a fortiori 更加;增强理由时之用词
a priori 先验地;从因至果;凭臆断推论
ab initio 自始(例如法律行为经撤销视之自始无效)
acceptance 承诺;接受要约;接盘;承盘
acceptance of partial performance 契约的部分履行被接受
acceptor 承诺人;被要约的人
accord 和解
accord and satisfaction 和解与清偿
accounting for profits 交代帐务
accrual of action 诉讼产生
acquiescence 默许
act 行为;作为
action in personam 对人之诉(以人为对象之诉,例如请求损害赔偿)
action in rem 对物之诉(对物主张权利之诉讼)
action 诉讼
actual breach 实际违反契约
ad idem 主要部分之契合(例如契约)
ad interim 临时;过度的
ad respondendum 答辩;辩诉
adequate rem edy 足够的赔偿
adjudication 裁判;宣告(大都指破产之宣告)
advertisem ent 广告
advertisem ent of auction sale 拍卖广告
advocate 出庭辩论之律师
affidavit 宣誓书
affirmation 确认
agent 代理人
agreement 协议
agreement to discharge a contract 协议解约
allegation 陈述(指未经证实者而言);声言;指陈
allege 声称;辩称
ambiguity 含糊不清
anticipatory breach 预先违反契约
appeal 上诉
appellant 上诉人
appellate jurisdiction 上诉审
appropriation 拨款
arbitration 仲裁
arrears 迟延之欠款(例如逾期未付之租金)
arrest of judgment 停止宣判(刑事被告在宣告判决前的提出理由声请停止宣判)artificial legal person 法律拟制人;法人
assignee 受让人
assignment 转让
assignment of contractual rights 契约权益之转让
assignor 让与人;转让人
assistant 伙计
assize of Mort D’aucestor继承土地被占收回诉讼
assize of Novel Dissession 土地被占收回诉讼
assizes 英国之巡回法庭
assumpsit 约定;允诺;口头契约;因违约而生之损害赔偿之诉
asylum 精神病院
Attorney-General 美国司法部长(或各州检察长)
attorney-at-law 律师(美国之称谓,美国无Solicitor及Barrister之区别)
auction 拍卖
auction sale 拍卖
auctioneer 拍卖人
auctioneer’s request for bids拍卖人请求投标
averment 事实之陈述;主张;辨正;证明
bailee 受寄人
bailiff 执达员;执达吏;承发吏
bailment 寄托
bailor 寄托人
bankruptcy,adjudication of 破产之宣告
bar 禁止;障碍
bargaining power 磋商议价能力
barrister 律师(英国之称谓,或成barrister-at-law,俗称大律师,所以别与solicitor)barter 以物易物
beneficial contract of service 有益之服务契约
beneficiary 受益人
benefit 权益;受益
bidder 投标人;竞投人;出价人
bilateral contract 双务契约t
bill of exchange 汇票
bill of lading 载货证券;提货单;提单
bill of sale 出售票处
binding 具有约束力
binding agreem ent 具有约束力之协议
bona fide third party 善意第三人;善意之第三人
bona fide 真实的;善意的
bookmaking 赌博登记赌注
breach of contract 违约;违反契约
broker 经济
burden 负担
burden of proof 举证责任
business efficacy 商业上的效力
by-law(Bye-Laws) 社团或公司之规程;附则
canon law 寺院法
capacity to contract 订约能力
carriage of goods by sea act 海上货物运送条例
carrier 运送人
causation 因果关系
cause of action 诉讼标的;诉之事由;案由;诉讼原因
caveat emptor 购者自慎
certiorari, writ of 移审令(上级法院命令下级法院移送卷宗之公文);移送案件命令chain of causation 因果关系
champerty 包揽诉讼
chancellor 掌玺大臣
chancery 衡平法院
chancery,court of 衡平法院(参阅supreme court of judicature)
chancery division 大法官庭(参阅supreme court of judicature)
charging order 扣押产物
charter party (charta partita) 佣船人
chartered corporation 特许法人
charterer 佣船人
chattel mortgage 质权
cheque 支票
cheque book 支票簿
chose in action 侵权
civil law 民事法;民法;大陆法
clear evidence 明显的证据
client 律师之当事人
co-respondent 共同被告(——通常指离婚诉讼中被牵涉之奸夫或奸妇)
code 法典
collateral 附属;附属物品
commission of lunacy 精神病的鉴定
commit a crime 犯罪
committal 扣押人身份
common intent 共同企图
common law 普通法;习惯法
common mistake 共同错误
common plea ,court of 普通法诉讼法院(参阅supreme court of judicature)communicates through the post 邮递传达
communication of acceptance 承诺的传达;承诺的通知
complain 陈诉;告发;告诉
complainant 告诉人;陈诉人
complaint 控诉;书状;诉之陈述
compromise 妥协;和解
conciliation 调停;调解;和解
concurrent condition 并行条件
concurrent jurisdiction 数法院同有管辖者
condition 主要条款;重要条款;条件
condition precedent 先决条件;停止条件
condition subsequent 解除条件
conditional agreem ent 附有条件协议
conduct,by 行为
conflict of laws 冲突法;国际私法
consensus ad idem 意思一致
consequential loss 间接损失;从属损失
consideration 契约当事人间相互对待给付;使负担义务者受契约义务之代价;报偿;对价;约因consideration must be sufficient ,but need not be adequate约因必须有价值,但不必相等consignation 提存
consignee 受货人;受托人;收货人
consignor 托运人
construction 解释
contempt 藐视法庭
contingent condition 决定性事故
contingent fee 承办意外事故之诉讼酬金
contract 合同;契约
contract,quasi 准契约
contract for future separation 未来分居契约
contract in restraint of marriage 限制婚约的契约
contract in unreasonable restraint of trade 不合理的限制贸易契约
contract of carriage 运输契约
contract of employment 雇用契约
contract of service 服务契约或劳务契约
contract out of the jurisdication of the courts 剥夺法庭审判权之契约
contract prejudicial to the administration of justice 妨碍司法公正之契约
contract that is sexually immoral 涉及性犯罪之契约
contract that tends to corruption in public life 败坏公共生活之契约
contract to commit a crime ,tort or fraud on a third party 犯罪;侵权或欺骗第三者的契约contract uberrimae fidei 完全坦白之契约;诚实信用之契约
contract for necessaries 必需品契约
contract for personal services 个人服务契约
contract under seal 加盖印鉴之契约;盖印契约
contracts which lack mutuality 缺少相互性之契约
contracts which require constant supervision 需要法院不断监管之契约
contrary to public policy 违反公共政策
contribution 分担
conversion 侵占他人之财物
coronation 加冕
corpus juris 法典
corpus juris civilis 罗马民法法典
counter-offer 反要约
counter-claim 反诉
county court 地方法院(或可称州中之郡法院,就其管辖之权限而言,相当于地方法院)coupon 彩券或赠券
court of appeal 上诉法院(指经此不能再提起上诉)
count of common pleas 普通诉讼法庭
count of last resort 终审法院(指经此不能再提起上诉)
covenant缔约;承诺
credit 信贷;贷款
creditor 债权人
crème 犯罪
criminal law 刑事法
