(完整版)雅思托福基础测试题

Model Test (Basic)

vocabulary

part I （20分）

1.The government is determined to protect its tobacco ________.

A) monopoly B) monotony C) monologue D) monograph

2. Apparently in interviews he refuses to talk about his ________life.

A) privacy B) private C) universe D) unify

3.He decided to postpone their holiday ______ next year.

A) on B) for C) until D) in

4. Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to _______ with the local police.

A) inquire B) consult C) register D) profession

5. As he has _______ our patience, we’ll not wait for him any longer.

A) torn B) wasted C) exhausted D) consumed

6. These teachers try to be objective when they _______ the integrated ability of

their students.

A) justify B) evaluate C) indicate D) reckon

7. Mrs. Morris's daughter is pretty and _______, and many girls envy her.

A) slender B) light C) faint D) minor

8. Tomorrow the mayor is to _____ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city.

A) coordinate B) cooperate C) accompany D) associate

9. Norman Davis will be remembered by many _____ with not only as a great

scholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend.

A) kindness B) friendliness C) warmth D) affection

10.Technological ______ has been so rapid over the last few years.

A）retrograde B)retrogress C) progress D) project

11. Salaries for ______ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.

A) legal B) optional C) voluntary D) temporary

12.He never arrives on time and my ______ is that he feels the meetings are useless.

A) preference B) conference C) inference D) reference

13.It is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone without _______.

A) exception B) exclusion C) modification D) substitution

14.Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ______ the quality of the programs.

A) lessened B) declined C) affected D) effected

15. The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.

A) convention B) confinement C) principle D) discipline

16.There's not much ______ that this war will be over soon.

A) prospect B) process C) foreground D) profess

17. It was the first time that such a ______had to be taken at a British nuclear power station.

A) presentation B) precaution C) preparation D) prediction

18.She felt _____ when her closest friend moved away.

A) desolate B) solace C) insulate D)repugnant

19.You should try to ______ your ambition and be more realistic.

A) reserve B) restrain C) retain D) replace

20.The ship's generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _____ instead of mec hanically.

A) artificially B) automatically C) manually D) synthetically

Part II （10分）

1.She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites, bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image. The word "transform" is closest in meaning to which of following?

A) move B) extend C) change D) interpret

2.The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles that the animals to capture its food.

The word "capture" is closest in meaning to which of following?

A) catch B) control C) cover D) clean

3.When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that

it resembles a lump on a rock.

The word "retracts" is closest in meaning to which of following?

A) pulls back B) relaxes C) reproduces D) lifts up

4.Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing the character of the area. The word "retain" is closest in meaning to which of following?

A) preserve B) possess C) enjoy D) improve

5.A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a

few generations. The word "shattered" is closest in meaning to which of following?

A) arranged B) dissolved C) broken apart D) gathered together

Grammar （30分）

1.According to the law, _____ have an equal right to an education.

A. every of children

B. every child

C. all of children

D. all children

2. The workers in that factory are paid _____.

A. by the hour

B. by an hour

C. by hour

D. by hours

3. They talked about the problem among _____.

A. them

B. each other

C. themselves

D. one another

4. A good writer is _____ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

A. that

B. he

C. one

D. this

5. Which do you think _____ , wealth or health?

A. best

B. better

C. the better

D. the best

6.The size of that island is about _____ that of this one.

A. three times as much as

B. as three times much as

C. as three times greater than

D. three times as big as

7. That last novel of his is _____ the best he has written.

A. by far

B. so far

C. by then

D. so much

8. A good sleep can _____ a tiring day.

A. make out for

B. make up

C. make up for

D. make up to

9. He hasn’t any money so I _____ him some.

A. will be lending

B. am to lend

C. would lend

D. am going to lend

10. He promised to let me have the book as soon as he _____ it.

A. had read

B. has read

C. read D, would have read

11. We can go only when the ground _____ .

A. is drying

B. will dry

C. dried

D. has dried

12. He went away and he _____ back yet.

A. is not

B. has not been

C. was not

D. will not be

13. The world’s supplies of petroleum _____ .

A. have been gradually exhausted

B. have gradually exhausted

C. are being gradually exhausted

D. are gradually exhausted

14. We _____ your terms carefully but _____ to say that we cannot accept them.

A. are studying; regret

B. have studied; are regretting

C. have studied; regret

D. have been studying; will regret

15. With the development of production and science, electronics _____ a wide application in

a short time.

