搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 文献阅读与翻译(精华版)

文献阅读与翻译(精华版)

文献阅读与翻译(精华版)
文献阅读与翻译(精华版)

Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation

1.Definition of Literature

Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.

As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.

2.Classification of Literature

1) Textbooks(课本) a kind of professional writing(一种专业的写作)

2) Monographs(专著) various viewpoints and discussions

3) Papers(论文) the theoretical analysis and experimental description

title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references

4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge

5) Periodicals (期刊) a series of publications

6)Special Documentation(特殊文档) all the printed materials

3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature

stylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing;

syntactically(结构上)scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary;

Morphologically(语法上)scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word

Principles or Criteria of Translation

Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries.

Unit 2 professional papers

2.1.Definition of professional papers

A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it.

2.2.Classification of professional papers

1)Report Paper

The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence

2) Research paper

A research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.

3) Course Paper

course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.

4) Thesis Paper

the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not

2.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers

Formal Style: A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. Specialized Terms:The terms in professional papers are typically specialized. Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collections.

Take the word “normal” as an example. Generally, it means “iEee”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”

Rigid Sentence Structure:The arguments in professional papers will be convincing if they are presented concisely and concretely. A rigid sentence structure is therefore reflected to meet this requirement.

Formatted Elements:Though there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finished form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.

Different meaning of story

(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. Event

这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。

(2) It is quite another story now. Situation

现在的情况完全不同了。

(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. Inside information

有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。

(4) He'll be very happy if that story holds up. Statement

如果这一说法当真,那他就太高兴了。

(5) The Rita Hayworth story is one of the saddest. Experience

丽泰·海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。

(6) A young man came to Scotti's office with a story. Law case

一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。

develop

(1)His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障)

(2)Modem aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力)

(3)Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (发明避雷

针)

(4)A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.

(5)Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success.

(提出理论)

(6)To develop the capabilities of geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高能力)

(7)Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.

(培育新品种)

(8)As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病)

(9)We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich. (开发

资源)

(10)Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床)

(11)In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and

material science. (进

行设计)

4) Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties

base

(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.

车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械)

(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.

众所周知,碱与酸反应生成盐。(化学)

(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.

晶体管有三个电极,即发射极,基极和集电极。(电子)

(4)Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC. AB 线是三角形 ABC 的底边。(数学)

(5)He is on the second base.

他在二垒。(体育)

Unit3 report

3.1. Definition of Report

A report is a form of communication in which the writer gives information to some person or organization because it is his/her responsibility to do so.

3.2. Content of Report

(1)Information or the date

(2)Calculations

(3)Conclusions

(4) A recommend/ recommendations

3.3 Classification of Reports

Informal Reports:Informal reports are short, each containing one to three pages of narrative and occasionally attachments such as drawings, photographs, and statistics, etc. They generally fall into the following kinds: incident reports, field trip reports, inspection reports, progress reports, and short investigation reports, etc.

Semiformal Reports:Semiformal reports refer to reports of the following kinds: test and laboratory reports, investigation or evaluation reports and suggestions and proposals, etc.

Formal Reports:Formal reports have a much more commanding presence than informal or even semiformal reports. A formal report is more likely to be referred to as a feasibility study, an investigation or evaluation report, a product analysis, or a project report. Sometimes one of these names may precede the report’s main title, but more often the name is omitted and the title stands alone (e.g., the words Evaluation Report or Investigation Report do not appear on the title page.) 3.4. Linguistic Features of Reports

3.4.1 Various Patterns

Letter form report

Schematic form report

Short report (or Summary report)

Mixed form report

3.4.2 Self-sufficient

A report should be serf-sufficient. That is, anyone who is likely to read it should be able to do so without having to rely on his/her memory or consult his/her files for extra information. This could be achieved by a clear opening of the report, the purpose of which is clearly identified.

3.4.3 More Active V oice

The pronoun “I” is readily evident in the informal memo reports. Since the reader of a report is normally pre-known by the writer, for example, of a feasibility study report, a progress report, etc., the active voice is usually used instead of the passive in the report.

3.4.4 Clear Citation

When the material is quoted directly, quotation marks must be used. If words are omitted from a quotation, ellipses (...) should be substituted. If information is quoted indirectly (without quotation marks, as in: President so and so believed that...), the original meaning should be conveyed as exactly as possible. In either case credit should be given to the information source.

3.4.5 Standard Language

Every report has a thesis--or point of view--unless it is purely descriptive, and the writer must make sure that the thesis is supported by the research.

The language used is normally not complex but straightforward. It is brief yet fully informative. Avoid cluttering the narrative with unnecessary words and expressions. Present facts clearly and in logical sequence.

The conclusion should be general and not too abrupt, and it should follow logically from what has preceded it.

Unit4 Abstracts

4.1. Definition of Abstracts

An abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.

4.2. Classification of Abstracts

Depending on which information they contain, abstracts can be classified into major types: indicative (or descriptive abstracts), informative abstracts, indicative-informative abstracts and author abstracts. As they have different aims, they have different components and styles. While indicative abstracts are short in length and common in abstraction services, informative abstracts are usually those produced in thesis, journal essays, and research articles.

(1)indicative (or descriptive abstracts)

An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.

(2)informative abstracts

An informative abstract summarizes as much as the essential elements of the document as possible, presenting and explaining all the main material contents in the complete article/paper/ book.

(3)indicative/informative abstracts

Indicative/ informative abstract is more common than either the pure indicative or the pure information style. It presents a summary of the essential arguments and findings of the original. (4)author abstract

Author abstracts are abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.

(5)slanted abstract

(6)telegraphic abstract

(7)mini-abstract

(8)mission-oriented abstract

(9)finding-oriented abstract

(10)highlight abstract

Linguistic features of abstracts

(1)using topic, supporting, and concluding sentences

(2)using brief but informative sentences

(3)arranging in one paragraph

(4)being concise

Translation skills: technical terms

(1)Affixation, includes prefixation and suffixation, with prefixes and suffixes as inseparable

elements of the words being coined.