cross-examination 盘问;盘诘;交叉询问(指庭讯时本造律师向当事人及证人,或对造律师向本造当事人及证人之盘诘。参阅examination)
cross-offers 交错要约
curia regis 大理院
currency of payment 交付货币
custom 习惯
damages, exemplary 惩戒性之损害赔偿
damages 损害赔偿金额
de facto 事实上的
de jure 法律上的
debenture债券
debtor 债务人
de btor’s summons 破产程序中对债务人所发之传票
deceit 诈欺
declaration 声明;宣布;声称
decree absolute 离婚诉讼之终局判决
decree nisi 初期判决(例如离婚诉讼必须先经初期判决,初期判决经过一定之期限后方得声请终止判决)decree of specific performance 强制履行契约;强制履约令
deed 依式合约;契据
default 不履行;延迟(例如给付之延迟);缺席
defect 瑕疵
defective performance 有瑕疵之履行
defence 答辩
defendant 被告
delay clause 延迟条款
delegated legislation 授权立法
deliver 交付
demurrer 抗辩;提异议
deposit 订金
description 说明;叙述
detinue 回复占有物之诉
detriment 损害
dictum 法官在审判上附带所表示之意见;非判决要旨
director of company 董事
disability 无行为能力(指无行为能力人及限制行为能力人,视其年龄及智商而定)
discharge 解约;解除(例如责任之解除);免除(例如刑之免除);开释
discharge of contract解除契约;解约
disclaimer 书面或口头之否认;舍弃;抛弃
discretion 自由心证;酌定;审酌
dishonoured cheque 空头支票;不兑现之支票
dismiss 驳回(例如上诉驳回)
dismissal of action 诉之驳回
disposition 处置
dissenting opinion 反对意见(合议庭少数法官因不同意于多数法官所决定之判决而提出之意见)district court 地方法院
dividend 股息
divisible contract 可分割的合同;可分化的契约
divorce 离婚
doctrine agreement 家属协议
domicile 住所;已久住之意思居住之一定地域
drunkard 醉酒者
due process 适当的程序
duress 胁迫
duty 责任;义务;原义务
easement 地役权(称地役权者,谓以他人土地供自己土地便宜之用权,因供需之关系而有供役地servient tenement与需役地dominant tenement之称谓)
ejectment 收回土地或房屋之诉
endorsement by mandate 委任背书
enemy of the king 公敌
enforce 强制执行
entire obligation 不可分割义务
equity 衡平法
erroneous belief 错误相信
error of judgment 判断错误;判决错误
escrow 在条件未完成前由第三者保管之文件或契据或金钱
essential element 要件
estate 财产;遗产
estopped by convention 不容否认协定
estopped by representation 不容否认声明
estoppel 不容否认;禁反言
evidence 证据
ex gratia payment 恩恤金
ex officio 依职权(指依职权兼任另一职位。例如副总统兼任议会主席)
ex parte 一造;片面;单方面(例如甲向法院请求扣押乙之财产,可由甲单方面向法庭声请)exchequer 财务大臣法院
executed 已履行
executed consideration 已付约因
execution 执行
executors 遗嘱执行者
executory 尚待履行
executory consideration 尚待给付之约因
executory contract for necessaries 待履行之必需品之契约
exemption clause 免责条款
expectation loss 期待利益损失
explicit repudiation 明示废弃
express prohibition 明示禁止
express term 明示条款
expression 表达;表明
extra vires (ultra vires) 超越权限的;权力之外的;无权行为;无效行为
false statement 不真实之陈述
fault 过失
fee simple 土地所有权(此在英美之法律意指完全土地所有权,所有人有使用收益处分及继承之权)fiduciary relationships 信托关系
fitness for purpose 适合用途
forbearance 权利之不可行使或不作为
force majeure 不可抗力
foreclosure 抵押满期;止赎
foreclosure sale 抵押满期拍卖
form 欺诈;欺骗
fraudulent misrepresentation 欺诈性之虚伪陈述
free consent 自由意愿
free judgm ent 自由判断
frustration 履约受挫
full court 合议庭
fundamental breach 基本违约
fundamental term 基本条件
funds 基金
gambling 赌博
garnishee proceedings 扣押债权程序
general rule 常规;一般规则
good title 有效所有权
gratis dictum 不受法律拘束之自动陈述
gratuitous 担保;保证
habeas corpus 人身保护状;出庭令;提审票(中国提审法之用语);解交令(指法院命令将逮捕拘禁之人于一定之时间内解交法院询问)
hire-purchase 租买(即分期付款之购买)
ibidem 同一处或同一案
identity 身份;认明;确定
ignorance 无知
illegal contract 不法契约;非法契约
illegal violence 非法暴力
illegality 违法;不法
illusory promise 虚无之约定,即无约因支持之约定
immovable 不动产
implied 暗示或默示
implied prohibition 默示禁止
implied repudiation 默示废止;默示禁止
implied term 默示条款
impostor 骗子
in infinitum 五限制(大都指无限制之直系继承)
in integrum restitution 回复原状
in personam 对人之诉讼
in re 案由
in rem 对物之诉讼
in witness whereof 立此为证(契据文件之结束语,出之拉丁问in cujus rei testimonium)incapacity 无能力
incidental loss 附带损失
income tax 所得税
indemnity 损害之赔偿
independent promises 独立允诺
indorsement by mandate 委任背书
induce 诱使;引诱
infant 未成年人
infer 推定;断定
infringement 妨碍;侵害(例如侵害著作权)
injunction,interlocutory 为暂维现状之假处分
injunction,perpetual 永久性之假处分
injunction 禁令;禁止令;禁制令
innocent 无过失者
innocent party 无过失之一方;无辜的一方
innominate term 无名条款
inns of court 英国之法律学院有lincoln’s inn,the inner temple,the middle temple及gray’s inn.大律师barrister-at-law均由此训练出身
insurance 保险
insurance contract 保险契约
intention to create legal relations 建立法律关系的意图
interlocutory 中间的;暂时的
interlocutory judgment 中间判决;裁定或裁决
interlocutory proceedings 中间程序
intermediate term 中间条款
invitation to treat 邀请要约;请人出价
invoice 发票
ipso facto 当然;因此;由于此项事实
joinder of parties 共同诉讼
joint 连带;共同的
joint and several liability 连带责任
judgment 判决
judgment ,arrest of 停止宣判(刑事被告在宣告判决时,得提出理由,声请停止宣判)
judgments ,interlocutory 中间判决;裁定或裁决
judgment affirmed 维持原判(犹言上诉驳回)
judgment creditor 确定判决之债权人
judgment debt 判决债权
judgment debtor 受确定判决之债务人
judicature act 指1873年修订之法院组织法(英国)(参阅supreme court of judicature)judicial committee of the privy council 枢密院司法委员会;英联邦终审法院
juristic person 法人(别与自然人而言)
jury 陪审团
justice of peace 地方保安官;俗称太平绅士
justification 免除责任理由;辨明;正当理由之辨白
kin ,next of 法律上最近之亲属
king’s bench皇座法庭(今称女皇座法庭Queen’s Bench)
king’s council大会议
landlord 地主
lapse of time 逾期失效;过期失效
lease 租赁契约;租约
lease by estoppel 不可反悔之租赁(例如甲并非房屋之所有人,而擅自出租与乙居住,迨后甲取得该房屋之产权,不能因其当时无权出租而否认与乙之租赁关系)
leasehold 地上权;土地租赁权
legal 合法
legal tender 合法货币
legatee 遗产继承人或遗赠人
legatee ,Residuary 经遗嘱制定与、于遗赠分授完后接受剩余动产之受赠人
legislation 立法
lessee 承租人
lessor 出租人
letter of credit 信用状;信用证