A. has found

B. finds

C. have found

D. found

16. The company _____ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.

A. has been promised

B. has been promising

C. is promising

D. promised

17. The children _____ many times not to go near the stove.

A. have told

B. told

C. have been told

D. are told

18. The experiment is very expensive. But _____ succeed, we would be able to make production more efficient.

A. should we

B. were we

C. if should we

D. if we

19. _____ if you had lost your watch?

A. Hadn’t you been upset

B. Wouldn’t you be upset

C. Weren’t you upset

D. Wouldn’t you have upset

20. I wished it _____ but it did.

A. not occurred

B. did not occur

C. had not occurred

D. would not occur

21. If I had only read all the books before I _____ the lecture!

A. attended

B. would have attended

C. had attended

D. have attended

22. The swimmer was very tired but he _____ reach the shore before he collapsed.

A. managed

B. could

C. was succeeded to

D. was able to

23. _____ as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used proved to be false.

A. The estimate B The estimate that C. They are estimated D. It is estimated that

24. The lawyer told his client that _____.

A. the case was of a small chance to win

B. it was nearly impossible to win him the case

C. they had little chance of winning the case

D. the chance of their winning the case was little

25. _____ that men try to do the same things as nature does, and they usually have to do them in a different way.

A. The fact is so interesting

B. It is an interesting fact

C. The fact has much interest

D. There is a fact so interesting

26. We were all overjoyed at the news _____ the experiment turned out a success.

A. that

B. which

C. when

D. what

27. The man _____ had little information.

A. I spoke of

B. of who I spoke

C. I spoke of whom

D. whom I spoke

28. The size of the audience, _____ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.

A. whom

B. as

C. which

D. that

29. The higher income tax is harmful _____ it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

A. so that

B. in that

C. unless

D. in case

30. Only in the last few years _____ to help the underprivileged in the country.

A. something is done

B. is something done

C. has there something been done

D. has anything been done

Reading （30分）

Interesting Day Courses in your Area

A Photographing Wildlife

This workshop includes an introduction in the classroom, two photography sessions with specially arranged access to the zoo enclosures so that you can take natural-looking

close-ups of the most exotic species, and the opportunity to review and discuss your images as a group.

B Drawing For Fun

You will learn some basic techniques using soft pencils and charcoal. These and different types of paper are provided. Just bring yourself and a willingness to ‘have a go’. This is a start-up day so people who have already attended courses should not apply.

C Find Your Voice

You may feel you can’t sing or you may be an established singer who wants to improve or gain confidence. You will be shown how to sing in tune, how to breathe correctly and how to project your voice. You may attend this course more than once and each time have a wonderful experience. Everyone can sing and it’s great fun.

D Focus On Landscapes

This course is designed for students who are familiar with painting in watercolors, but are having difficulty with some techniques. We will discuss choice of materials, color mixing and any other areas that may be raised.

The day will start with a demonstration, followed by an opportunity to sketch outdoors. After a light lunch cooked in the studio, there will be a further practical session.

E Taking Happy Pictures

The main objective is to introduce you to the skills required to take good photographs of people at special events, such as parties or weddings.

We will discuss camera settings, dealing with varied light or bad weather, and how to get a good atmosphere. Lunch is provided at a nearby hotel, followed by a practical session inside the studio.

F The Music Takeaway

Get some friends, family or colleagues together for your own music course in a venue of your choice, which could be your front room, basement or workplace. We send two guitar tutors to lead a one-day session for you in the style of music you prefer, such as rock, country, funk or blues.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

Participants can decide where the course is held.

Different ability levels are welcome.

All the necessary materials are supplied.

Participants will be able to go where the public are not normally allowed.

It is possible to repeat this course.

You can select what to study from a range of options.

The course will provided advice on how to overcome difficult conditions.

THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession ”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes in plant numbers and the mix of species are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish may tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

At one time. Ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystem stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologist concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a singe crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy their entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community , such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from bad weather or pests.

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologist don’t all agree what “stability “ means . Stability can be all defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience . In that case, climax community would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can acquire hundreds of years to return to the complex state.