(2)Compounding, The combination of two or more words to form a new word

(3)Blending , This is a variant of compounding, consisting in omitting the latter part of the first

word and clipping off the first part of the second word.

(4)Acronyms,the formation of a word made up of the first letters of the name of something.

(5)proper nouns(专有名词)

汉译英

在本《国际标准》中,”文摘”一词的意义是:对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或

评论的表述。无论作者是谁,对此均不应有所不同。

一篇文摘应该根据文献的内容与文体,使之具有尽可能多的报道性。也就是说,文摘应尽可能多的表达文献内容中包含的定量或定性的信息。报道性文摘对于叙述实验研究和主题单一的文献足较为理想的。但某些内容庞杂或冗长的文献,例如泛述、综述以及整篇或整集的专著,则允许备有一个仅仅起指示性、描述性指南作用的文摘。还有一种必不可少的融报道性与指示性于一体的综合性文摘,这类文摘适用于文摘长度受限制,或因文献类型与文体的限制,而有必要对文献的要点作报道性介绍的情况。

In this International Standard, the term abstract signifies an abbreviated, accurate representation of the contents of a document without added interpretation or criticism and without distinction as to who wrote the abstract.

An abstract should be informative as is permitted by the type and style of the document; that is, it should present as much as possible of the quantitative and /or qualitative information contained in the document. Informative abstracts are especially desirable for texts describing experimental work and documents devoted to a single theme. However, some discursive or lengthy texts, such as broad overviews, review papers, and entire monographs, may permit the preparation of an abstract that is only an indicative or descriptive guide. A combined informative-indicative abstract must often be prepared when limitations on the length of the abstract or the type and style of the document make it necessary to confine informative statements to the primary elements.

4.5. Terminology and Institutions Concerned with Abstracts(连线题)

1. Institution of Electrical Engineers

2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

3. Plenum Publishing Corporation Plenum

4. Xerox

5. University Microfilms

6. Microfilm Abstracts

7. Dissertation Abstracts

8. Humanities and Social Sciences

9. Doctoral dissertations

Unit 5 Proposals

5.1.Definition of Proposal

A proposal is a suggestion or request that some particular action be taken.

written offer to a solve technical problems in a particular way, specified plan to management , and specified compensation are the main elements of proposal.

5.2.Classification of Proposals

①Informal Suggestions

A suggestion offers an idea and briefly discusses its advantages and disadvantages.

②Semiformal Proposals

A semifinal proposal presents ideas for resolving a problem or improving a situation, evaluates them against certain criteria, and often recommends what action should be taken.

③Formal Proposals

A formal proposal describes an organization’s plans for carrying out a large project for a major client, such as the government.

2.Format of Proposal

The elements that are essential to every proposal are: (1) statement of need; (2) project objectives; (3) statement of procedures; (4) statement of strengths, and (5) a method for evaluating the effectiveness of the program.

Unit 6 Conference Documents

6.1. Definition of Conference Documents

Conference documents are printed materials distributed before or at or after a conference, concerning the announcements, arrangements, and other information of the conference,

6.2. Classification of Conference Documents

Documents in the Preparation of a Conference or Symposium

Announcements and Call for Papers (or: General Announcement & Call for Papers; Call for Participation); Instructions for Authors; Instructions for Speakers; Registration Form; Accommodation Registration Form; Invitations, and General Information containing preliminary Time Schedule, etc.

Documents Distributed at a Conference or Symposium

Documents Distributed after a Conference or Symposium

Unit 7 Reviews

7.1. Definition of Review:

A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical summary, commentary and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field.

7.2. Classification of Reviews

(1) Literature Review

Literature review is written on a particular subject (or a specialty) through analysis, study, synthesis, comment on the basis of extensively referencing professional materials both at home and abroad.

(2)Book Review

Book review is a kind of research writing, an article published in a newspaper or periodical that announces the publication of a new book.

7.3. Linguistic Features of Review

1) General Contents of Book Reviews

A good book review is always within the scope of three elements: (1) it tells what the book is about,(2) it asserts a judgment of the book's worth,(3) it defends that judgment. Besides, some reviews undertake to familiarize the reader with the background of the book,

2) General Contents of Literature Reviews

(1) includes the background, the prior work, present disputes, current development and prospect, etc. of the subject the review is about; (2) reveals the author's rigorous and objective comments; (3) provides the reader with a great number of references.

3) Presentation of a Review

Heading Layout References Notes Name and biographical date

1.Basic point-set topology

2.根据给定的文字,分析其语言特色拓展题:

1.对“信达雅”做全英文解释

2.一词多义,一个单词,给6句话

3.英译汉

4.汉译英

1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.

这是美好的时期,这是最坏的时期,这是智慧的年代,这是愚蠢的年代,这是充满信仰的时代,这是顾虑重重的时代,这是光明的季节,这是黑暗的季节,这是富有希望的春天,这是充满绝望的寒冬;我们拥有一切,我们一无所有;我们正笔直走向天堂,我们正笔直走向地狱。

2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.

一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心,握紧一双手,倾听肺腑言,轻拍友人背;它另人喜洋洋,撩得心痒痒,抹去泪汪汪;它给孩子以惊喜,给恋人以温纯,给新娘以祝福,给路人以欢迎;它可用以挥手道别,高声喝彩,遥寄飞吻,也可用以弥补嫌隙,减轻痛苦,提高士气,解除忧虑,开创一种新风尚。

As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.

Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.

作为一种重要的知识储备手段,各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏,大大促进了人类社会的进步。

专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结,概括和发现;另一方面,又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此,从这种意义上讲,一切文献都是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载,是人类文化的结晶。

3. Put the following passage into English.

翻泽的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地讲,它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。从以上翻译的定义来看,我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确,不可有所增删。翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此,翻译有两种要素:准确性与表达性。

准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。表达性是使译文易于理解。换言之,译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性是使译文的意义确切无误,而表达性则是使译文生动,引人入胜。

Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From

the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.

Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.

总经理先生:

您于XXX年6月20日指示,要我对HILLCREST街153号公司房舍(premises)需修整翻新的事宜向您报告。为此,我于6月25日视察了该处房屋,现向您书面汇报如下:

1.分公司经理室的墙壁需要粉刷油漆。…………综上所述,请您指示公司维修部对上述前四项进行维修,并请电话公司利用现有电话线路为办公室另安装一部电话。

维修工程师

C.S.斯宾塞Dear Sir,

You instructed me on 20th June, XXX to report on the repairs and renovation needed at the Company’s premises at 153 Hillcrest. I accordingly visited the premises on 25th June and made the following observations:

1. That the walls of the Branch Office Manager’s office need to be repainted.

I therefore recommend that the Maintenance Office be instructed to carry out the renovations l —4 above and that the Telephone Company be requested to install an additional receiver in the General Office on the same line as the existing receivers.

Faithfully,

C.S. Spencer

Maintenance Engineer

More than three thousand IPC symbols jammed into the chart. He certainly was not scanning the rows with a magnifier.

图表中密密麻麻地排满了三千多个国际专利分类符号。他肯定不会拿着放大镜一排排往下看。

Although no one has yet set foot on Vesta, and no spacecraft has been near, planetary scientists have obtained conclusive evidence during the last decade that cold, silent Vesta was once the scene of volcanic activity.

尽管从未有人登上过灶神星,也从未有过太空飞船飞近过灶神星,但是研究行星的科学工作者在最近十年中已经获得了可靠的证据证明寒冷而宁静的灶神星曾经(一度)是火山活动的场所。

Despite the long-standing availability of effective antibiotics, particularly penicillin, pnumococcai disease continues to take a heavy death toll, particularly among people suffering from other chronic diseases.

尽管有效的抗菌素,特别是青霉素应用已久,但肺炎球菌引起的疾病仍然造成大量死亡,尤其是对患有其他慢性病的人来说更是如此。

The research found a 12 per cent reduction in the patients’ blood cholesterol from a level of 349 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.

研究结果发现,病人血液胆固醇的含量从每100毫升含349毫克下降了百分之十二。Working at the fruit and vegetable chemistry Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.(加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳), the scientists sprayed young guayule(银胶菊)plants with 5,000 part per million of the hormone stimulator 2- (3-4) dichloriphenoxy-triethylamine.

在加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的果蔬化学实验室工作的科学家向银胶菊植物幼苗喷洒浓度为百万分之5000的激素催长剂2——(3-4)二氯本氧三乙胺。

Selection of papers for presentation and inclusion in the digest will be made on the basis of abstracts submitted by intending authors. Abstracts and any supporting figures must be confined to a single A4 or 210 x 297mm page.

The letter accompanying the abstract must include the principal author’s complete mailing address and fax number. All abstracts must be received by 6 DECEMBER 1992.

Forward abstracts to the Technical Program Chairman: (omitted)

Following review of abstracts by the Technical Committee authors will be advised by 6 March 1993 whether or not their papers have been accepted. All papers must be in English.

Complete papers, of length up to 4 pages, will be sought at that stage and must be received by 8 May 1993. The digest will be prepared directly from photo-ready materials submitted by authors and be provided to Conference attendees.

GENERAL ENQUIRIES

For general enquiries concerning the 1993 ASIA-PACIFIC MICROWA VE CONFERENCE direct enquiries to: (omitted)

作者须知

用于宣读和编入文摘的论文将根据作者提交的摘要中选出。摘要以及任何所附插图必须限制在一页之内,其规格为A4纸或210 x 297毫米。

寄稿附函须包括主要作者的完整邮政地址和传真号码。所有摘要的收稿截止日期为XXXX年12月6日。

请将摘要寄送大会技术委员会主席。(地址略)

技术委员会在对所收文摘进行审阅以后,无论接受其论文与否,都将于XXXX年3月6日之前通知作者本人。所有论文都必须用英文写成。

论文全文的长度应在4页以内,在作者收到入选通知时便可寄出,收件截止日期为XXXX 年5月8日。论文要点将根据作者提供的直接复制的论文资料进行概括,并提供给与会者。