letters of intent 意向书
lex 法律
lex duodecim tabularum 十二法表(罗马法)
ⅠDe in jus vocando 提传
Ⅱjudiciis 审问
ⅢDe aere confesso rebusque judicatis 责偿
ⅣDe jure patrio 家长权
ⅤDe haereditatibus et tutelis 承继及监护
ⅥDe dominio et posessione 所有权及占有
ⅦDe jure aedium et agrorum 家屋及土地
ⅧDe delicto 私犯法
ⅨDe jure publico 公法
ⅩDe jure sacro 宗教法
ⅪSupplemen tum v.
Priorarum tabularum 前五表之补充
ⅫSupplemnetum v.
Posteriorarum tabularum 后五表之补充
liability 义务;债务;责任
limitation period 诉讼期限
limitations,statute of 规定逾期丧失请求权之法规;追诉权时效法规lineal descent 直系卑亲属
liquidated damages 约定赔偿金
liquidator 清算人
loss 顺势
maintenance 赡养费;生活费
malfeasance 非法行为(不正当行为或依契约不应为者)mandatory injunction 正面禁制令
marital rights 夫权(指婚姻存续中之财产权)
maritime price 市场价格
arriage brokerage contract 婚姻经济契约;婚姻介绍契约
master and servant 雇用关系;雇佣人与受雇人
master of the ship 船长
material facts 重要事实
matrimonial causes 婚姻事件(中国法律属于人事诉讼)
means of offer 要约方法
meeting of minds or mutual assent 意思表示一致memorandum and articles of association 公司备忘文件和章程memorandum of association 公司备忘录
mens rea 犯罪意图
mentally disordered person 精神耗弱者
merge 合并
minor 未成年人
misappropriate 盗用
misdemeanor 轻罪;较强之犯罪行为(对Felony而言)misfeasance 失职行为;执行职务时之过失或不正当行为misjoinder 诉讼主体错误
misled party 被骗的一方
misrepresentation 虚伪陈述
mistake 错误
mistake of fact 事实错误
mistress 妇女;常指情妇
mitigation 缓和或减轻损害赔偿;减轻
mock auction 虚伪之拍卖
money lending 借贷
money of account 结算货币
multi-party contract 多边契约
municipal law 国内法(对国际法而言);市政法令
mutual mistake 双方错误;相互性错误
natural person 自然人
necessaries 日常必需品
necessary services 必需服务
negligent 疏忽
negligent misrepresentation 过失;疏忽之虚伪陈述
negotiable instrument 流通证券;票据
negotiation 协商
negotiorum gestio 无因管理(指未受委托而为他人管理)
nisi 除非;否则(意谓不予限期内提出异议即予终结)
nisi prius 巡回审判
non est factum 非我所签契据;否认履行系争契约之诉
non-delivery of goods 不交货
non-disclosure 隐瞒;不公开
non-necessary goods 非必需品
non-performance 不履行
non-truth of a statement 不真实之陈述
novation 替换
nudum pactum 无约因之无效契约或约定
nullity ab initio 一开头即属无效;自然无效;自始无效
obiter dicta 附带意见
obiter dictum 法官在审判中之附带意见
obligation 债务(拉丁原文obligatio含有债务及债权之双重意义)
oblige 受益人
obligor 负责人
offer 要约;出价
offeree 承诺人;被要约人或要约之相对人
offeror 要约人
operative mistake 具有影响力之错误
option,right of 选择权(在一定之期限内有权为承诺或拒绝之表示之谓);取舍权
option 有选择性权之要约或有指定之买卖
original offer 原要约
parol evidence 口头证据
partner 合伙人;伙伴
partner ostensible 非合伙人而参与合伙事业使第三者信其为合伙人者;表见合伙人
partnership 合伙;合伙经营;合伙企业
passive debt 无利息之债务
past consideration 过去约因;过时之代价或对价
payee 收款人;受款人;收票人
payer 付款人
penalty 违约罚金
per curiam 即conrt之拉丁文援引或摘录法官之判词时,通常冠以法官之姓氏,但亦有不指出法官之姓氏而冠以by the court 或per curiam者,curiam即court之拉丁文;通常用以区别个别法官之意见,而为法院之最终意见
per incuriam 不察而作;through inadvertence疏忽
per se 本身;自身
performance of contract 履行契约
perjury 伪证罪
perpetual injunction 永久性之假处分;持续性之假处分
personal property 动产
personal service contract 个人服务之契约
petition 书状(特别指衡平法院及人事诉讼之书状)
petitioner 具状人;原告;人事诉讼原告
plaintiff 原告
plea 辩诉;答辩状;抗辩
pleadings 诉状;书状;准备书状(原告及被告在诉讼进行中,向法院所提出之书状,其名称各有不同,兹依其先后次序,例举如下:
1. 原告提statement of claim
2. 被告提defence
3. 原告提reply
4. 被告提rejoinder
5. 原告提surrejoinder
6. 被告提rebutter
7. 原告提surrebutter
pledge 质押(指债务人将所有物交付债权人作债务之担保)
pose 冒充
postal rule 发信原则
power of attorney 授权书
preamble法律条文前之引言或总纲
prejudice,without 法律文牍上常用之词,意谓(不得视为责任之承认),换言之,即信中所述者不得据以为攻击防御之张本
premises 房屋(与土地并称)
premium 保险费
presiding judge 合议庭庭长;审判长
presumption 假定;推定
prevention of performance 履约受阻
priced catalogue 价目表
prima facie evidence 表面上之证据
primary obligation 原义务
principal 委托人;授权人;本人
privity of contract 相互之契约关系或契约之相互关系(例如甲与乙订约,乙与丙订约,甲与乙之间,及乙与丙之间均有相互之契约关系,惟甲与丙之间则无相互之契约关系)即契约当事人关系
privy council 枢密院(英国)
probate 遗嘱之提示,将遗嘱递交法庭审定
procedural law 程序法律
prohibitory injunction 反面禁止令
promise 诺言;允诺
promisee 承诺人
promisor 许诺人
promissory estoppel 不容否认或禁反言
promissory note 本票
promoter 公司发起人;公司法创办人
proper law 准据法
property 财产
proprietary estoppel 不容否认之产权
prosecute 控诉
prospectus 招股书
protocol 草约;议定书;纪录
proximate cause 近因(损害赔偿诉讼中常用之词)
proxy 代理人
public at large 一般大众
public duty 公共义务
public policy 公共政策
puisne judge 高等法院之一般法官(庭长或审判长以下之推事)
quantum meruit 按劳计酬
quasi 类似;准(例如准契约)
quasi contract 准契约
question of fact 事实问题
question of law 法律问题
quid pro quo 报偿;报复(可作投桃报李之解;亦可作以牙还牙解)在契约法中亦可作交换物或对价或对等之给付解释
quo non est in actis 不告不理
quorum 法定人数
ratio decidendi 判决理由
real action 对物诉讼(例如不动产受侵害时诉请回复原状)
real intention 真正用途
real property 不动产(土地房屋之类)
realization and liquidation 真实同意;意思一致
realization and liquidation 变产清算
reasonable ground 合理的理由
reasonable man 有理智的人或有理性之人
reasonable price 合理价格
reasonable time 合理时间
rebut 反驳;反问
rebutter 被告之第三次答辩
receipt 收据
recitals 契据等法律文件上之引述语(例如“whereas”)
rectification更正;改正
redemption回赎;赎回;买回
redemption, equity of 回赎权依法丧失后,抵押人在衡平法上之回赎权
rejection 拒绝
rejoinder 被告之第二次答辩(参阅pleadings)
release 解除
reliance loss 信赖利益损失
remedies for breach of contract 违约之救济
remedy 补偿;补救
remoteness of damages 间接损失或关系较远之损失
rent 租金
replevin 回复扣押物之诉;收回被扣押物之诉