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability- just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is , in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle）

Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by volcanic explosion of Mount. St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example , pales in comparison to the

construction cause by humans. We need to know what aspects of community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “ patchiness” of the environment. An environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.

2 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is not true of climax communities?

A They occur at the end of a succession.

B They last longer than any other type of community.

C The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.

D They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

3 According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?

A Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.

B The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replace.

C Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.

D A change in the numbers of an organism does not affect tan ecosystem’s properties.

4 According to paragraph 3, ecologist once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?

A Pioneer communities

B Climax communities

C Single-crop farmlands

D Successional plant communities

5 According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?

A The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.

B Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “ resilience”.

C The exact meaning of the word “ stability” is debated by ecologists.

D There are many different answers to the ecological questions.

6 According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about climax community?

A They are more resilient than pioneer communities.

B They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.

C They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.

D They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.

7 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forest?

A They become less stable as they mature.

B They support many species when they reach climax.

C They are found in temperate zones.

D They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stage.

9 In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “a A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle”?

A To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an every-day example.

B To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystem can be applied to help understand stability in other situations.

C To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity.

D To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems.

11 which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A Ecologists now thinks that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.

B Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.

C Uniform environments can’t be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.

D A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.

Writing （30分）

Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be more effective in improving road safety.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

托福雅思15种语法

雅思常考的15种语法现象 一、动词时态及语态题 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there, the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child, I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day’s exhausting work, his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题 1、The film showed last night was very moving. 2、Having finishing his lecture, the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time, we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here? 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题 1、It is difficult to study English well. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car? 五、倒装句型 全部倒装句 1、Stop talking! There comes the teacher. 部分倒装句 1、So badly was he hurt in the accident that he had to be sent to hospital. 2、Not only does he study well, but also he is always ready to help others. 3、Mary has done well in the English exam. So she has. She always does well in the exam. 六、从句中选择关系词题 1、It was in so friendly a way that he talked with us. 2、Oct.15, 2005 is a day when we will take our English examination. 3、We want to buy the same book as you are reading. 4、The sun heats the earth, which is very important to living things. 七、虚拟语气 1、I would have done it better if I had had more time. 2、I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 3、I suggest that we (should )adopt a different policy. 4、Had it not been for your help, we would never have been able to get over the difficulties. 八、情态动词题 1、The ground is so wet, it must have rained last night. 2、She must be a doctor, I think. 3、I should have called you last week, but I was too busy then. 九、几组形容词及副词区别题（注意比较级、最高级、倍数表达; likely/possible/probable; worth/worthy; too much/much too; already/yet等） 1、His books are three time as many as my books.

雅思托福写作好句子100条

英文作文100活用句型 I. 用于文章主题句 1. 不用说… It goes without saying that子句 = (It is) needless to say (that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. …是不可能的; 无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V. = We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信… I am greatly convinced (that)子句 = I am greatly assured (that)子句 例︰我深信预防是比治疗好。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种…之中… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. …是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that)子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。

英语写作经典段落结构(雅思托福都适用)Five Paragraph Essay Structure

Five Paragraph Essay Structure The five-paragraph essay is the commonest and most basic form of academic essay used in English and American high schools. Below you will find a map of the essay structure, and we will be using this structure in all of our argumentative and persuasive essays. Introduction (3-4 sentences) 1.Hook – Attracts the readers attention and introduces the main idea 2.Bridge – Develops the topic enough to explain the thesis statement 3.Thesis Statement – Introduces the topic and controlling ideas of the essay Main body Paragraph 1 (5 sentences) 1.Topic sentence – Introduces the topic and controlling idea for this paragraph (this controlling idea should be linked to the thesis statement) 2.Development – The topic should be expanded and more information introduced (5W1H) 3.Evidence – An example/fact should be used to prove your opinion 4.Development – Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence – Pulls together and summarises main point from topic sentence and paragraph Main body Paragraph 2 (5 sentences) 1.Topic sentence – Introduces the topic and controlling idea for this paragraph (this controlling idea should be linked to the thesis statement) 2.Development – The topic should be expanded and more information introduced (5W1H) 3.Evidence – An example/fact should be used to prove your opinion 4.Development – Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence – Pulls together and summarises main point from topic sentence and paragraph Counter Argument (4-5 sentences) 1.Counter argument –Introduces opposition’s strongest argument 2.Refutation – Explain why that argument is not valid or appropriate 3.Example – Use an example to support your refutation 4.Development (optional) - Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence - Pulls together and summarises main point from refutation Conclusion 1.Restate thesis – Restate the main topic and controlling idea from the thesis statement (paraphrased) 2.Summary – Summarise the main points from the article to support your opinion 3.Conclusion – Create a new idea/thinking point based on the points raised in the article

