题。

Unit 4 Wetlands

Economic Benefits of Wetlands

湿地的经济价值

Only recently have we begun to understand the importance of the functions that wetlands perform. Far from being useless, disease-ridden places, wetlands provide values that no other ecosystem can, including natural water quality improvement, flood protection, shoreline erosion control, opportunities for recreation and aesthetic appreciation, and natural products for our use at no cost. Wetlands can provide on or more of these functions. Protecting wetlands in turn can protect our safety and welfare.

直到最近，我们才开始认识到湿地功能的重要性。湿地可以提供其他生态系统所不能提供的价值，包括提高自然界中水的质量、抗洪、控制海岸线侵蚀、提供娱乐与美学欣赏机会和可以无代价的使用自然产品，完全不是一个没用和疾病横生的地方。除此之外，湿地还可以提供更多的功能。保护湿地就是保护我们的安全和幸福。

Water Quality and Hydrology

水质量与水文学

Wetlands have important filtering capabilities for intercepting surface water runoff from higher dry land before the runoff reaches open water. As the runoff water passes through, the wetlands retain excess nutrients and some pollutants, and reduce sediment that would clog waterways and affect fish and amphibian egg development. In performing this filtering function, wetlands save us a great deal of money.

湿地具有重要的过滤功能，该功能可以拦截从干旱的高处流到开阔水的地表水。在地表径流经过时，湿地可以储存过量的营养物质和一些污染物，并减少可能阻塞水道和影响鱼类产卵的沉淀物。湿地的过滤功能可以为我们节省一大笔钱。

In addition to improving water quality through filtering, some wetlands maintain stream flow during dry periods, and many replenish groundwater. Many Americans depend on groundwater for drinking.

除了通过过滤提高水体质量，一些湿地可以在干旱时期维持溪流的流动。

Flood Protection

防洪

Wetlands function as natural sponges that trap and slowly release surface water, rain, snowmelt, groundwater and flood waters and distribute them more slowly over the floodplain. This combined water storage and braking action lowers flood heights and reduces erosion. Wetlands within and downstream of urban areas are particularly valuable, counteracting the greatly increased rate and volume of surface water runoff from pavement and buildings.

湿地的功能像海绵一样可以保留和缓慢释放地表水、雨水、融雪水和地下水。树、根系及其他湿地植物也可以降低洪水速度并缓慢分配在泛滥平原中。湿地通过储存与阻碍的功能降低了洪水高度，减缓了土壤侵蚀。城市中的湿地及湿地下游是非常有价值的，因为这可以大大缓冲从路面和建筑中流出的地表径流的增加速度和体积。

The holding capacity of wetlands helps control floods and prevents water-logging of crops. Preserving and restoring wetlands, together with other water retention, can often provide the level of flood control otherwise provided by expensive dredge operations and levees. The bottomland hardwood-riparian wetlands along the Mississippi River once stored at least 60 days of

floodwater. Now they store only 12 days because most have been filled or drained.

湿地的持水功能可以帮助控制洪水和防止庄稼地积水。保护和恢复湿地同时保护其他水体，常常可以提供防洪功能。否则只能由疏浚工程及堤坝实现防洪。密西西比河边的湿地曾经至少储存过16天洪水。由于湿地被填满或排干，现在只能储存12天。

Shoreline Erosion

海岸线侵蚀

The ability of wetlands to control erosion is so valuable that some states in the US are restoring wetlands in coastal areas to buffer the storm surges from hurricanes and tropical storms. Wetlands at the margins of lakes, rivers, bays, and the ocean protect shorelines and stream banks against erosion. Wetland plants hold the soil in place with their roots, absorb the energy of waves, and break up the flow of stream or river currents.

湿地控制海岸线侵蚀的功能是非常重要的。因此美国的一些州正在恢复沿海的湿地并以此来缓冲飓风和热带风暴所带来的暴风雨。湖边、河边、海湾边、海边的湿地可以保护海岸线河岸不被侵蚀，湿地植物可以通过根系来保持土壤、吸收水流的能量并分散溪水和河流的流动。

Fish and Wildlife Habitat

鱼类和野生动物的栖息地

More than one-third of the United States’ threatened and endangered species live only in wetlands, and nearly half use wetlands at some point in their lives. Many other animals and plants depend on wetlands for survival.

美国超过三分之一的受威胁物种和濒危物种只能在湿地中生存，接近一半的物种会在一生中某一时刻使用湿地。其他很多的动物和植物依靠湿地生存。

Estuarine and marine fish and shellfish, various birds, and certain mammals must have coastal wetlands to survive. Most commercial and game fish breed and raise their young in coastal marshes and estuaries. Menhaden, flounder, sea trout, spot, croaker, and striped bass are among the more familiar fish that depend on coastal wetlands. Shrimp, oysters, clams, and blue and Dungeness crabs likewise need these wetlands for food, shelter, and breeding grounds.

河口和海岸的鱼类和贝壳类生物、各种鸟类和某些哺乳动物必须有沿海的湿地才能生存。大部分的商业的和供垂钓的鱼都是在沼泽及河口喂养。

For many animals and plants, such as wood ducks, muskrats, cattails, and swamp roses, inland wetlands are the only places they can live. Beavers may actually create their own wetlands. For others, such as striped bass, peregrine falcons, otters, black bears, raccoons, and deer, wetlands provide important food, water, or shelter. Many of the U.S. breeding bird populations-including ducks, geese, woodpeckers, hawks, wading birds, and many songbirds-feed, nest, and raise their young in wetlands. Migratory waterfowl use coastal and inland wetlands as resting, feeding, breeding, or nesting grounds for at least part of the year. Indeed, an international agreement to protect wetlands of international importance was developed because some species of migratory birds are completely dependent on certain wetlands and would become extinct in those wetlands were destroyed.