replication 原告对被告辩诉之答辩(在回复被扣押物之诉讼中,replication为被告第二次之辩诉状,原告对此项辩诉之答复称plea;在离婚诉讼中,replication为原告对被告respondent辩诉answer之答复,其他关于书状之名称详见pleadings)
representation 声明或表意
representee 受声明者
representor 作声明者
repudiation 舍弃;抛弃;拒绝;废弃
repudiatory breach 违反主要条件
res 物(广义指有体及无体之物)
res immobiles 不动产
res indivisibiles 不可分物(例如书,画,牛马等)
res integra 无法律根据;无先例可援
res judicata 已经裁判之事;一事不再理
rescind 废止;撤销;解除
rescission 撤销;契约之解除
reserve clause 保留条款
respondent 被上诉人;离婚诉讼之被告;衡平法诉讼被告
restitution in integrum 撤销契约回复原有地位(指因诈欺而缔结之契约;应予以撤销;是被欺者得回复订约以前之地位)
restitution in integrum impossible 回复原状不可能
restitution 恢复(例如恢复夫妻同居);收回(例如收回被夺物)
restraining order 禁止命令(禁令之通称。保全程序中之假处分等均属之)
restraint of trade 抑制战争
restrictive covenant 限制的条件
retainer 律师之顾问费
revocation 撤回;撤销
revocation of offer 要约之撤回
rider 但书;附歀;追回条款
royal Charter 英廷赦书;特许状
sale of goods act 货物买卖条例(英国)
satisfaction 清偿
scoundrel 无赖
seal 将文件封合,通常指文件密封后用印而言
secondary obligation 次义务
self-defence 正当防卫
self-induced frustration 自己行为引起之履约受挫
self-service shop 自助商店
semble 似乎(与it appears同义,著述及判决意见内容常用之词)
separation 分局
sequestration 扣押产业令
set aside 撤销;舍弃;终止
set-off 抵消(例如债务之抵消)
setting the contract aside 撤销契约
settlement 和解;清偿;解决;协议
severable 可分割的;可划分的
severable contact 可分割之契约;可划分之契约
severable obligation 可分割之义务
severance 分割
sham plea 强辩;强词夺理
short contract 买空卖空契约
silence 沉默
simple contract 简单契约
social agreement 社交协议
sole interpreter 唯一解释者
solicitor 律师(英国及英联邦国家中使用)
specialty 契据
specialty contract 盖印契约
specific performance 强制契约或强制履行
standard form contract 标准形式契约
stare decisis 依先例;根据判决例;依前之判例
stare decisis ,doctrine of 判决先例拘束原则
statement 陈述
statement of fact 事实之陈述
statement of intention 意向之陈述
statement of law 法律之陈述
statement of opinion 意见之陈述
status quo 现状
status quo ante 原状
statute 制定法
statute of frauds 防止诈欺条例(此项法规限定某种债务之成立,非经书面订定不得诉请履行)Statute of Limitation 追诉权时效;时效
statutory corporation 法定法人
statutory declaration 宣誓书(誓章)
statutory instrum ent 法定文件
statutory provision 法令之规定;法定条款;法规之条文
stay of execution 停止执行或中止执行
stay of proceedings 终止诉讼程序
subject matter 标的或标的物
submission 提起;提付;声请
subpoena 证人之传票或传票
subrogation 保证人代债务人为债务之清偿后,债权人对主债务人之债权移转与保证人;代位subscription (for shares)认购(股票)
substantial performance 大致履行;履行重要部分
substantive law 实质之法律或实体法
succession 继承
succession,intestate 未立遗嘱之遗产继承
succession ab intestate 无遗嘱之继承
sufficient consideration 足够之约因
summary conviction 简易刑判;依刑事之告诉即予审判决者;不经陪审制罪刑判决
summary jurisdiction 简易诉讼管辖(一般指刑事之简易案件)
supply of information 提供资料
suprem e court 最高法院
suprem e court of judicature 最高法院
按英国之法院组织法,依1873年judicature act 之规定,将原有之Courts of Chancery(衡平法庭),Queen’s Bench(女王座法庭),Common Pleas(普通法庭),Exchequer(财务法庭),Admiralty (海事法庭),Probate and Divorce(遗嘱及离婚事件法庭)合并为Supreme Cour of judicature(最高法院),其下分Court of Appeal(上诉法院)及High Court of justice(高等法院)。后者初分Chancery,Queen’s Bench ,Common Pleas,Admiralty,Probate,Divorce,Bankruptcy(破产),Common Pleas at Lancaster(兰克普通法庭),Common Pleas at Durham(窦汉普通法庭)及Assizes(巡回)诸法庭,后又分Chancery,Probate,Exchequer,Divorce and Admiralty Divisions 五庭,最后将Common Pleas及Exchequer 并入Queen’s Bench Division及Probate,Divorce and Admiralty Division三庭
surety 抛弃先诉抗辩之保证人
tangible property 有体财产
telex,teleprinter 电传打字收发报机
tenancy in common 可由继承人承受之共有财产(例如甲与乙为共有人,甲死后,甲之继承人与乙为共有人。英国对是项法律关系已另有规定)
tenant 住客;房客
tender 招标;奉上
tenure 年期;租期;任期
term 条款
term implied by statute 成文法所默示之条款
terminate 终止
testament 遗嘱
testate 指已订有遗嘱者
testator 遗嘱人
testatrix 女性之遗嘱人
testimonium clause 遗嘱或契据上之结束语:in witness whereof
third party 第三人;第三者
third party rights 第三者的权利
threats of violence 以暴力相恐吓
ticket 车票或门票
time of the essence 时间之要素
title 所有权
title-deeds 所有权契据
tort 侵权行为
trade practice 贸易习惯;行规
transfer 转让
transferor 出让人
traverse 侵权行为;侵犯行为;侵入他人入住所或土地之行为
trust 信托
twelve tables 十二表(此为罗马于纪元前450年组织三人委员会调查法律之结果,成为罗马法最早之法典)
uberrimae fidei 绝对信任
ultimate facts 主要之事实,有关争执点之事实
ultra vires 越权
underlying and fundam ental fact 基本事实
undue influence 不正当影响
unenforceable 不可强制履行
unenforceable contract 不可强制履行之契约
unilateral contract 单务契约
unilateral mistake 单方面之错误
unjust enrichment 不当得利
unsuitable marriage 不适当之婚姻
untrue statement 不真实之陈述
usage 惯例
valid 有效
valuable consideration 有价值之约因
variation 变更;更改
vendee 买受人;买方
vendor 卖方
vendor’s solicitor卖方之律师
venue 审判地
vicarious performance 代替履行
view 意见;看法
void 无效
void ab initio 自始无效
void contract 无效契约
voidable 可撤销契约;可能无效之契约
volenti non fit injuria 自愿者不受损
wager 赌博(基于未来及不可知之事而预定金钱之给付者)
wagering 赌注
waiver 放弃
waiver of communication 放弃传达
warrant 拘票
warranty 保证;担保;特约条款
wholly immaterial 完全无关紧要的
will 遗嘱
will,dictated 代笔遗嘱
will,holographic 自书遗嘱
will,notorial 公正遗嘱
winding-up 结束;停业
without prejudice 不得作为攻击防御根据之声明(律师代表当事人所撰之信件内容常用之词)without reserve auction 未保留低价之拍卖
world at large 大众;公众
writ of habaes corpus 人身保护状
writ of right 权利令