托福雅思写作句型必背考生自己整理

EVA句型团笔记 DAY 1(主系表句型) 平庸，甚至错误句型： there are more and more peopl e study abroad [2个谓语动词] with the d evel opment of technol ogy, friends become more and more important [没有逻辑关系] 英文思维：主次分明，注重逻辑；（效率／不会产生歧义） 主语：发出动作宾语：动作的接受者 思维决定了语言表达 中英文句型直观的差异： 1.语序——先主干，后次要 2.词性和成分一一对应——动词 五大句子基本类型： 1. 主谓 2. 主谓宾 3. 主系表 4. 主谓宾1宾2 5. 主谓宾宾补 核心思维： 主系表句型 eg1:新鲜空气对健康有益 Fresh air is beneficial to health. Health can benefit from fresh air a lot. Fresh air contributes to promoting health. 注意：有许多系动词可以使用，be动词是其中较为简单的一种。 句型一：A（人／物）+ be. + adj.（怎么回事）+ to B（针对于谁来说） 注意点：1. Be 2. 位置，语序 A is beneficial/harmful/d etrimental/superior/inferior to B eg2.过度的工作对工作者的身体有害(overwork v.) Excessive work is d etrimental to worker’s health. Working for excessive hours does harm to worker’s health. It is unhealthy for workers to work excessively. Overworking throws shad ow on worker’s health. 英文基本原则：一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词

雅思托福应试技巧讲座心得

雅思托福应试技巧讲座心得 今天晚上，我去听了关于雅思托福应试技巧的讲座，受益匪浅，更加明确了自己的目标和大学英语的学习方法。 老师从什么是雅思，什么是托福开始讲起，带我们走进了英语的世界。她为我们消除了对雅思托福的恐惧心理，盲从心理。老师告诉我们，雅思托福，听上去很洋气的两个名词，其实并不可怕，只要认真学习，用心学习，我们也能做到。 打好基础。老师告诉我们，学好英语，最关键的一点是达到一定的词汇量。高中需要3500词汇量，英语四级需要4000词汇量，雅思需要8000词汇量。一切的一切都说明了，要学好英语必须保证一定的词汇量。老师又强调了要反复记忆与练习，学习单词需要我们的耐心，需要我们的坚持。总之，学好英语一定要打好基础，扩大自己的词汇量。 注重日常练习。英语听力能力的提高在于每日的积累。老师告诉我们要做一个有心人，她向我们推荐了几款app，还告诉了我们一些英语学习网站，让我们自己在网上进行自主学习。尤其是“scientific American 60 second”这个app。每天只需要抽出一分钟来学习，就能很好地提高自己的英语听力水平。 功夫不负有心人。英语作文水平的提高在于平时词汇与语法的积累。老师给我们展示了一篇雅思成绩为7分的作文。考生运用了各种

语法，句型，而且运用了许多词形变换。而且从文中可以看出考生为了准备考试积累了许多专业词汇。老师告诉我们，要想在众多考生中脱颖而出，就必须能够灵活地运用新颖的词汇，熟练的运用各种句型。而且要多积累专业词汇，这能够给改卷老师留下一个好印象。功夫不负有心人，我们要在平常做好积累。 多阅读。老师推荐了好几本杂志，与雅思官方出的书，老师说，有好多考试内容摘自这些文章，要多读这些杂志与参考书，还可以提高自己的英语阅读水平。 在大学四年，我要制定学习英语的规划，努力提高自己的英语水平，铺垫出自己的成功之路。