会议咨询

有关XXXX年亚太地区微波会议的咨询,请直接向……(地址略)询问。

科技外文文献译文

流动的:一个快速的,多平台的开放源码的同步化多媒体整合语言唱机Dick C.A. Bulterman, Jack Jansen, Kleanthis Kleanthous, Kees Blom and Daniel Benden CWI: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica Kruislaan 413 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands +31 20 592 43 00 Dick.Bulterman@cwi.nl 摘要: 本文概述了一个出现在早期的流动性的同步化多媒体唱机。不同于其它同步化的实现,早期的播放器是一个可重组的同步化引擎,可以定制作为一个实验媒体播放器的核心。同步化唱机是一个引用了同步化多媒体引擎并可以集成在一个广泛的媒体播放器的项目。本文是以我们要创造一个新的同步化引擎为动机的综述开始的。然后论述的是早期媒体播放器的核心架构(包括可扩展性,播放器自定义的集成装置)。我们以一个关于我们在windows,Mac,Linux版本应用于台式机以及PDA设备上实施流动性例子的体验的讨论结束。 类别和主题描述符: H.5.2 多媒体的信息系统。 H.5.4 超级文本/超级媒体。 一般词汇: 试验,性能,验证。 关键词: 同步化多媒体整合语言,唱机,公开源代码,演示。 1.动机: 早期公开的同步化媒体播放器是一个非常有特色的公开源代码的同步化 2.0播放器,它以研究团体的意图被使用(在我们的研究团体内外)目的是为了研究项目的团体在需要源代码的时候可以访问生产特性的同步化播放器的网站。它也被用作一个独立的不需要专有的媒体格式的同步化播放器使用,播放器支持一系列同步化2.0配置文件(包括台式机和移动的配置)可以被分配利用在Linux,Macintosh,windows系统的台式机,PDA设备和掌上电脑。 同时现存的几个同步化播放器,包括网络视频播放软件,IE浏览器,小型同步化播放器, GRiNS ,X- GRiNS ,以及各种各样专有移动设备,我们发展流动性唱机有三个原因: 准许制作数字以及个人或者课堂使用中的的全部硬拷贝即时没有提供拷贝权限或者商业性的利益分摊,而且在第一页有这种拷贝的注意事项。服务器上有关于复制以及翻版的分发列表的通知。需要事先明确具体的许可权以及费用。 'MM’04, October 10-16, 2004, New Y ork, New Y ork, USA. Copyright 2004 ACM 1-58113-893-8/04/0010...$5.00. 现有的同步化播放器没有提供一个完整同步化2.0播放器的正确实现。早期的播放器所有的同步化工具,是以同步化2.0语言的属性为基础加上扩展功能能够支持高级的动画以及规范可移动设备以3GPP/PSS-6同步化使用. 所有的同步化播放器都是针对商业SMIL表达专有媒介。早期的播发器使用开源的媒体解码器和开源的网络传输协议,以便播放器可以轻松定制广泛的使用范围的研究计划。 我们的目标是建立一个鼓励发展类似的多媒体研究输出的平台,,我们期望的是一个标准的基线播放器的供给,其他研究人员和开发机构可以集中精力到基线播放器的集成扩展(从新媒体的解码器或新的网络控制算法任何一个中)。这些扩展可以在其它的平台上被共享。 在2004年中期,与螺旋形客户机对照,同时移动到一个GPL核心,早期的播放器支持一个广阔的范围的同步化应用指标构架,它提供了一个准确实现的更完整的同步化语言,它在低资源配置下提供了更好的性能,提供了更多可扩展的媒体播放器架构。它也提供了一个包含所有媒体解码作为部分开放的客户基础。

论文翻译网站

开题报告、文献检索账号、文献综述、外文翻译、抄袭检测软件、论文目录,都在这了都在这了,有备无患,拿去吧!! 开题报告、文献综述、外文翻译、论文反抄袭软件、论文目录,就差论文正文了,其他都全了!! 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面: (一)论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一,名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么,研究的对象是什么交待清楚,论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致,不能太大,也不能太小,要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二,名称要简洁,不能太长。不管是论文或者课题,名称都不能太长,能不要的字就尽量不要,一般不要超过20个字。 (二)论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述,指出现实当中存在这个问题,需要去研究,去解决,本论文的研究有什么实际作用,然后,再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点,有针对性一点,不能漫无边际地空喊口号。主要内容包括:⑴研究的有关背景(课题的提出):即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。⑵通过分析本地(校)的教育教学实际,指出为什么要研究该课题,研究的价值,要解决的问题。 (三)本论文国内外研究的历史和现状(文献综述)。 规范些应该有,如果是小课题可以省略。一般包括:掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果;寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。 (四)论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向,符合什么要求等,这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论,也可以是政府的教育发展规划,也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 (五)论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题,也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标:即本论文写作的目标定位,确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。

英文科技文献及翻译

外文翻译 DC GENENRATORS 1. INTRODUCTION For all practical purposes, the direct-current generator is only used for special applications and local dc power generation. This limitation is due to the commutator required to rectify the internal generated ac voltage, thereby making largescale dc power generators not feasible. Consequently, all electrical energy produced commercially is generated and distributed in the form of three-phase ac power. The use of solid state converters nowadays makes conversion to dc economical. However, the operating characteristics of dc generators are still important, because most concepts can be applied to all other machines. 2. FIELD WINDING CONNECTIONS The general arrangement of brushes and field winding for a four-pole machine is as shown in Fig.1. The four brushes ride on the commutator. The positive brusher are connected to terminal A1 while the negative brushes are connected to terminal A2 of the machine. As indicated in the sketch, the brushes are positioned approximately midway under the poles. They make contact with coils that have little or no EMF induced in them, since their sides are situated between poles. Figure 1 Sketch of four-pole dc matchine The four excitation or field poles are usually joined in series and their ends brought out to terminals marked F1 and F2. They are connected such that they produce north and south poles alternately. The type of dc generator is characterized by the manner in which the field

科技阅读翻译第一单元

第一单元环境 大规模研究发现:地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析表明,地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。 由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出,由于不可持续的使用,地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统已经遭到破坏,其中包括干净的水源、纯净的空气,以及稳定的气候。 以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。据报告分析,随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增,环境发生了极大的变化,引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。因此,该报告的作者警告说,照此下去,本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶急剧恶化。 这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。四年来,他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。 在公布该报告的新闻发布会上,联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出:“只有了解环境及其运作过程,我们才能制定出必要的决策加以保护。”他还说,“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源,我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。” 对社会经济的影响 该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度,地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物,鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。 这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的,该发展目标是由联合国发起的,旨在2015年之前大幅度缓解饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。 总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说:“从某些方面来说,《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值,并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。” 目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用,食物供应不断增加,然而增长的速度仍然太慢,难以完成联合国制定的在2015年前消除全球一半饥饿的目标。 报告还说,过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退,含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现,水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。 此外,森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播,并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。 根据该报告,水资源体系的变化会增加毁灭性洪灾的爆发频率和程度。在20世纪90年代,洪灾造成的死亡人数超过10万,损失约2,430亿美元。