许多动物和植物，例如木鸭，麝香，香蒲和沼泽玫瑰，只能生存在湿地内陆中，其他例如条纹贝司，旅游猎鹰，水獭，黑熊，浣熊和鹿，依靠湿地提供的食物、水、栖息地生存。美国许多鸟类（例如鸭，鹅，啄木鸟，鹰，涉水鸟和许多鸣禽）喂养。筑巢及抚养幼鸟都是在湿地中进行的。迁徙的水鸟将将湿地岸边和内陆作为休息、喂养、繁殖、筑巢的场所。并且关于保护湿地的国际价值的国际协议已经产生。这是因为一些迁徙鸟类只能依

靠某些湿地生存。但是随着湿地的破坏，这些鸟类也将灭绝。

Natural Products for Our Economy

We use a wealth of natural products from wetlands, including fish and shellfish, blueberries, cranberries, timber, and wild rice, as well as medicines that are derived from wetland soils and plants. Many of the nation’s fishing and shell-fishing industries harvest wetland-dependent species; the catch is valued at US$15 billion a year.

为经济提供的自然产品

我们可以从湿地中获取丰富的自产品，包括鱼类、贝壳类生物、蓝莓、蔓越莓、野生稻及来源于湿地土壤和植物中的药物。国家的许多渔业和贝壳类生物加工业收获了很多依赖湿地生存的物种，美国每年的收获价值有150亿美元。

Recreation and Aesthetics

Wetlands have recreational. Historical, scientific, and cultural values. More than half of all U.S. adults (98 million) hunt, fish, bird watch or photograph wildlife. They spend a total of

US$59.5 billion annually. Painters and writers continue to capture the beauty of wetlands on canvas and paper, or through cameras, and video and sound recorders. Others appreciate these wonderlands through hiking, boating, and other recreational activities. Almost everyone likes being on or near the water; part of the enjoyment is the varied, fascinating life forms.

娱乐和美学

湿地具有娱乐性、历史性、科学性和文化价值、全美国成年人超过一半打猎、钓鱼、观鸟及拍摄野生动物，每年他们总计花费59.5百亿美元。画家和作家坚持通过油画、纸、相机、录像机和录音机捕捉湿地的美丽。其他人通过远足、游船和其他娱乐活动来欣赏如仙境的湿地。大部分人都喜欢接近水。这些娱乐活动是多种多样的、有吸引力的生活方式。

Unit 5 Agricultural High Technology

GM Crops: Food of the Future?

Genetically-modified crops have made a big splash in the news lately. During the Oxford Farming Conference, held in London early this month, the British government’s chief scientist. Professor John Beddington, warned that Britain must embrace genetically-modified (GM) crops and cutting-edge developments to avoid catastrophic food shortage; and future climate change (The Guardian, 7 January 2010).

在最近的新闻中转基因农作物引起了轰动，月初在伦敦举行的牛津农业会议，英国政府首席科学家John Beddington声明说，英国必须接受转基因食物和最前沿的发展，以避免灾难性的粮食短缺和未来气候变化。

This announcement came under fire from farmers, academics and environmental groups. They fear that GM seeds will erode traditional farmers’ rights and practices, contaminate seed supplies, and increase farmers’ dependence on private monopolized agricultural resources.

这个声明受到农民、科学和环境组织的攻击，他们担心转基因种子会侵蚀传统农民的权利的生产，污染种子供应，增加农民对私人垄断农业资源的依赖性。

In recent years, hundreds of millions of acres around the world (the US tops the list followed by Canada) have been planted with GM seeds. These seeds are derived from organisms whose DNA has been modified through genetic engineering. They are altered using lab techniques that make a particular crop drought-tolerant, resistant to pests, or richer in a particular nutrient.

在最近几年，来自世界的成千上万的区域种植了转基因食物，这些种子来自DNA已经通过基因工程改变的有机体，通过实验技术改变成耐旱、抗虫或具有营养的种子。

There are many concerns about GM foods, including issues relating to health, the environment and contamination. Environmentalists and farmers fear that genetically-engineered insect-resistant crops could harm beneficial insects and upset ecosystem balances. Some scientists share their concern that genes inserted into plant or animal foods may inadvertently create now allergens (substances that cause allergies in some individuals) or toxins. There are also concerns about the overall threat to the seed diversity and the healthy diversity of our food supply.

与转基因食物相关的问题很多，包括健康、环境和污染。环境学家和工人担心转基因抗虫作物会伤害有益昆虫、破坏生态平衡。有一些科学家担心，把基因植入植物和动物的食物中可能会不经意地创造出新的过敏原和毒素。他们同样关心种子多样性的威胁和我们供应食品的健康多样性。

Climate change and its current and potential impacts on food supplies have an increasing profile globally. Increasing global population and urbanization combined with the need to combat climate change, means the world will need to produce more food over the next decades, using less land, less water, less fertilizer and less pesticide.