雅思托福语法十大原则

定语从句（道德类核心词汇） 1.对不能抵抗的动物进行实验是不道德的。 Key words: resist, morally wrong 2.在家庭和工作之间寻找平衡的职业妇女会感到进退两难。 Key words: career women, dilemma 3.家长必须教育孩子不要模仿某些某些是负面榜样的明星。 Key words: imitate, negative role model 4.不成熟的青少年容易盲从并误入歧途。 Key words: follow like sheep, go astray 5.知道真相的病人可能会失去活下去的勇气。 Key words: truth, the courage to survive 6.有孝心的孩子不会让自己的父母住到敬老院去。 Key words: with obedience, nursing home 7.不少人坚信堕胎导致社会道德败坏。 Key words: abortion, corruption of social ethics 8.雇主更愿意雇用那些重视诚信和忠心的员工。 Key words: integrity, loyalty 9.作为最常用的电子设备，电脑经常被利用来做犯罪工具。 Key words: electronic facility, crime tool 10.众所周知，安乐死是让病人和他们的家人迅速摆脱痛苦的方法。Key words: euthanasia, get rid of

1、人们可以在家上班，以避免交通阻塞以及拥挤的公共交通。 Key words: traffic jam, public transport 2、在家工作让人们可以花更多时间提高个人能力和接受教育。 Key words: personal skills 3、跳槽是和不同的人一起工作的一种渴望，一种对承担不同工作职责的渴望，一种住在不同城市的渴望。 Key words: job-hopping, yearning 4、经常跳槽的人的诚信和忠诚容易受到质疑。 Key words: integrity, loyalty, be prone to, doubt 5、如果你是一位癌症患者的医生，你忍心告诉他真相，还是保守秘密？ Key words: have the heart, keep…a secret 6、尽管说白色谎言是出于良好的目的，但说谎还是不诚实、不道德的。 Key words: out of good intentions, dishonest, immoral 7、承重的工作压力会导致身心健康、工作效率和生活质量一起下降。 Key words: work stress,mental and physical health, working efficiency, life quality 8、对老人实行强迫退休制度是对他们工作权利的侵犯。 Key words: impose…on…, mandatory retirement, the right to work 9、看太多电视节目会对孩子的智力发展造成伤害。 Key words: intellectual growth, cause damage to 10、商业广告中充斥各种误导人、欺骗人的信息。 Key words: flood, misleading, cheating

雅思新托福写作高分句型大全

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4雅思托福语法之限定词

限定词 认识限定词 1. 限定词和修饰语不同，限定词对中心词或所指或数或量或所属的意义进行限定。 比较： a desk *charming desk 2. 限定词源于：冠词、数词、量词、名词属格和部分代词（物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词和关系代词）。 使用限定词 1. 和可数单数、可数复数和不可数均可搭配 定冠词、不定代词some, any, no, other、物主代词、疑问代词、关系代词和名词属格均能与三类名词同行： 可数单数可数复数不可数the book books ink some any no the other my whose what Tom’s 2. 只和可数单数名词搭配 不定冠词、基数词one，不定代词another, each, every, either, neither和复合限定词many a 和such a： 可数单数可数复数不可数 a book *books *ink one another each every either neither many a such a 12

注1：many a VS many 1. many a 只和单数可数名词合作，意义与many 意义相同； 2. 后者更多发生于否定语境，而前者多为肯定： Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks. Many ships have been wrecked on those rocks. I don’t have many boy friends. ? I don’t have many a friend. 注2：each VS every 1. each 能指“二或更多”而every 只能指“三或更多”： She had a child holding on to each hand. *She had a child holding on to every hand. You look more beautiful each time I see you. You look more beautiful every time I see you. 2. each 侧重“单独”、“分别”；every 倾向“整体”、“所有”： Each person in turn went to see the doctor. He gave every patient the same medicine. 3. 只和复数名词搭配 不定代词many, several, both, few, a few，其他基数词，指示代词these, those，量词a number of等： 可数单数可数复数不可数 many *book books *ink several these those both few a few two a great number of a great many 注1：both of VS both 1. both of 的情形多见于美语，这时both是代词： She’s eaten both the chops She’s eaten both of the chops Both these oranges are bad. Both of these oranges are bad. 2. 以下各例中both是副词，句中位于代词和助动词之后： Mary sends you both her love.