非常实用的法律词汇(中英对照) ? 债转股debt-to-equity swap ??港元的联系汇率制the linkage system between the US dollar and the HK dollar ??坏帐、呆帐、死帐bad account/ dead account/ uncollectible account/bad debt/ bad loan ??反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against... ??通货紧缩deflation ??通货膨胀inflation ??非配额产品quota-free products ??非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects ??风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment ??风险基金venture capital ??风险准备金loan loss provision/ provisions of risk ??搞活国有大中型企业revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises ??规模经济scale economy/ economies of scale ??国合企业(即国有合 作社) state-owned cooperatives ??国际收支balance of international payments/ balance of payment ??国际收支不平衡disequilibrium of balance of payment ??国家补贴public subsidies ??国家现汇结存state foreign exchange reserves ??合理引导消费guide rational consumption ??季节性调价seasonal price adjustments ??既成事实established/accomplished facts ??技工贸结合的科技型企业scientific and technological enterprises that integrate scientific and technological development with industrial and trade development ??劳动密集性企业labor-intensive enterprises ??乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises/ unauthorized pooling of funds, compulsory donations and random levies on enterprises ??千年问题、千年虫millennium bug ??企业技术改造technological updating of enterprises ??企业亏损补贴subsidies to cover enterprise losses ??实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to ??平等互利、讲求实效、形式多 样、共同发展的方针pursuing practical results, adopting various ways and seeking common development/ the principle of equality, mutual benefit, efficiency, diversity and mutual development
vibration 振动 sound 音 tone 音(乐音) musical tone 乐音 noise 噪音 acoustics 声学 psychoacoustics 心理声学 frequency 频率 intensity 强度 time 时间 wave form 波形 pitch 音高 loudness 响度 duration 时值 timbre 音色(tone color or quality) tuning fork 音叉 pure tone 纯音 complex tone 复音(composite tone) overtone(s) 泛音 (aliquot tone, harmonics, flageolet tone 即upper partials) overtone series 泛音列 partial(s) 分音(partial tone)
fundamental(tone) 基音(first partial) step 音级(scale step, degree) accidental(s) 变音记号 sharp 升号 flat 降号 double-sharp 重升号 double-flat 重降号 nature 还原号 intonation 音准 octave 八度 range 音域(compass) (voice) register 音区 small c 小字组c great C 大字组C contra C 大字二组C unaccented octave 小字组 one-lined octave 小字一组(one-line) two-lined octave 小字二组(two-line) three –lined octave 小字三组(three-line) four-line octave 小字四组(four-line) temperament 乐律 tempered scale 平均律(equal temperament)
. 案件case 案件发回remand/rimit a case (to a low court) 案件名称title of a case 案卷材料materials in the case 案情陈述书statement of case 案外人person other than involved in the case 案值total value involved in the case 败诉方losing party 办案人员personnel handling a case 保全措施申请书application for protective measures 报案report a case (to security authorities) 被告defendant; the accused 被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused 被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder 被害人victim 被害人的诉讼代理人victim's agent ad litem 被上诉人respondent; the appellee 被申请人respondent 被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed 被执行人person subject to enforcement 本诉principal action 必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation 变通管辖jurisdiction by accord 辩护defense 辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer 辩护人defender 辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence 辩论阶段stage of court debate 驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim 驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion 驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit 驳回通知书notice of dismissal 驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution 驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case 补充答辩supplementary answer 补充判决supplementary judgement 补充侦查supplementary investigation 不公开审理trial in camera 不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing
常见常用专利及申请相关词汇--中英文对照 abandonment of a patent 放弃专利权 abandonment of a patent application 放弃专利申请 abridgment 文摘 abstract 文摘(摘要) abuse of patent 滥用专利权 action for infringement of patent 专利侵权诉讼 action of a patent 专利诉讼 address for service 文件送达地址 affidavit 誓书 allowance 准许 amendment 修改 annual fee 年费 annuity 年费 anticipation 占先 appeal 上诉 appellation of origin 原产地名称 applicant for patent 专利申请人 application date 申请日期 application documents 申请案文件 application fee 申请费 application for patent 专利申请(案) application laying open for public inspection 公开供公众审查的申请 application number 申请号 application papers 申请案文件 arbitration 仲裁 art 技术 article of manufacture 制品 assignee 受让人 assignment 转让 assignor 转让人 author of the invention 发明人 author's certificate 发明人证书 basic patent 基本专利 Berne Convention 伯尔尼公约 Berne Union 伯尔尼联盟 best mode 最佳方式 bibliographic data 著录资料 BIRPI 保护知识产权联合国国际局 board of appeals 申诉委员会 breach of confidence 泄密 Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the