文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站

文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后,经过理解、整理、融会贯通,综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言,要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义,综述的范围,阐述有关问题的现状和动态,以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜,不宜超过500字。 正文,是综述的重点,写法上没有固定的格式,只要能较好地表达综合的内容,作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分,通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题,比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据,进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然,作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结,是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结,作者应对各种观点进行综合评价,提出自己的看法,指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献,是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求,一般以30条以内为宜,以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据,要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时,研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇,且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中,研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史,前人的主要研究成果,存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰,文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径,针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来,这些文献在他人

文献阅读翻译

信用合作社的会员增长,多个成员团体以 及代理控制问题 Keith J.Leggett,Robert W.Strand 美国银行家协会,美国,华盛顿特区20036-3902,北部康涅狄格大道1120 2001年8月30日接收 摘要 从1982开始,联邦信贷联盟监管机构允许信用合作社添加多个会员组。该政策在1988年被美国最高法院驳回,但之后美国国会在晚些时候使其重新生效。允许信用社附加多个会员组,大大促进了行业的快速发展。为信用社增加无关的群体扩大,所有权和控制权的分离增加的前景,创造了潜在的代理控制问题。这可能是由一信用合作社一人一票的治理结构形成的。本研究发现的证据表明,由于信用社增加会员组和成员,代理问题才发展。如果一个信用联盟,接纳多个会员组,当会员增加时,管理层显然是能够把剩余收益又会员(在净息差高的形式)向自己引导(更高的工资和运营费用)。?2002爱思维尔科学公司版权所有。JEL分类:G21;G28;G34 关键词:信用联社;公司治理结构 1.介绍 Keith J.Leggett,Robert W.Strand/金融经济学回顾Ⅱ(2002)37-46 信用合作社资产 数据来源据国家信用合作社管理局 在过去的二十年里,美国信用社行业又有飞速增长。如图1所示,在这个时期行业资产年均增长近11%,大部分的增长可以归因于在1982年由美国国家信用合作社管理局(NCUA)的一个决定。联邦政府特许的信用合作社的监管机构允许不同的会员团体加入。在最高法院裁定NCUA多个集团政策违反了联邦信用社法案之后,国会于1998年考证了立法监管机构的行为。 最近发生的这些事情可能会影响管理者和信用合作社所有者之间的权力平衡。不像其他存款金融机构(银行和储蓄机构),由于他们无需被征联邦所得税,信用合作社享受补贴收入。管理者可能会充分利用统治结构请求更大份额的税务补贴。信用社是免税的金融机构。 *联系人/:+1-202-663-5506;传真:+1-202-828-4547 电子邮箱:kleggett@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0d13722062.html,(K.J.Leggett).

科技文献翻译电子档答案

科技文献翻译电子档答案

科技文献翻译考试试题 1.大型飞机自动化装配技术 摘要:本文简述了大型飞机及其结构特点,通过比较人与机器两种装配系统的特性,分析装配自动化水平与装配成本等诸多因素的关系曲线,指出了自动化装配技术在保证大型飞机长寿命、高效率、低成本研制和生产等方面的意义;对外国大型飞机的装配自动化发展状况进行了综述,简要分析了国外发展的几种主要自动化装配系统,总结了国外大型飞机的自动化装配水平;对西方国家在大型飞机自动化装配中采用的先进的装配理念和方法,如决定性装配方法等进行了概述。最后针对国内自动化装配水平低的现状和大型飞机研制和生产的需求,提出了发展模块化结构的自动化装配系统、贯彻并行工程理念实现面向制造和面向装配的设计等发展建议。 关键词:自动化装配;大型飞机;长寿命;柔性装配;模块化;决定性装配 1. Automatic Assembly Technology for Large Aircraft Abstract: This paper aims at the large

assembly system, carrying out the means of concurrent engineering and realizing the designs for manufacturing and assembly. Key words: automatic assembly; large aircraft; long life; flexible assembly; modularization; determinant assembly 2.基于SAT的快速电路时延计算 摘要:针对现有的基于时间展开电路求解时延算法在电路规模较大或者时延模型精度较高时效率较低的问题,提出一种基于子电路抽取的电路时延计算方法。基于展开电路,通过分析输出端约束找到相关的输出端,利用回溯抽取与这些输出端相关的逻辑锥子电路,并在子电路而不是在展开电路上进行求解。由于抽取的子电路的规模远小于展开电路的规模,加速r求解过程;同时提出了抽象电路的概念,并分析了抽取子电路的同构特性。通过在抽象电路上进行预处理得到学习子句,从而可以利用学习子句加速每一次的SAT求解过程。在ISCA85和ISCA89电路上的实验结果表明,采用文中方法使得电路时延的求解效率平均提高了约8倍。