托福雅思写作句型必背(考生自己整理)

EVA 句型团笔记 DAY 1（主系表句型） 平庸；甚至错误句型： there are more and more PeOP Ie StUdy abroad ［2个谓语动词］ W i th the deve I OPment Of techno I ogy, f r i ends become more and more i mportant ［没有逻辑关系］ 英文思维：主次分明，注重逻辑；（效率/不会产生歧义） 主语：发出动作宾语：动作的接受者 思维决定了语言表达 中英文句型直观的差异： 1. 语序—先主干，E 次要 2. 词性和成分 ---- 对应 ---- 动词 五大句子基本类型: 1. 主谓 2. 主谓宾 3. 主系表 4. 主谓宾1宾2 5. 主谓宾宾补 核心思维: 人/扬 怎么了（做） "TiF 谓语（动词）/ /系语 主系表句型 eg1:新鲜空气对健康有益 FreSh a i r i S beneficial to heaI th. Hea I th Can benef it from fresh a i r a lot. FreSh a i r COntributes to PrOmoting heaI th. 注意：有许多系动词可以使用，be 动词是其中较为简单的一种。 ■ 句型一：A （人/物）+ be. + adj.（怎么回事）+ to B （针对于谁来说） 注意点：1. Be 2.位置，语序 A i S benef i c i a I∕harmfuI /detrimental/superior/inferior to B eg2.过度的工作对工作者的身体有害（OVerWOrk v.） EXCeSS i Ve WOrk i S detr imentai to WOrker , S heaI th. WOrk i ng for excess i Ve hours does harm to WOrker , S heaI th. yt? 宾语//表诣

5雅思托福语法之动名词

2017.8 幻灯片2 What? How? 1. 动名词：由动词演变而成的名词，因来源是动词，作名词使用，同时具有一些动词特征，故称为动名词。 2. 动名词的语法功能： 主语 宾语 表语 定语 幻灯片3 动名词作主语 句首或以it形式主语开头，置于句末。 1. 将先前用于阅读文学的时间转移到浅薄的娱乐形式上，普遍降低了文化层次。 Diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivial forms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general. 2. 牛奶已洒，哭已无用。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. It is no use/ good + doing sth. 3. 现在担心那件事是没用的。 It is no good worrying about that thing now. 4.你这样匆忙离开是很危险的。 It is very risky your going off in such a hurry. 5. 燃烧煤炭和石油产生大量的污染。 Burning coal and oil creates lots of pollution. 幻灯片4 动名词作宾语 介词后面的动词必须+ing，部分动词后面的动词必须+ing。 这些动词有： acknowledge, admit, advocate, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, forbid, imagine, include, involve,mind, permit, postpone, quit, recommend, require, risk, suggest, can't help, give up, put off 幻灯片5 1. 她一再找借口拖延，不肯去看医生。 She found one excuse after another to postpone going to the doctor. postpone/ delay/ put off 为近义词，用法一致，+Ving。 2. 他们全都否认曾见过她。 They all denied ever having seen her. deny having done sth/ deny doing sth 与反义词acknowledge/ admit 用法一致，+Ving。

托福考试：托福十大语法要点小结

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托福雅思写作句型必背(考生自己整理)

精心整理 EVA句型团笔记 DAY1(主系表句型) 平庸，甚至错误句型： therearemoreandmorepeoplestudyabroad [2个谓语动词] withthedevelopmentoftechnology,friendsbecomemoreandmoreimportant [没有逻辑关系] 英文思维：主次分明，注重逻辑；（效率／不会产生歧义） 主语：发出动作宾语：动作的接受者 思维决定了语言表达 主系表句型 Workingforexcessivehoursdoesharmtoworker’shealth. Itisunhealthyforworkerstoworkexcessively. Overworkingthrowsshadowonworker’shealth. 英文基本原则：一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词 eg3.在家里工作比在办公室工作更好 Workingathomepalesinfrontofofficeworking. Workingathome issuperiorto workingatoffice.(结构的平行和公正) 句型2:Aisvulnerable/subjecttoB A易受B的影响A取决于B Eg4:新生特别容易受到学校里消极影响的伤害 Freshmenare(especially)subject/vulnerabletonegativeschoolinfluences.