气候变化和当前潜在的食品供应因素已经上升为全球化。全球人口增多和城市化的需求及与大气变化的对抗，意味着在未来的几十年世界需要使用更少的水、肥料和杀虫剂来生产更多的食物。

In the race tackle the problems of climate change, a growing number of countries are viewing GM crops as a vital tool for feeding a growing world population from a limited supply of agricultural land. According to Eldis, a database and email service of information sources on

international development, ‘Transgenic crops, with traits like drought-tolerance or the ability to use nitrogen more efficiently, are proposed as vital tools to enable farmers to adapt to a warmer, drier climate.’ UK-based PG Economics recently confirmed that genetically-modified (GM) crops had significantly reduced to release of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural practices through less fuel use and additional soil carbon storage from reduced tillage associated with GM crops.

为了解决气候变化的问题，越来越多的国家把转基因食品作为一种重要的工具来满足在有限的农业用地上逐渐增长的世界人口的食品问题。根据国际发展会上的基础数据和邮件服务信息资源，具有耐旱和高效利用氮的特性的转基因作物被建议为重要的工具使农民来应对温暖、潮湿的天气。通过使用更少的燃料、减少转基因农作物耕作来增加土壤CO2的储蓄量，转基因作物已经明显地减少农业生产的温室气体的排放量。

Critics of GM point out that GM crops are ineffective in tackling the underlying political and economic causes of food insecurity including the lack of access to land, water and energy. They argue that GM food could be disastrous for small-scale farmers as the costs are much higher and they risk falling into debt. Many farmers also believe that the profit of the agrochemical industry is main force behind the emergence of GM crops.

转基因的批判者指出，在处理由于土壤、水和能源短缺的食品不安全问题所造成的潜在的政治问题上，转基因作物的作用是无效的。对于小规模农场来说，转基因作物是灾难性的，因为昂贵的价格会让他们负债，很多农民也相信转基因作物出现后，农业工业的利益受到限制。

Genetically-modified crops could provide more and better choices for farmers, but so far, they represent a limited genetic ownership. Four multinational corporations—Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer Crop Science and DuPont—now control most of the GM seeds and pesticides market—pesticides are made by the same companies that engineer the seeds. To purchase genetically-modified seeds, a farmer must sign an intellectual property agreement in order to prevent the duplication of the genetic enhancements.

对于农民来说，转基因农作物可提供更多更好的选择，但是目前，他们受到基因权属的限制。四个跨国公司目前控制着大多数的转基因种子和杀虫剂市场。农民必须签证至少产权协议为了阻止基因成倍的增加。

With this total monopoly over GM seeds, it is impossible for independent researchers to verify how these crops are actually performing. Under the threat of litigation, scientists cannot test a seed to explore the different conditions under which it thrives or fails. And perhaps most importantly, they cannot examine whether the genetically-modified crops lead to unintended environmental side effects. (Scientific American Magazine, August 2009)

在基因种子的垄断之下，研究者去查证这些农作物是如何生长是不可能的。在诉讼的威胁下，科学家无法通过探究不同的条件下种子是繁荣生长还是失败的。更重要的是，科学家们无法检测转基因是否会导致意料之外的环境边缘影响。

Although agrochemical companies and scientists have spent a lot of time and money to convince people that there is really nothing to worry about, consumers have reacted strongly against GM food. For many, the claim that having GM crops will help reacted strongly against GM food. For many, the claim that having GM crops will help to feed the world’s growing population is invalid. Many people in the world are suffering from hunger because they cannot afford to buy food, not because it is unavailable.

尽管农业公司和科学家已经花费大量的时间和金钱来说服人们不用担心，但是顾客还是表现出强烈反对转基因食物。转基因可以解决世界增长人口温饱问题的声明是无效的，世界上仍然有很多人遭受饥饿因为他们支付不起食物的费用而不是食物不能供应。

For GM crops to be seen as solution for future food shortages, academic freedom should be guaranteed for scientists to work independently of biotechnology companies. Governments should also introduce competition rules to prevent private sector monopolies and effective institutions to enforce them. There is also a need to increase funds to public sector agricultural research in support for sustainable, safe and farmer-led agriculture.

也许转基因农作物可以解决将来食物短缺的问题。科学家们可单独为生物公司工作的学术自由应该得到保障政府应该出台竞争规则去阻止私人垄断和有效的法规制止他们。提高对农业部门研究的投资力度，支持可持续的，安全的，农民引导的农业。

Unit 6 Low-Carbon Agriculture

Low-Carbon Agriculture

低碳农业

Along with economic development, greenhouse gas emissions are increasing year by year. High emissions have led to global warming and abnormal weather that is threatening human survival and development. Since human beings stepped into the industrial society, the global temperature has been on an upward trend. In the period 1860-2000, the global surface temperature increased 0.4-0.8℃(an average of 0.6 ℃). 90.3℃of greenhouse gases are emitted by humans, 56.6 % of which is carbon dioxide emitted by burning. 19.4 % is carbon dioxide produced by deforestation, bio-humus and peat. The remaining 14.3 % is methane produced by agriculture waste and energy.