英文科技文献阅读技巧

英文科技文献阅读技巧 英语阅读能力是一种重要的能力,养成良好的阅读习惯,掌握一定的阅读技巧,对于阅读能力的提高十分重要。同学们要相信,良好的阅读习惯是可以培养的。英语科技文献主要包括,专著(monograph/treatise)、教材(teaching material)、科研论文(research paper/thesis)、学位论文(dissertation)、科研报告(research report)、产品说明书(product operating instruction)、操作说明书(operation manual)、专利文献(patent document)、技术合同(technical contract)和广告(advertisement) 等。一般来说,英语科技文献的阅读方法与英语其他文献的阅读的方法相差不大。我们先介绍几种阅读方法:采取何种阅读方法取决于阅读的目的。略读(Skimming):只需要理解文章内容的大约50%,快速地获取中心意思和重点。速度为300~1000wpm(words per minute)。 关键是掌握英文的写作特点。将重点放在句首和句尾的主题句上。注意抓住关键词。浏览或者查阅(Scanning):查阅只需要从文章中有目的地迅速查找某一具体事实或者特定信息。快速阅读(Fast reading):速度为200~350 wpm。要求基本上理解文章内容。为了养成快速阅读的习惯,精读(Intensive reading):在阅读的同时对文章从各方面(包括语法、词汇、写作特点和中心思想)进行分析。阅读时要集中精力:阅读的过程过程如下:首先是利用眼睛从文献本人系天天论文网就职11年的资深论文编辑;工作中与各大医学期刊杂志社进行学术交流过程中建立了稳定的编辑朋友圈,系多家医学杂志社的特约编辑,常年为医学期刊杂志供稿,负责天天论文网医学论文·分检·编校·推送·指导等工作!工作企鹅1:1550116010 工作企鹅2: 766085044中获取文字、图形信息,然后大脑要对有关的信息进行记忆、理解并思考。如果我们在阅读时还同时作其他的事情,比如说,听收音机、与他人聊天或考虑其他问题,势必会降低阅读的速度、影响对信息的记忆最终会影响对问题理解;这就好比一个计算机的CPU 在同时执行多个任务时会降低速度一样。加之英语不是中国学生的母语,阅读时集中精力就显得更为重要。 要养成预读的习惯:一般来说文献的文字之间有着一定的逻辑关系。一篇文章是由若干个段落构成的,每个段落表达一个主题或者一个主题的某个方面。这些段落前后之间存在一定的逻辑关系,文章的写作者正是利用这些逻辑关系来表达一定的思想。段落和句子之间也存在的类似关系。为了能够进行预读,要养成注意段落的开头句和(或)结尾句的习惯。同时,要注意连接词,正是这些连接词提供了后面文字要表达的意思的提示信息。 常见的连接词有: (1)表示增加的连接词:also,and,and then,too,in addition,further more,more over,again,on top of that,another 等。 (2)表示对照、转折的连接词:but,still,yet,however,on the other hand,on the contrary,in spite of,even though 等。 (3)表示结果和原因的连接词:because,since,so,hence,as a result,therefore,then,thus,otherwise,consequently 等。 (4)表示总结的连接词:finally,at last,in conclusion,as have shown,in other word,in brief,in short,in general,on the whole,as has been stated,to sum up,all in all 等。 (5)表示时间关系的连接词:now,then,before,after,afterwards,earlier,later,immediately,soon,next,in a few days,gradually,suddenly,finally 等。 (6)表示空间关系的连接词:near(to),far(from),in front of,behind,beside,beyond,above,below,to the right,to the left,around,outside 等。 (7)表示目的的连接词:for this reason,for this purpose,so that 等。 (8)表示强调的连接词:in fact,indeed,surely,necessarily,certainly,without any doubt,

会计报告分析中英文对照外文翻译文献

会计报告分析中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

分析会计信息披露模式加强企业社会责任 摘要:企业社会责任(CSR)已经成为社会各界关注的焦点与压力的社会问题,因为我们都知道,会计报告和分析已成为加强企业社会责任的重要手段。首先分析目前企业社会责任会计信息披露方面工作的现状和存在的问题的(CSRA)。然后,提出外国可行的实践、内容、方法及未来的发展CSRA模式。最后,构建适合中国企业社会责任信息披露的模式。这个模式试图加强企业社会责任,促进中国企业的最终价值。 关键词:企业社会责任;会计信息披露;信息披露模式 1、当前中国企业社会责任会计信息披露的现状及存在的问题 随着我国经济建设的飞速发展,社会问题例如收入分配不公、日益增大的就业压力、资源浪费严重、环境恶化等日益突出。特别是近年来,一些跨国公司要求中国企业在供应链环节中实施社会责任8000(SA8000)来加强中国企业的社会责任。会计信息披露是一种加强企业社会责任的重要手段。 在中国,有关企业社会责任会计信息披露方面的研究始于1990年,但仍然没有比较完善的信息披露模式和系统的信息披露制度。在实践中,一些公司试图披露社会责任信息。但他们的内容不够完整、方式不够规范。这使得无法通过企业社会责任会计信息披露来达到加强企业社会责任的目的。 我们可以看到,目前我国的社会责任会计信息披露模式研究还处在初级阶段,企业的社会责任会计信息披露还存在许多问题。接下来会详细说明这个情况。 首先,企业披露的内容很不全面而且在不同企业之间差距较大。现在很少有企业能全面披露社会责任信息。许多公司只是说出自己对社会的贡献而不是不良社会影响。此外,由于缺乏统一的标准,企业社会责任的内容差别很大。在某种程度上大多数企业只是对企业社会责任信息披露敷衍了事以应对政策。 其次,企业社会责任会计信息披露方式单一。目前,大多数公司仍然使用书面叙述而不是可量化的会计方法对企业进行社会责任信息披露。换句话说,定性信息披露超过定量披露,非会计基础信息居于主导地位。 最后,企业缺乏进行社会责任会计信息披露的意识。在实践中,企业社会责任信息通常由传统会计主体反映而不是基于社会责任相应的会计主体。近几年,很少有公司组织专门编译《企业社会责任会计信息披露报告》除了一些跨国公司。 由于以上讨论的情况,,中国企业社会责任会计信息披露不能达到加强企业社会责任的目的。为了实现这一目的,促进企业的价值,中国必须构建企业社会