色彩常用术语中英文对照 2007-08-06 16:48:16 (已经被浏览7次) 一.红色类红色red 朱红vermeil; vermilion; ponceau 粉红pink; soft red; rose bloom 梅红plum;crimson;fuchsia red 玫瑰红rose madder; rose 桃红peach blossom; peach; carmine rose 樱桃红cherry; cerise 桔红reddish orange; tangerine; jacinth; salmon pink; salmon 石榴红garnet 枣红purplish red; jujube red; date red 莲红lotus red 浅莲红fuchsia pink 豉豆红bean red 辣椒红capsicum red 高粱红Kaoliang red 芙蓉红hibiscus red; poppy red; poppy 胭脂红rogue red ; carmine; cochineal; lake 鲑鱼红salmon 玳瑁红hawksbill turtle red 海螺红cadmium orange 宝石红ruby red 玛瑙红agate red 珊瑚红coral 金红bronze red 铁红iron oxide red 铁锈红rust red 镉红cadmium red 铬红chrome red 砖红brick red 土红laterite; reddle 郎窑红lang-kiln red 均红Jun-kiln red 釉底红underglaze red 威尼斯红Venetian red 法国红French vermilion 茜红alizarin red; madder red 洋红carmine; magenta 品红pinkish red; magenta 猩红scarlet red; scarlet; blood red 油红oil red 紫红purplish red; madder red; wine red; wine; carmine;amaranth; claret; fuchsia;
法律专业词汇中英对照(a,b) action of debt 债务诉讼 acquit 无罪 adjourn 暂时停止执行 administrative decision 行政判决结果 ad damnum 主张一定数额的赔偿金 adverse judgement 不利的判决 affidavit 传票送达人所写的切结书 affirm 确定原判决 affirm defence 积极的抗辩 agency stage 行政机关的裁决 agency hearing 听证会 allegation 主张的事实 american law 美国法 an ex parte hearing 一方当事人到庭说明an adversary hearing 双方当事人到庭辩论answer 答辩状 appellate jurisdiction 上诉管辖权appeal 上诉
appellant 上诉人 appellee 被上诉人 appropriate 永久占有 arrest the judgement 暂时终止法院判决结果 arraignment 刑事案件法官与当事人之间安排案件的程序assigned counsel 公设辩护人 assumpsit 承诺履行 bailment 寄托制度 bail 保释 beyond the reasonable doubt 超越合理的怀疑 bill of Middlesex 早期诉讼当事人向国王秘书处申请的令状,同意发给后才能到 国王法院进行诉讼 bailliff 法庭内的法警 bias 偏见 bench of conference 到法官室或法官面前进行会议 bond 提供担保 burden of proof 举证责任 from:http://www./classroom/flyy/
一、化妆品类别 二、功效类 三、彩妆类 四、常见名称 五、化妆品 INGREDIENTS(成份)中文标示简介 一、化妆品类别 护肤:skin care 洗面奶:facial cleanser/face wash(Foaming,milky,cream, Gel) 爽肤水:toner/astringent 紧肤水:firming lotion 柔肤水:toner/smoothing toner (facial mist/facial spray/ complexion mist) 护肤霜:moisturizers and creams 精华:serum/essence 喷雾:spa water/spray 乳液:fluid 保湿:moisturizer 隔离霜,防晒:sun screen/sun block 美白:whitening 露:lotion,霜:cream 日霜:day cream
晚霜:night cream 眼部GEL: eye gel 面膜: facial mask/masque 眼膜: eye mask 护唇用:Lip care 口红护膜:Lip coat 磨砂膏: facial scrub 去黑头: (deep) pore cleanser/striper pore refining 去死皮: Exfoliating Scrub 润肤露(身体):bodylotion/moisturizer 护手霜: hand lotion/moisturizer 沐浴露: body wash 二、功效类 Acne/Spot(青春痘用品) Active(賦活用) After sun(日晒后用品) Alcohol-free(无酒精) Anti-(抗、防) Anti- wrinkle(抗老防皱) Balancing(平衡酸鹼) Clean-/Purify-(清洁用) Combination(混合性皮肤)
法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law 公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 市民法jus civile 万民法jus gentium 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm 民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality 自愿原则principle of free will 公平原则principle of justice 等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith 行为act 作为ac 不作为omission 合法行为lawful act 违法行为unlawful act 民事权利权利能力civil right 绝对权absolute right 相对权relative right 优先权right of priority 先买权preemption 原权antecedent right 救济权right of relief 支配权right of dominion 请求权right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation 撤销权right of claiming cancellation
案件 case 案件发回 remand/rimit a case (to a low court) 案件名称 title of a case 案卷材料 materials in the case 案情陈述书 statement of case 案外人 person other than involved in the case 案值 total value involved in the case 败诉方 losing party 办案人员 personnel handling a case 保全措施申请书 application for protective measures 报案 report a case (to security authorities) 被告 defendant; the accused 被告人最后陈述 final statement of the accused 被告向原告第二次答辩 rejoinder 被害人 victim 被害人的诉讼代理人 victim's agent ad litem 被上诉人 respondent; the appellee 被申请人 respondent 被申请执行人 party against whom execution is filed 被执行人 person subject to enforcement 本诉 principal action 必要共同诉讼人 party in necessary co-litigation
变通管辖 jurisdiction by accord 辩护 defense 辩护律师 defense attorney/lawyer 辩护人 defender 辩护证据 exculpatory evidence; defense evidence 辩论阶段 stage of court debate 驳回反诉 dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim 驳回请求 deny/dismiss a motion 驳回上诉、维持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 驳回诉讼 dismiss an action/suit 驳回通知书 notice of dismissal 驳回自诉 dismiss/reject a private prosecution 驳回自诉裁定书 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case 补充答辩 supplementary answer 补充判决 supplementary judgement 补充侦查 supplementary investigation 不公开审理 trial in camera 不立案决定书 written decision of no case-filing 不批准逮捕决定书 written decision of disapproving an arrest 不起诉 nol pros 不予受理起诉通知书 notice of dismissal of accusation by the court