随着经济的发展，每年温室气体的排放正在不断增加。高排放导致的全球变暖和不正常的天气正在威胁人类的生存和发展。自从人类步入工业化社会，全球气温已经呈现上升趋势。在1860到2000这个阶段，全球表面温度增加了0.4到0.8摄氏度。90.3%的温室气体是由人类发出的，56.6%的温室气体是通过燃烧释放的二氧化碳。19.4%是通过森林砍伐、生物腐殖物和煤炭产生的二氧化碳。剩余的14.3%是由农业、废弃物和能源产生的甲烷。

In 2003, Britain released ‘Energy White Paper 2003: Our Energy Future-Creating a Low-Carbon Economy’ and the concept ‘low-carbon revolution’. It refers to an economic model of low pollution and low emissions, targeted at efficiently using energy, developing clean energy and achieving green GDP. Green GDP is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored in, which mainly means a GDP achieved by producing the lowest GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions and pollution, having the highest energy efficiency and using green renewable energies.

在2003年，英国发布了‘2003能源白皮书：我们能源的未来-创造一个低碳经济’和‘低碳经济’的概念首次被提出。现在他已经成为一个全球的关注点，被称为第四次低碳革命。它参考的一种低污染和低释放的经济模式，目的是有效地使用能源，发展清洁能源和完成绿色GDP。绿色GDP是经济增长的一个指标，把环境后果纳入增长的重要因素，这就意味着一个GDP的完成需要通过最低的温室气体的排放和污染，有着做高的能源效率和使用绿色可再生的能源。

Low-carbon agriculture as an important part of low-carbon economy refers to low energy consumption, low pollution and low emissions, the so-called ‘three lows’ of agriculture. It makes sure the least greenhouse gases can be emitted by agricultural input, production and operation as well as producing the maximum social benefits. Its core concept is efficient and safe agriculture. It can link agriculture, industry and services.

低碳农业作为低碳经济一个重要的部分涉及低的能源消耗，低污染和低排放，这所谓的农业的“三低”。要保证通过农业的投入，生产，经营释放最少的温室气体同时产生最大的社会效益。它的核心概念是有效的安全的农业。它可以把农业、工业和服务业联系起来。

Since agriculture, from its role in food production, energy production, natural resource management and land-use, is at the heart of the transition to a low-carbon economy, it is very

important to measure the GHG emissions of different agricultural products and practices. An environmental (ecological) footprint is calculated by preparing a cradle-to-grave life-cycle analysis(LCA) where all of the potential environmental impacts of a product are assessed by quantifying and evaluating the resources consumed and emissions produce at all stages of its life-cycle-from extraction of the resource to the production and use of raw materials, the product itself, and the use of the product to its reuse, recycling or final disposal. So its agricultural footprint is accounted for in this way.

农业从其在食品生产，能源生产，自然资源管理和土地使用中的作用来看，它是过渡到低碳经济的核心，它是非常重要的去测量不同农业农业产品和实践的温室气体的排放。生态足迹是通过生命周期去分析计算的，通过量化评估生命周期的所有阶段消耗的资源和产生的排放来评价它对环境造成的潜在影响。产品的所有阶段包括从资源的提取，到原材料的生产和使用，以及产品本身，产品的使用到它的在使用、循环和最后的处理。所以它的农业足迹通过这种方式来表达的。

Each year, agriculture emits 10 to 12 percent of the total estimated GHG emissions, some 5.1 to 6.1 Gt CO2 equivalents per year. In fact, agriculture contributes one of the largest components to a typical population’s eco-footprint. So both farmers and policymakers face challenges from the GHG-related changes needed in agriculture though they are still very optimistic about the potential to cut the GHG emissions from agriculture by a significant amount. For the moment, to achieve a low-carbon sustainable agriculture, areas for improvement include increased use of no-till cropping, agro-forestry, integrated crop and animal farming, and decreased use of external inputs in food and agriculture.

每年，农业排放的温室气体占用排放量的10到20%，相当于等量的5.1到6.1%的二氧化碳的排放。事实上，农业是典型的人口的生态足迹的最大组成部分之一。所以农民和决策制定者面临来自农业所需的温室气体相关变化的挑战，尽管他们在减少大量来自农业温室气体排放的潜力方面仍然非常乐观。目前，为了完成可持续的低碳农业，可以提高的地方包括：增加免耕的使用，复合农林业，农业和畜牧业结合种植，减少在食物和农业的外部投入的使用。

Decreased use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, transgenic techniques for higher yields, increased rotation of crops and grazing, and substituting bio-based fuels and other renewable energies for fossil fuels in agricultural practices are also contained. Besides, more efficient and effective nutrient and irrigation management, increased carbon storage by planting more trees and grass. Prevention of cropland erosion and desertification, reduction of man-made fires, and conversion of marginal croplands into grasslands or forests are parts of the cate gory. The techniques employed in organic agriculture are valuable for consideration in these efforts.

在农业实践中减少使用杀虫剂和化学肥料，为了高产的转基因技术，增加循环放牧，生物燃料和其他可再生的能源来代替化石燃料。此外，更加有效率和效果的养分和灌溉管理，通过种植更多的树和草地来增加碳储藏，防止农田侵蚀和荒漠化，减少人为的火，把边缘的农田转化为草地和森林。在有机农业采用的技术在这些努力的认识上是有价值的。

Unit 7 Urban Planning

The Granite Garden

Seen from space, the earth is a garden world, a planet of life, a sphere of blues and greens sheathed in a moist atmosphere. At night, lights of cities twinkle far below, forming constellations as distinct and varied as those of the heavens beyond. The dark spaces that their arcs embrace, however, are not voids of space, but are replete with forests and farms, prairies and deserts. As the new day breaks, the city lights fade, overpowered by the light of the sun, blues seas and green forests and grassland emerge, surrounding and penetrating the vast urban constellations. Even from the great distance above the earth, the cities are a gray mosaic permeated by tendrils and specks of green, the large rivers and great parks within them.