Freshmenaresusceptibletobenegativelyimpactedbycampusviolence. Eg5:经济学人：川普说美国的一个中国政策是可以再次被讨论的。TrumpsaidthataAmericanpolicytoChinacanbereconsidered. TrumpshowedhistendencytoputaChineserelatedpolicyontableagain. DonaldTrumpsaidthatAmerica’s“OneChina”policymightbesubjecttorenegotiation. 句型3:Abeboundtodesth注定做某事 在表示因果推论时，表示所导致的结果，语气比较强硬。 Belikelytodo“可能”，推论，语气较弱 Eg6:如果教师得到更多工资，学费必定会上涨 Ifteachers’salary isenhanced,thetuition s mustgoupwardaccordingly. Thetuitionsareboundedtoincreaseifteachersarepaidmore. Eg7:中国必定会称为下一个超级大国 Chinaisboundedtobethenextsupercountry. 句型4:Abebeyond(prep.)sb.(人)某人不能理解A 新概念三： nthecountryisbeyondme. Day1打卡 翻译 1.持续的长期学习会对年轻人的情绪发展有害 2.国货的质量仍然被认为不如昂贵的日本货。 3. 造句3个 1. 2. 3. DAY2(主谓句型) 句型1:Ado.(vi)Myfoothurts. surfaceemergefollowincrease 把句子拉长和变短都是举行变化，作文句式要长短交错 句型2:A+do+介词(后面的动词要用ing形式，这里是介词是介词)+B appealto吸引lieinsth基于liewithsb取决于／由sb.决定 contributetoleadto+n./doing导致resultin todosth.非谓语形式 范文： Theinitialconsequenceswouldbemassunemployment andbeforelongrelatedsocialproblemswillsu rfaceincluding crime,homelessnessanddrugabuse.

托福雅思写作句型必背(考生自己整理)

~ EVA句型团笔记 DAY 1(主系表句型) 平庸，甚至错误句型： there are more and more people study abroad [2个谓语动词] with the development of technology, friends become more and more important [没有逻辑关系] … 英文思维：主次分明，注重逻辑；（效率／不会产生歧义） 主语：发出动作宾语：动作的接受者 思维决定了语言表达 中英文句型直观的差异： 1.语序——先主干，后次要 2.词性和成分一一对应——动词 五大句子基本类型： / 1. 主谓 2. 主谓宾 3. 主系表 4. 主谓宾1宾2 5. 主谓宾宾补 核心思维： , 主系表句型 eg1:新鲜空气对健康有益 Fresh air is beneficial to health. Health can benefit from fresh air a lot. Fresh air contributes to promoting health. 注意：有许多系动词可以使用，be动词是其中较为简单的一种。 " 句型一： A（人／物）+ be. + adj.（怎么回事） + to B（针对于谁来说）注意点：1. Be 2. 位置，语序 A is beneficial/harmful/detrimental/superior/inferior to B eg2.过度的工作对工作者的身体有害(overwork v.)

Excessive work is detrimental to worker’s health. Working for excessive hours does harm to worker’s health. # It is unhealthy for workers to work excessively. Overworking throws shadow on worker’s health. 英文基本原则：一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词 eg3. 在家里工作比在办公室工作更好 Working at home pales in front of office working. Working at home is superior to working at office.(结构的平行和公正) ' 句型2: A is vulnerable /subject to B A易受B的影响 A取决于B Eg4:新生特别容易受到学校里消极影响的伤害 Freshmen are (especially) subject/vulnerable to negative school influences. Freshmen are susceptible to be negatively impacted by campus violence. Eg5: 经济学人：川普说美国的一个中国政策是可以再次被讨论的。 Trump said that a American policy to China can be reconsidered. （ Trump showed his tendency to put a Chinese related policy on table again. Donald Trump said that America’s “One China” policy might be subject to renegotiation. 句型3: A be bound to de sth 注定做某事 在表示因果推论时，表示所导致的结果，语气比较强硬。 Be likely to do“可能”，推论，语气较弱 … Eg6: 如果教师得到更多工资，学费必定会上涨 If teachers’salary is enhanced, the tuition s must go upward accordingly. The tuitions are bounded to increase if teachers are paid more. Eg7: 中国必定会称为下一个超级大国 China is bounded to be the next super country. ` 句型4: A be beyond(prep.) sb.(人) 某人不能理解A 新概念三： Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the