上外 语言学 问答题整理

1.What are the main features of human language?

A. arbitrariness: It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds

B. productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and

interpretation of new signals by its users.

C. duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level there is a

structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But they can be grouped and

regrouped into a larger number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of

the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite

number of sentences.

D. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of

the speaker.

E. cultural transmission: While human capacity fro language has a genetic basis, the details of any

language system have to be taught and learned.

2.How are the English consonants classified? What are the phonemes in each category?

English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.

a. Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.

b. Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

c. Voicing:

3.How are the English vowels classified? What are the phonemes in each category?

A. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front, central, back

B. According to openness of the mouth: close, semiclose, semiopen, open

C. According to the shape of the lips: rounded, unrounded

4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.

1. Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.

For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ], then the next sound must be vowel.

2. Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme,

thus making the two phones similar.

For example, the [ i: ] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i: ] sound is followed by a nasal [ n ] or [ m ].

3. Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.

For example, in the pronunciation of the word sign, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. while in its corresponding form signature, the [ g ] is pronounced. Because the deletion rule is at work: Delete a [ g ] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.

5.Explain with examples the main rules of word formation.

1. Derivation (派生): new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation.

“singer”from”sing”“writer”from”write”

2. Compounding: stringing words together →“headstrong”, “without”

3. Coinage: a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose→”walkman”,” Kodak”

4. Clipping: the abbreviation of longer words or phrases→expo—exposition

Quake--earthquake

5. Blending: combining parts of other words. →smog-smoke+fog; motel—motor+hotel

6. Acronym: derive from the initials of several words. →IT—information technology

ISBN—international standard book number

7. Back-formation: new words can be coined already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to

be part of the old word. →to beg (derived from beggar);

to baby-sit (derived from baby-sitter)

8. Functional shift: words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.

→N.-V. to bug; V.-N. a hold

9. Borrowing: when different cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language

to another.→exit, beer

6.Draw the labeled tree diagrams of the two interpretations of the sentence The boy saw the man with a telescope.

1) The boy saw the man with a telescope.

Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.

2) The boy saw the man with a telescope.

The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.

7.Explain with examples the major sense relations from a lexical perspective.

1. Synonymy (同义) refers to the sameness of close similarity of meaning.

Eg. Dialectal synonyms: autumn—fall

Stylistic synonyms: dad—daddy

2. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning: accomlic? &collaborator

Collocational synonyms: accuse…of—charge with

Semantically different synonyms: amaze—astound

3. Polysemy(一词多义): The same one word may have more than one meaning

Table: 1. a piece of furniture

2. the food that is put on a table

3. a level area, a plateau

4. Homonymy(不同词，意义或拼写一样): words have different meanings have the same form.

Different words are identical in sound or spelling.

Homophones: red/read Homographs: lead/i:/ /e/ Complete homonyms

5. Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific

word.

Superordinate: flower. Hyponyms: rose Co-hyponyms

Antonymy: word are opposite in meaning

Gradable antonyms: old—young

Complementary antonyms: alive—dead

Relational opposites: teacher—pupil

8.What are the four maxims of the CP in pragmatics? Explain with examples how flouting these

maxims give rise to conversational implicature?

1. The maxim of quantity

1.make your contribution as informative as required.

2.do not make your contribution more informative than is required

eg. A: When is Susan’s farewell party?

B: Sometime next month.

The implicature that results is “I don’t wish to tell you when the party is going to be held”.

2. The maxim of quality

1.don’t say what you believe to be false

2.don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence

eg. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?

B: I’m afraid I have got a class on Sunday.

B’s implied message is “I don’t want to join you”.

3. The maxim of relation: Be relevant

eg. A: How did the math exam go today?

B: We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.

The implicature is “I don’t wish to talk about the math exam”.

4. The maxim of manner

1.avoid obscurity of expression

2.avoid ambiguity

3.be brief

4.be orderly

eg. A: Shall we get something for the kids?

B: Yes, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.

The implicature is “I don’t want the kids to know we’re talking about setting them some icecream.”

语言学概论简答题

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英语语言学试题及答案

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语言学概论试题及答案

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语言学纲要复习题

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1. What are the categories of lexical meaning? Lexical meaning includes: a) referential meaning (also denotative meaning). b) Associative meanings. Referential meaning is the central meaning and it is more stable and universal. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning, which are less stable and more culture-specific. Types of associative meanings: connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning 2. What are the components of metaphor? Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. That is to say all metaphors are composed of two components. This allows us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping. The source domain is concrete and familiar. The target domain is abstract and novel. 3. How does transformational grammar account for sentence- relatedness? 1) Sentence- relatedness: sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related. 2) According to Chomsky, a grammar as the tacit shared knowledge of all speakers is a system of finite rules by which an infinite number of sentences can be generated. He attempts to account for this aspect of syntax by postulating that deep structures and surface structures. 3) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules. 4) Surface structures are derived structures, the structures of sentences that we actually speak. Surface structures are derived from deep structures through transformational rules which include replacement, insertion, deletion and coping, etc. 5) There are five transformations: particle movement transformation, replacement, insertion, deletion and copying. 4. On what basis do linguists regard human language as species-specific (unique to humans)? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures. They spell out a number of features of language which are not found in animal communication systems. These features: creativity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity. These are universal features possessed by all human languages. Although some animal communication systems possess, to a very limited degree, one or another of these features except creativity and duality, none is found to have all the features. On this basis linguists tend to conclude that human languages are qualitatively different from animal communication systems. 5. What part of syntax can phrase structure rules account for and what they cannot? Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. These rules are part of speakers’ syntactic knowledge, which govern the construction