从太空中看，地球是一个花园世界，一个充满生命的星球，一个在潮湿的气候里覆盖着蓝色与绿色的球体。在夜里，下方的远处，城市的灯光在闪烁，形状就像外太空中各种各样清晰的星座。他们呈弧形包围这黑暗的空间，但这空间并非空无一物，而是充满了森林、农田、草原和沙漠。爱黎明时分，城市的灯光渐渐消失，被阳光笼罩，蔚蓝的海洋和翠绿的森林与草原浮现其中，巨大的城市星座被它们围绕与渗透，即使是从距离地球表面很远的高空看下去，城市就像灰色的马赛克，绿色的卷须与斑点、巨大的河流和大型公园遍布其中。

Homing in on a single constellation from hundreds of miles up, one cannot yet discern the buildings. But the fingers and patches and green-stream valley, steep hillsides, parks, and fields-swell and multiply. The suburban forest surrounds the city; large lakes and ponds catch the sunlight and shimmer. Swinging in, now only a few miles up, the view if filled by a single city. Tall buildings spring up toward the sky, and smaller homes poke up out of the suburban forest. Greens differentiate themselves into many hues. Silver ribbons of roadway flash across the landscape, and stream meanders interrupt and soften the edges of the city’s angular grid.

回到一个单一星座的百米高空之上，这是还不能辨别出建筑物的轮廓。但那些条状的、块状的、绿色的——河谷、险峻的山峰、公园和农田——凸现出来并迅速增加。郊区的森林围绕着城市，巨大的湖泊和池塘反射阳光，闪着微光、纵深下跃，现在距离地面只有几英里高，视野被单一城市填满。高楼耸入云端，小屋从城郊森林中露出。不同色调的绿色相互区别着。银色缎带般的车道在风景中闪现，蜿蜒曲折的河流截断并柔和了城市有棱有角的格局的边缘。

Flying low, one skims over a city teeming with life. The amount of green in the densest part of the city is astonishing; trees and gardens grow atop buildings and in tiny plots of soil. On the ground, a tree-of-heaven sapling is thriving in the creak between pavement and building, and hardy weed trusts itself up between curb and sidewalk. Its roots fan out beneath the soil in search of nutrients and water. Beneath the pavement, underground rivers roar through the sewers.

向低处飞，来到城市中一个充满生机的区域。在高楼密布的城区中绿色植物的数量惊人的少。树林和花园生长在建筑顶部和极少的土地上。在地面上，臭椿树苗旺盛地生长在来路面与建筑物的夹缝中，耐寒的杂草生长在路边和人行道之间。为了探寻营养与水分，它的根在土中呈扇形展开。在路面一下，地下河呼啸着流过下水道。

The city is a granite garden, composed of many smaller gardens, set in a garden world. Parts of the granite garden are cultivated intensively, but the great part is unrecognized and neglected.

城市是一个嵌入花园世界的花岗岩花园，由许多小花园组成。花岗岩花园的各个组成

部分栽植得很集中，但大部分并未被识别出或是被忽略了。

To the idle eye, trees and parks are the sole remnants of nature in the city. But nature in the city is far more than trees and gardens, and weeds in the sidewalk cracks and vacant lots. It is the air we breathe, the earth we stand on, the water we drink and excrete, and the organisms with which we share our habitat. Nature in the city is the powerful force that can shake the earth and cause it to slide, heave, or crumple. It is a broad flash of exposed rock strata on a hillside, the overgrown outcrops in an abandoned quarry, the millions of organisms cemented in fossiliferous limestone of a downtown building. It is rain and the rushing sound of underground rivers buried in storm sewers. It is water from a faucet, delivered by pipes from some outlying river or reservoir, then used and washed away into the sewer, returned to the waters of river and sea. Nature in the city is an evening breeze, a corkscrew eddy swirling down the face of a building, the sun and the sky. Nature in the city is dogs and cats, rats in the basement, pigeons on the sidewalks, raccoons in the culverts, and falcons crouched on skyscrapers. It is a consequence of a complex interaction between the multiple purpose and activities of human being and other living creatures and of the natural processes that govern the transfer of the energy, the movement of air, the erosion of the earth, and the hydrologic cycle. The city is part of nature.

随意一瞥，森林和公园是大自然在城市中仅有的残存部分。但城市中的自然远远不止是树林、公园、人行道裂缝中的杂草和空着的许多（物质）。它是我们呼吸的空气，我们站立的土地，我们喝下和分泌的水和我们在栖息地中共享的有机物质。城市中的自然有很强的力量，可以晃动大地，使大地下滑、上下起伏或起褶皱。它是山腰上一段宽阔的、闪光的裸露岩层，它是被遗弃的采石场中杂草丛生的裸露岩石，它是粘在一栋市中心建筑的化石石灰岩上的百万有机体。它是雨，是掩埋在极不平静的下水道中，地下河奔腾流动的声音。它是水龙头中的水，被管子从偏僻的河流或蓄水池中传递过来，然后被利用并冲入下水道，回归到河流域海洋的水域。城市中的自然是小狗小猫，是地下室的大老鼠，是人行道上的鸽子，是涵洞里的浣熊，是摩天大楼上蜷伏着的猎鹰。这是人类和其他生物之间多重目的和活动的复杂的相互作用的结果，也是支配能量转化，空气流动、土壤侵蚀和水循环的自然进程的结果。城市是自然的一部分。