家纺常用词语中英文对照 家纺常用词语中英文对照 0点 Acrylic weft-knitted blanket纬编腈纶毛毯Acrylic woollen type fabric 腈纶毛绒Apron 围裙 Bath curtain 浴帘 Bath mat 地巾 Bath towel 浴巾 Bed bag 被套 Bed cover 床罩 Bed decoration 床饰 Bed sheet jacquard 大提花被单布 Bed sheet linen 亚麻床单布 Bed sheet set 被里 Bed Sheet被单 Bed Spread; Bed Skirt 床裙 Bed valance床幔 Bedding; bedclot hes 床上用品 Blanket毯子 Bleached bed sheet 全白床单Bleached fabric 漂白织物 Bleached towel 全白毛巾 Blending--spun linen 亚麻混纺布Boudoir Pillow 闺枕 Carpet 地毯 Chenille fabric 雪尼尔织物 Chinese style bed sheet 中式床单Comforter Shell被壳 Cordage 绳 Cotton blanket 线毯、棉毯 Cotton thread tape 线带 Cotton yarn tape 纱带 Curtain窗帘 Cushion cover靠垫套 Cushion靠垫 Decoration装饰布 Door curtain门帘 Door mat门垫 Down-proof fabric 防绒布 Duvet羽绒被 Embroidered 绣花 Fabric Valance帷幔 Fake fur knitted fabric 人造毛皮针织物Fake fur 人造毛皮
This sample document is the work product of a national coalition of attorneys who specialize in venture capital financings, working under the auspices of the NVCA. This document is intended to serve as a starting point only, and should be tailored to meet your specific requirements. This document should not be construed as legal advice for any particular facts or circumstances. Note that this sample document presents an array of (often mutually exclusive) options with respect to particular deal provisions. TERM SHEET
This term sheet maps to the NVCA Model Documents, and for convenience the provisions are grouped according to the particular Model Document in which they may be found. Although this term sheet is perhaps somewhat longer than a "typical" VC Term Sheet, the aim is to provide a level of detail that makes the term sheet useful as both a road map for the document drafters and as a reference source for the business people to quickly find deal terms without the necessity of having to consult the legal documents (assuming of course there have been no changes to the material deal terms prior to execution of the final documents).
汉英对照法律专业词汇(民商事通用语) 1、民法通则:General Principles of the Civil Law 2、民事权益:civil rights and interests 3、平等主体:civil subjects with equal status 4、财产关系和人身关系:property relationships and personal relationships 5、等价有偿:making compensation for equal value 6、诚实信用:honesty and credibility 7、适用中国法律:be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to) 8、法律另有规定:otherwise stipulated by law 9、无国籍人:stateless persons 10、民事权利能力:the capacity for civil rights 11、完全民事权利能力:full capacity for civil conduct 12、限制民事行为能力人:a person with limited capacity for civil conduct 13、无民事行为能力人:a person having no capacity for civil conduct 14、法定代理人:agent ad litem 15、代理民事活动:be represented in civil activities by
16、监护人:guardian 17、户籍所在地:the place where his residence is registered 18、住所:domicile 19、经常居住地:habitual residence 20、居民委员会:the neighborhood committee 21、村民委员会:the village committee 22、民政部门:the civil affairs department 23、履行监护职责:fulfill duty of guardianship 24、承担责任:be held responsible 25、造成财产损失:cause any property loss 26、宣告为无(限制)民事行为能力人:declare …to be a person to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct 27、下落不明one's whereabouts have been unknown 28、个体工商户:individual businesses 29、农村承包经营户:leaseholding farm households 30、个人合伙:individual partnership 31、合伙人:partnerss 32、承担民事责任:bear civil liability for 33、按照出资比例:in proportion to one's respective contributions to the investment 34、承担连带责任:undertake joint liability for
精心整理 陶瓷术语中英文对照 白云土dolomite 长石feldspar 瓷泥petunse,petuntse,petuntze 瓷漆enamelpaint,enamel 封泥lute 高岭土kaolin,chinaclay 硅石,二氧化硅silica,SiO2 堇青石 莫来石, 泥果, 石灰, 氧化锡 釉 原材料 云母 皂石, 其它 斑点 半透明 茶叶罐 单色的 镀金 多色的 高白 工艺品 建白材料construction/buildingmaterial 景德镇Jingdexhen,Ching-te-chen 景泰蓝cloisonné 绝缘子insulator 考古学archaeology 可塑的plastic 流变学rheology 琉璃瓦glazedtile模型、模特model 模子mould
耐热heat-proof 配方formula 盆栽bonsai 漆器lacquerwork 器皿ware 秦始皇陵兵马俑life-sizeterra-cottasoldiersandhorsesinChintomb 青铜器bronzework 人类学antropology 渗透的porous 手印,指印fingermark 首饰盒jewelcase 四面体 陶瓷的 陶工 瓦tile 温度 硬度 釉工 砖 何朝宗 薄胎瓷thinchina 彩陶器,釉陶faience 陈设瓷,摆设瓷displaychina 瓷porcelain,china(China‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词) 赤陶terracotta,terracotta,redearthenware 代尔夫精陶delft 德化陶瓷Te-huaporcelain,Dehuapottery 高温陶瓷refractorychina 工业陶瓷industrialceramics
The Jurisprudence of GATT & the WTO Course Syllabus 《美国法律制度》课程教学大纲 Name : American law and legal systems 课程名称:美国法律与法律体系(双语教学) Code: 课程编码: Semester: 7 开课学期:第7学期 No. of hours and credits: 32 hrs,2 credits 学时数、学分数:32学时,2学分 Applicable specialty: law 适用专业:法学 Succedent course: No 后续课程:无 1. Objectives and tasks 教学目的与任务 American law and legal systems is taked as an elective course. The objectives of the course are to have students know subjuct matter about the history and the law,court organization,procedure and evidence, and understand the basic legal system of the U.S.A. such as constitution law,criminal law,administrative law,etc after students complete the course. Students are required to have a preliminary understanding of the legal research. 美国法律与法律体系是门选修课。通过本课程的教学,希望学生了解法与历史的关系、美国法院体系、程序与证据;了解美国法律制度中的一些重要部门法,如宪法、刑法、行政法等。同时要求掌握一些基本的法律研究方法。 Through the study of the course, it is expected that students will grasp the current tendency of American law and legal systems, have the capacity of referring to references themselves, and strengthen their enthusiasm about American law and