计算机科学与技术英文文献

《专业英语》期末考试课程论文 微软https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0d13722062.html,设计应用 班级:13级信息管理与信息系统1班 学号: 姓名:朱敦达 分数: 2015年12月25日 微软https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0d13722062.html,设计应用 CGI具有扩充性能和克服的问题的能力,是微软公司开发的一种新的方式开发建设规模的应用。这就是所谓的替代high performance互联网服务器应用程式接口(ISAPI)。代替了housing功能编程档案,利用DLLs代替了复杂的编写程序的过程,同其它软件比较DLLs具有很大的优势,在性能上也有所扩充。 Introduction to https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0d13722062.html, Development To overcome the performance and scalability problems that CGI brings, Microsoft developed a new way for developers to build scalable applications. This high performance alternative is called the Internet Server Application Programming Interface(ISAPI). Instead of housing functionality in executable files, ISAPI uses DLLs. Using DLLs instead of executable programs has some definite performance and scalability advantages ISAPI在功能上有所扩展,它可以向用户提出要求,使单一ISAPI扩展执行多种任务。就像CGI的例子一样, ISAPI再使用时必须使用目录执行许可认证, 或利用DLL下载客户端,而不是直接在服务器上使用,ISAPI扩展通常用来处理用户的要求做出回应,这和使用CGI的方式非常类似。 The ISAPI extension could also be called with arguments that will allow a single ISAPI extension to perform multiple tasks. Just as in the CGI example, the directory must have execute permissions enabled, or the DLL will be downloaded to the client rather than run on the server. ISAPI extensions are typically used to process client requests and output a response as HTML, which is very similar to the way CGI programs are used. 凡是直接与CGI重复的申请必须经过ISAPI的过滤器。但是,ISAPI过滤器没有明确的要求,相反,它们被称为to certain针对IIS的生活事件要求,发展商在任何一种称为ISAPI过滤器的事件发生后,才能提出要求,具体发生事件如下: 1.当服务器发生客户邀请事件时。 2.当客户使用真实服务器时。 3.当服务器从逻辑URL绘制物理URL图形时。 4.在原始数据由客户发送给服务器时。 5.在原始数据由客户发送到服务器,但在服务器程序运行之前时。 6.当信息服务器原数据时。

(完整word版)英文科技文献阅读

英文科技文献阅读 英语阅读能力是一种重要的能力,养成良好的阅读习惯,掌握一定的阅读技巧,对于阅读能力的提高十分重要。同学们要相信,良好的阅读习惯是可以培养的。 英语科技文献主要包括,专著(monograph/treatise)、教材(teaching material)、科研论文(research paper/thesis)、学位论文(dissertation)、科研报告(research report)、产品说明书(product operating instruction)、操作说明书(operation manual)、专利文献(patent document)、技术合同(technical contract)和广告(advertisement)等。一般来说,英语科技文献的阅读方法与英语其他文献的阅读的方法相差不大。 我们先介绍几种阅读方法:采取何种阅读方法取决于阅读的目的。 略读(Skimming):只需要理解文章内容的大约50%,快速地获取中心意思和重点。速度为300~1000wpm(words per minute)。关键是掌握英文的写作特点。将重点放在句首和句尾的主题句上。注意抓住关键词。 浏览或者查阅(Scanning):查阅只需要从文章中有目的地迅速查找某一具体事实或者特定信息。 快速阅读(Fast reading):速度为200~350 wpm。要求基本上理解文章内容。为了养成快速阅读的习惯, 精读(Intensive reading):在阅读的同时对文章从各方面(包括语法、词汇、写作特点和中心思想)进行分析。 阅读时要集中精力:阅读的过程过程如下:首先是利用眼睛从文献中获取文字、图形信息,然后大脑要对有关的信息进行记忆、理解并思考。如果我们在阅读时还同时作其他的事情,比如说,听收音机、与他人聊天或考虑其他问题,势必会降低阅读的速度、影响对信息的记忆最终会影响对问题理解;这就好比一个计算机的CPU在同时执行多个任务时会降低速度一样。加之英语不是中国学生的母语,阅读时集中精力就显得更为重要。 要养成预读的习惯:一般来说文献的文字之间有着一定的逻辑关系。一篇文章是由若干个段落构成的,每个段落表达一个主题或者一个主题的某个方面。这些段落前后之间存在一定的逻辑关系,文章的写作者正是利用这些逻辑关系来表达一定的思想。段落和句子之间也存在的类似关系。为了能够进行预读,要养成注意段落的开头句和(或)结尾句的习惯。同时,要注意连接词,正是这些连接词提供了后面文字要表达的意思的提示信息。常见的连接词有: (1)表示增加的连接词:also,and,and then,too,in addition,further more,more over,again,on top of that,another等。 (2)表示对照、转折的连接词:but,still,yet,however,on the other hand,on the contrary,in spite of,even though等。 (3)表示结果和原因的连接词:because,since,so,hence,as a result,therefore,then,thus,otherwise,consequently等。 (4)表示总结的连接词:finally,at last,in conclusion,as have shown,in other word,in brief,in short,in general,on the whole,as has been stated,to sum up,all in all等。

文献阅读与开题报告

文献阅读与开题报告 题目 姓名与学号 指导教师 年级专业小班 所在学院和系 200 年月日

浙江大学本科生文献阅读与开题报告要求 完成学生姓名:学号:年级专业小班: 一.题目: (中文) (英文) 二.指导教师对文献阅读与开题报告、外文文献翻译的要求: 指导教师(签名): 200 年月日

摘要(三号、宋体、加粗、居中) 《文献阅读与开题报告》要求查阅文献8篇以上,外文文献翻译译文、文献综述(包括国内外现状、研究方向、进展情况、存在问题、参考依据)要求字数分别为3、5千字以上,文献综述内容要与毕业设计(论文)题目切题。开题报告(包括可行性分析、调研报告、方案拟定与分析以及实施计划等)要求字数5千字以上。要求文献综述、外文文献翻译原稿与译文、开题报告装订成一本。 在装订《文献阅读与开题报告》时,必须标注装订本页码,按①封面、要求②中文摘要、③目录(需标注页码号)、④正文(含文献综述、外文文献翻译原稿与译文、开题报告,需标注页码号)、⑤参考文献、⑥文献阅读与开题报告考核评语等内容次序装订,使用统一封面(从学院网下载附件2)。 在《文献阅读与开题报告》答辩前的2-3天,必须把装订好的《文献阅读与开题报告》书面报告送交指导教师评审,填写评语、考核意见,同时学生应做好充分的答辩准备。 (小四,宋体,1.5倍行距,大约200-300字)