Nature is a continuum, with wildness at one pole and the city at the other. The same natural processes operate in the wildness and in the city. Air, however contaminated, is always a mixture of gases and suspended particles. Paving and building stones are composed of rock, and they affect heat gain and water runoff just as exposed rock surfaces do anywhere. Plants, whether exotic or native, invariably seek a combination of light, water, and air to survive. The city is neither wholly natural nor wholly contrived. It is not ‘unnatural’ but, rather, a transformation of ‘wild’ nature by mankind to serve its own needs, just as agricultural fields are managed for food production and forests for timber. Scarcely a spot on earth, however remote, is free from the impact of human activity. The human needs and environmental issues that arise from them are thousand s of years old, as old as the oldest city, repeated in every generation, in cities on every continent.

自然是一个连续体，野生环境是一端，城市是另一端。相同的自然过程在野外与城市中运作。已被污染的空气通常是气体和悬浮颗粒的混合物。铺路和建楼的石头构成岩石，而他们在任何地方都像暴露的岩石表面一样影响这热增益和径流。不论是入侵植物还是本土植物，都一如既往的寻找光、水、气的联合体来生存。城市既非完全自然，也非完全人造。它并非是“不自然”的，换言之，人类将“野生”自然进行转换，使其为自己的需求服务，就如人类经营农业来生产食物产品，经营林木来获取木材。不论是多么遥远的地方，地球

上几乎没有任何一方土地是不受人类活动影响的。从最古老的城市产生时起，由人类需求所引发的自然问题就已出现，至今已有千年之久，并在每个时代中每块大陆的城市里重演着。

The realization that nature is ubiquitous, a whole that embraces the city, has powerful implications for how the city is built and maintained and for the health, safety, and welfare of every resident. Unfortunately, tradition has set the city against nature, and the nature against the city. The belief that the city is the entity apart from nature and even antithetical to it has dominated the way in which the city is perceived and continues to affect how it is built. This attitude has aggravated and even created many of the city’s environmental problems: poisoned air and water; depleted or irretrievable resources; more frequent and more destructive floods; increased energy demands and higher construction and maintenance costs than existed prior to urbanization; and in many cities, a pervasive ugliness/ modern urban problems are no different. In essence. From those that plagued ancient cities, except in degree, in the toxicity and persistence of new contaminants, and in the extent of the earth that is now urbanized. As cities grow, these issues have become pressing. Yet they continue to be treated as isolated phenomena, rather than as related phenomena arising from common human activities, exacerbated by a disregard for the processes of nature.

自然是一个环绕城市的整体，它无处不在。这一认识对如何建造和维护一个能给所有市民带来健康、安全和幸福的城市有着重要的意义。不幸的是，传统观念中将城市放在自然的对立面。人们相信城市是脱离自然独立存在的。自然租到这人类对城市的理解方式，并持续影响着城市的建造方法，人们甚至相信城市与自然的这些功能是对立的。这一看法是城市的环境问题恶化，甚至引发了新的环境问题：有毒的空气和水，资源被耗尽或消耗不可再生资源，更频繁更具有破坏力的洪水，增加的能源需求、比城市化之前更高的建筑和维护成本，还有在许多城市中普遍存在的丑陋。除了在程度、新污染物的毒性和持久性、地球上城市化的程度等方面有不同之处，现代都市所面临的问题和折磨着古代城市的难题从本质上没有区别。随着城市日渐繁荣，这些问题变得更加紧迫。现今，这些问题仍被认为是独立存在的现象，而不是从普通人类活动总产生的有联系的现象，而忽视自然规律使其日益严重。

Nature has been seen as an embellishment, as a luxury, rather than as an essential force that permeates the city. Even those who have sought to introduce nature to the city in the form of parks and gardens have frequently viewed the city as something foreign to nature, and have seen themselves as bringing a piece of nature to the city.

自然被看做是装饰品、奢侈品，而不是城市中的基本力量。即使有些人频繁地将城市看做是自然之外的东西，这些人探寻这将自然以公园与花园的形式引入城市之中的方法，并以为自己将自然的一部分带入了城市。

To seize the opportunities inherent in the city’s natural environment, to see beyond short-term costs and benefits, to perceive the consequences of the myriad, seemingly unrelated actions that take up daily city life, and to coordinate thousands of incremental improvement, a fresh attitude to the city and molding of it is necessary. The city must be recognized as part nature and designed accordingly. The city, the suburbs, the countryside must be viewed as single, evolving system within nature, as must every individual park and building within that larger whole. The social value of nature must be recognized and its power harnessed, rather than resisted. Nature in the city must be cultivated, like a garden, rather than ignored or subdued.