1.TheIdeal-GasEquation理想气体状态方程 2.PartialPressures分压 3.RealGases:DeviationfromIdealBehavior真实气体:对理想气体行为的偏离 4.ThevanderWaalsEquation范德华方程 5.SystemandSurroundings系统与环境 6.StateandStateFunctions状态与状态函数 7.Process过程 8.Phase相 9.TheFirstLawofThermodynamics热力学第一定律 10.HeatandWork热与功 11.EndothermicandExothermicProcesses吸热与发热过程 12.EnthalpiesofReactions反应热 13.Hess’sLaw盖斯定律 14.EnthalpiesofFormation生成焓 15.ReactionRates反应速率 16.ReactionOrder反应级数 17.RateConstants速率常数 18.ActivationEnergy活化能 19.TheArrheniusEquation阿累尼乌斯方程20.ReactionMechanisms反应机理 21.HomogeneousCatalysis均相催化剂 22.HeterogeneousCatalysis非均相催化剂 23.Enzymes酶 24.TheEquilibriumConstant平衡常数 25.theDirectionofReaction反应方向 26.LeChatelier’sPrinciple列·沙特列原理 27.EffectsofV olume,Pressure,TemperatureCha ngesandCatalysts 体积,压力,温度变化以及催化剂的影响 28.SpontaneousProcesses自发过程 29.EntropyStandardEntropy熵标准熵 30.TheSecondLawofThermodynamics热力学第二定律 31.EntropyChanges熵变 32.StandardFree-EnergyChanges标准自由能变 33.Acid酸 34.Bases碱 35.TheProtoninWater水合质子 36.ThepHScalespH值 37.TheDissociationofWater水离解
A b i n i t i o 从开始形容事件由开始时的状态,例如合约从开始便已经无效,称为“The contract was void ab initio”。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告,民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant;而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent(答辩人)。 Acquittal 罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后,被告罪名不成立被释放,称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。 Adjourn 休庭,押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟,称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审,称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。 Affidavit 誓章以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit,而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation,两者的格式用词有些分别,但主要作用相同。Allegation 声称诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言,例如:The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendant’s breach of contract,原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致。Allegation是名词。 Assault 殴打,侵犯以武力侵犯他人的行为,称为Assault,一般性质的殴打,称为“Common Assault”;严重者称为Aggravated Assault;未经许可触摸他人身体,可以被控非礼,称为Indecent Assault。 As is 现状“As is”常用于物业买卖的合约中,指物业的现状。“The property is and will be sold on an “as is”basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售。 Bail 保释刑事案中的疑犯或被告,可以暂时被释放。保释可以是有条件的,也可以是无条件的。保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等。 Balance of Probabilities 可能性较高者这是民事案件中举证的标准,法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据,认为那一方的可信性较高,便会判处该方胜诉。相对刑事案而言,民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益,所以法庭对举证的要求,相对也较刑事案为低。Beyond reasonable doubt 无合理疑点这是刑事案件中举证的标准,控方向法庭提出的证据,必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点,法庭才会判处被告有罪。刑事罪的后果对被告而言,较为严重,举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格,如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点,都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告。 Binding
case law 案例法 cause of action 起诉理由 chancellor衡平法官 chancery division 衡平法庭 circuit court 巡回法院 civil law 大陆法 civil right act 人权法案 civil procedure 民事诉讼法 clerk书记官 closing argument 诉讼结论 co-defedant共同被告 common law 普通法、习惯法、一致法、共同法compurgation宣誓采证法 compurgatory宣誓采证法中的证人complaint起诉状 concurrent jurisdiction 竞合管辖权consideration约因 consortium婚姻生活权;配偶权;亲权contempt of court 藐视法庭罪 contract under seal 封印契约 contributory negligence 加工过失corpusjurissecundum美国法律百科全书counterclaim反诉 court of common pleas 民诉法院 court of king's bench 王室法院 court of exchequer 财务法院 court of exchequer chamber 财务上诉法院country court 乡镇法院 court of common bench 民诉法院 court of chancery 衡平法院
court of justice of the peace 地方治安法院 court of probate 遗嘱继承法院 court of divorce 婚姻法院 court of appeal in chancery 衡平上诉法院 court of crown cases reserved 皇室上诉法院 court of assize 巡回法院 court of outside the united kingdom 英国境外各法院court of first instance 第一审法院 court of second instance 第二审法院 court of the international trade 国际贸易法院 court of appeals for the federal circuit 联邦巡回上诉法院covenant封印契约赔偿令状 cross claim 被告间诉讼 crossexamnation复向对方提出之证人 curiaregis国王的法院 damages损害赔偿 debt返还确定金钱的令状 decree衡平法院作成的判决 deductive reasoning 演绎法 defaultjudgement一造判决 defendant被告 defendant in error 被上诉人 demurrer驳回 deposition诘问内容作成的笔录 detinue非法留置的动产回复令状 dialectical reasoning 论理(辩证)方法 direct examination 诘问自己提出辩证 direct verdict 法官指示陪审团作出直接判决 discovery process 发现程序 dismiss驳回