目录(三号、宋体、加粗、居中) 1.文献阅读 (1) 1.1 绪论 (1) 1.2 研究意义 (2) 1.2.1 (2) 1.2.2 (4) 1.3 研究内容 (4) 1.3.1 (4) 1.3.2 (5) 1.3.3 (6) 1.3.4 (7) 1.4 (8) 2.外文文献翻译 (8) 2.1 外文文献原稿 (8) 2.2 中文翻译 (11) 2.2.1 (12) 2.2.2 (14) 3.开题报告 (15) 3.1 绪论 (15) 3.2 研究意义 (16) 3.2.1 (17) 3.2.2 (17) 3.3 研究内容 (18) 3.3.1 (19) 3.3.2 (20) 3.3.3 (21) 3.3.4 (22) 3.4 (23) 3.4.1 (24) 3.4.2 (25) 参考文献 (26) (宋体,小四,每章前空一行,左对齐,标注页码)

翻译文献图片

T a b l e 1O v e r v i e w o f s a l i e n t l i t e r a t u r e p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d p r o p e r t i e s o f a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e R e f e r e n c e P a r a m e t e r s s t u d i e d S a l i e n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e s t u d y I n g r e d i e n t s a M e t h o d o f a e r a t i o n C u r i n g m e t h o d b P r o p e r t i e s M i c r o -s t r u c t u r e C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n B i n d e r F i l l e r G a s F o a m m c a c D e n s i t y S t r e n g t h S h r i n k a g e P o r o s i t y F u n c t i o n a l P r o p o r t i o n [1,2]C ,L S X X X X X X X X R e v i e w o n t h e p r o p e r t i e s [40]C S X X X X S t r e n g t h ±p o r o s i t y r e l a t i o n [29]C S X X X A n o m a l o u s t o b e r m o r i t e [42]C S X X X X M i c r o p o r e -s h r i n k a g e [19]C S X X X X X S t r u c t u r e -m e c h .p r o p e r t i e s [12]C ,W S X X X X X U s e o f s l a t e w a s t e [57]C S X X X F i r e r e s i s t a n c e a n d a c o u s t i c s [17]C S X X X X S h r i n k a g e b e h a v i o u r [22]C S X X X X M i c r o a n d m a c r o c a p i l l a r i e s [21]C S X X X X X X S t r u c t u r e &w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n [6]L F X X X X X L i m e -ˉy a s h c e l l u l a r c o n c r e t e [37]C S X X X S t r e n g t h ±c o m p o s i t i o n [46]C S X X X X M i c r o p o r e -s h r i n k a g e [8]C F X X X X X D e n s i t y c h a n g e -p o r e s t r u c t u r e [43]C S X X X X X P o r e s t r u c t u r e ,p r o p e r t i e s [32]C S X X X X P o r e s i z e -s t r e n g t h [5]C ,L F X X X X X F l y a s h c e l l u l a r c o n c r e t e [51]C S X X X T h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y [30]C Q X X X X P a r t i c l e s i z e o n p r o p e r t i e s [28]C S X X X X C a r b o n a t i o n [7] C F X X X X S t r e n g t h ±G e l ±s p a c e r a t i o a C ±c e m e n t ,L ±l i m e ,S ±s a n d ,F ±ˉy a s h ,Q ±q u a r t z ,W ±s l a t e w a s t e .b m c ±m o i s t -c u r i n g ,a c ±a u t o c l a v i n g . N.Narayanan,K.Ramamurthy /Cement &Concrete Composites 22(2000)321±329323 2

任务书 开题报告 文献综述 外文翻译模板

江汉大学毕业论文(设计)任务书物理和信息工程学院通信和电子信息系 电子信息工程专业 题目:智能家居门禁系统的研究及电子密码锁的设计 起止日期:2010年12月20日至2011年5月30日 学生姓名:xxxxxxx 学号:xxxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师:漆为民 教研室主任:____________ 年月日审查 系主任:年月日批准 2010 年 12 月 20日至 2011年5月30日

学生进行毕业论文(设计)前,指导教师应填好此任务书,经教研室、系主任签字后,正式给学生下达任务。 江汉大学毕业论文(设计) 开题报告 论文题目智能家居门禁系统的研究及电子密码锁的设计

(英文)Access control system for smart home and the designof electronic locks 学院物理和信息工程学院 专业电子信息工程 姓名 xxxxxx 学号 xxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师漆为民 2011年1月16日

注:本页为毕业论文(设计)开题报告的封面,请将开题报告正文装订于后。 开题报告 一.课题来源和背景 20世纪80年代初,随着大量采用电子技术的家用电器面市,住宅电子化出现。80年代中期,将家用电器、通信设备和安保防灾设备各自独立的功能综合为一体后,形成了住宅自动化概念。80年代末,由于通信和信息技术的发展,出现了对住宅中各种通信、家电、安保设备通过总线技术进行监视、控制和管理的商用系统,这在美国称为Smart Home,也就是现在智能家居的原型。 Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 我的课题是关于智能家居之门禁系统篇,主题是基于AT89C51单片机电子密码锁的设计和研究,运用了Proteus这一仿真平台。在对电子密码锁的设计的同时,也对各种门禁系统的核心技术进行了学习和比较。 二.研究目的以及意义 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx。 意义:通过该设计的经历,了解当今世上的有关智能家居门禁系统的一些新的发展,新的技术以及产品的使用。并通过对电子密码锁的设计研究,来学习通过一个基于AT89C51单片机的电子密码锁的仿真设计过程展示Proteus软件在数字电路及单片机开发中的巨大作用以及相比于传统设计方法的巨大优势.显示了Proteus能快速的进行单片机仿真.加快系统开发的过程而且降低的我们的开发成本。在设计过程中所使用到的Proteus的功能只是Proteus强大功能中的一小部分,Proteus还具有环境模拟、图表分析、噪声分析等高级使用.甚至能使用于自动控制领域对复杂的自控算法进行仿真.通过深入学习.我们可以进一步的了解Proteus在各个领域的强大使用。在数字电路和单片机的课程教学中Proteus也不失

相关主题