为把握本就存在于城市自然环境中的机遇，超越短期成本与利益，察觉到日常城市生

现代大学英语精读翻译

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第三课 T1. Today we are in the throes of a worldwide reformation of cultures, a tectonic shift of habits and dreams called, in the curious vocabulary of social scientists, “globalization”. (Para.1)今天我们正经历着一种世界范围文化剧变的阵痛,一种习俗与追求的结构性变化,用社会科学家奇特的词汇来称呼这种变化,就叫“全球化”. T2. Whatever their backgrounds or agendas, these critics are convinced that Western—often equated with American—influences will flatten every cultural crease, producing, as one observer terms it, one big “McWorld”. (Para.4) 不管他们的背景和纲领如何,这些对全球化持反对态度的人深信西方的影响—往往等同于美国的影响—会把所有文化上的差异一一压平,就像一位观察家所说的,最终产生一个麦当劳世界,一个充斥美国货和体现美国价值观的世界. T3. But I also discovered that cultures are as resourceful, resilient, and unpredictable as the people who compose them. (Para.8) 不过我也发现文化就如同构成文化的民族一样,善于随机应变,富有弹性而且不可预测.

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10.when an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you. 机不可失，时不再来;机会一过，永不再来。 11.make hay while the sun shines. 晒草要趁太阳好。 12.work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow. 今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能防碍多。 13.punctuality is the soul of business. 守时为立业之要素。

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Lesson Eight The Kindness of Strangers Mike Mclntyre 1. One summer I was driving from my home town of Tahoe City, Calif, to New Orleans. In the middle of the desert, I came upon a young man standing by the roadside. He had his thumb out and held a gas can in his other hand. I drove right by him. There was a time in the country when you' d be considered a jerk if you passed by somebody in need. Now you are a fool for helping. With gangs, drug addicts, murderers, rapists, thieves lurking everywhere, "I don't want to get involved" has become a national motto. 2. Several states later I was still thinking about the hitchhiker. Leaving him stranded in the desert did not bother me so much. What bothered me was how easily I had reached the decision. I never even lifted my foot off the accelerator. 3. Does anyone stop any more? I wondered. I recalled Blanche DuBois's famous line: "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers." Could anyone rely on the kindness of strangers these days? One way to test this would be for a person to journey from coast to coast without any money, relying solely on the good will of his fellow Americans. What kind of Americans would he find? Who would feed him, shelter him, carry him down the road? 4. The idea intrigued me. 5. The week I turned 37, I realized that I had never taken a gamble in my life. So I decided to travel from the Pacific to the Atlantic without a penny. It would be a cashless journey through the land of the almighty dollar. I would only accept offers of rides, food and a place to rest my head. My final destination would be Cape Fear in North Carolina, a symbol of all the fears I'd have to conquer during the trip. 6. I rose early on September 6, 1994, and headed for the Golden Gate Bridge with a 50-pound pack on my back and a sign displaying my destination to passing vehicles: "America." 7. For six weeks I hitched 82 rides and covered 4223 miles across 14 states. As I traveled, folks were always warning me about someplace else. In Montana they told me to watch out for the cowboys in Wyoming, In Nebraska they said people would not be as nice in Iowa. Yet I was treated with kindness everywhere I went. I was amazed by people's readiness to help a stranger, even when it seemed to run contrary to their own best interests. 8. One day in Nebraska a car pulled to the road shoulder. When I reached the window, I saw two little old ladies dressed in their Sunday finest." I know you're not supposed to pick up hitchhikers, but it's so far between towns out here, you feel bad passing a person," said the driver, who introduced herself as Vi. I didn't know whether to kiss them or scold them for stopping. This woman was telling me she'd rather risk her life than feel bad about passing a stranger on the side of the road. 9. Once when I was hitchhiking unsuccessfully in the rain, a trucker pulled over, locking his brakes so hard he skidded on the grass shoulder. The driver told me he was once robbed at knifepoint by a hitchhiker. "But I hate to see a man stand out in the rain," he added. "People don't have no heart anymore." 10. I found, however, that people were generally compassionate. Hearing I had no money and would take none, people bought me food or shared whatever they happened to have with them. Those who had the least to give often gave the most. In Oregon a house painter named Mike noted the chilly weather and asked if I had a coat. When he learned that I had "a light one," he drove me to his house, and handed me a big green army-style jacket. A lumber-mill worker named Tim invited me to a simple dinner with his family in their shabby house. Then he offered me his tent. I refused, knowing it was probably one of the family's most valuable possessions. But Tim was determined that I have it, and finally I agreed to take it. 11. I was grateful to all the people I met for their rides, their food, their shelter, and their gifts. But what I found most touching was the fact that they all did it as a matter of course.

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英语谚语大全【励志篇】 谚语是一门语言的精华，是一个民族智慧的结晶。以下是小编搜集整理的英语谚语大全励志篇，欢迎阅读。 英语谚语大全励志篇1 1.a bold attempt is half success. 勇敢的尝试是成功的一半。 2.all things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事必先难后易。 3.better late than never. 迟做总比不做好;晚来总比不来好。 4.constant dropping wears the stone. 滴水穿石。 5.east or west, home is best. 东好西好，还是家里最好。 6.god helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。 7.good company on the road is the shortest cut. 行路有良伴就是捷径。 8.great hopes make great man. 伟大的理想造就伟大的人。 9.Do one thing at a time, and do well. 一次只做一件事，做到最好! 10.Keep on going never give up. 勇往直前，决不放弃!

11.Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well. 任何值得做的事就值得把它做好! 12.Believe in yourself. 相信你自己! 13.I can because i think i can. 我行，因为我相信我行! 14.Action speak louder than words. 行动胜于言语! 15.Never say die. 永不气馁! 16.Never put off what you can do today until tomorrow. 今日事今日毕! 17.one today is worth two tomorrows. 一个今天胜似两个明天。 18.the tongue is boneless but it breaks bones. 舌无骨却能折断骨。 19.truth never fears investigation. 事实从来不怕调查。 20.two heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 21.Dont aim for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally. 如果你想要成功，不要去追求成功;尽管做你自己热爱的事情并且相信它，成功自然到来。 22.Knowlegde can change your fate and English can accomplish your future.

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半，将其断口处按在水箱的外壳上。香蕉遇到炙热的金属融成了胶， 立刻就堵住了漏洞。面对如此情景，我惊呆了，我当时的表情一定是 傻傻的，所有的人都笑了起来。他们把我的水箱装满水，又让我带上 一些香蕉，以防沿途中水箱再出问题。路上，我又用了一次青香蕉， 一个小时后，我开着车到达了目的地。当地的一修理工笑着问我：“谁教你用青香蕉的？”我告诉了他那个村子的名字。“他们有没有指给你看标志世界中心的那块岩石?”他问道。我告诉他，他们指给我看了。“我祖父就是那儿的人，”他说，“那的确是中心。一直以来这儿的人都知道。” 5.作为美国教育的产物，除了把青香蕉当作还没长熟的水果，我从来就没注意过它。但突然在那条山路上，当我需要它时，它正巧出 现了。可是仔细想一想，其实青香蕉一直在那儿存在着。时间可以追 溯到香蕉的最初的起源。那个村子里的人都知道它已经很多年了，我现在也因此认识它了。我开始珍视村民们的聪明才智和青香蕉的特殊 潜能。曾有一段时间，我一直困惑于教育家们提出的“领悟的瞬间”，而现在我知道自己刚刚同时经历了两个这样的瞬间。 6.我又用了一些时间来领会村民们认为那块标志着世界中心的 岩石的重要性。开始时我怀疑他们的说法，因为我知道实际上世界的中心是位于新英格兰的某个地方，毕竟，我的祖父就是那儿的人。但 我逐渐意识到他们的想法是很有道理的，我赞同了他们的看法。我们都倾向于把一个特殊的地方理解为“中心”：在那儿为人所知，我们也认识其他人；那儿的事物对我们来说都别有意义；那儿有我们的根，

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经典英语谚语50句 1. Waste not,want not. 俭以防匮。 2. From saving comes having. 富有来自节俭。 3. A penny saved is a penny gained. 省一文是一文。 4. Take care of the pence and the pound will take care of themselves. 金钱积少便成多。 5. Frugality is an estate alone. 节俭本身就是一宗财产。 6. He that regards not a penny,will lavish a pound. 小钱不知节省，大钱将滥花。 7. Small gains bring great wealth. 积小利，成巨富。 8. Many a little makes a mickle. 积少便成多。 9. As the touchstone tries gold,so gold tries man. 试金之石可试金，正如黄金能试人。 10. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue. 勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。 11. The path to glory is always rugged. 光荣之路常坎坷。 12. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try. 世上无难事，只要人肯试。 13. The fire is the test of gold;adversity of strong man. 烈火试真金，困苦炼壮士。 14. Great hopes make great man. 远大的希望造就伟大的人物。 15. No way is impossible to courage. 勇士面前无险路。 16. A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。 17. The good seaman is known in bad weather. 坏天气下才能识得出良好的海员；要识好海员，须凭坏天气。 18. The best hearts are always the bravest. 行为最勇敢的人心地总是最善良。 19. We must not lie down,and cry,God help us. 求神不如求己。 20. He that falls today may be up again tomorrow. 今天跌倒的人也许明天就会站起。

2022宁夏大学翻译硕士考研真题考研经验考研参考书

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【学校简介】 宁夏大学（Ningxia University），简称“宁大”（NXU），坐落于宁夏回族自治区首府银川市，是中华人民共和国教育部与宁夏回族自治区人民政府部省合作共建高校，为国家世界一流学科建设高校、211工程重点建设高校、中西部高校综合实力提升工程高校，入选卓越工程师教育培养计划、卓越农林人才教育培养计划、国家大学生创新性实验计划、国家级新工科研究与实践项目、国家大学生文化素质教育基地、教育部来华留学示范基地、中国政府奖学金来华留学生接收院校，是“一省一校”国家重点建设大学联盟（Z14）成员，教育部首批批准接收外国留学生的高校。[1] 宁夏大学的前身为1958年9月创建的宁夏师范学院、宁夏农学院。1962年9月，宁夏师范学院、宁夏农学院与宁夏医学院合并成立宁夏大学。1970年1月，宁夏医学院、宁夏农学院从宁夏大学分出独立办学。1997年12月，宁夏大学与宁夏工学院、银川师范高等专科学校（宁夏教育学院）合并组建宁夏大学。2002年2月，原宁夏大学与宁夏农学院合并成立宁夏大学。[1-2] 截至2019年3月，学校占地面积2938亩，教学实验农场1890亩，校舍建筑面积87万平方米，公开出版学术期刊4种；学校设有22个二级教学单位（学院），77个本科专业；有博士后科研流动站3个，一级学科博士点6个，二级学科博士点36个，一级学科硕士点31个，二级学科硕士点175个，15个专业硕士学位授权点；在校教职工2625人，全日制普通本科在校生17780人，研究生3626人，