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道路规划外文文献1

道路设计 1.道路设计的历史 首先,本文主要依靠大量的文字叙述,若对您造成理解上的困难,敬请谅解。 由于本文所涵盖的资料单一,本文是此系列中唯一的一篇文章。本文不像其他文章 一样有大量图片说明。其次,本文主要内容是关于欧洲公路修筑的历史。 在西欧,罗马人是具有重大意义的公路修筑的开创者。他们看到了修筑公路能 使人较快的移动地理位置的作用,这一作用对军用和民用都是极其重要的。罗马人 率先指出,要使公路发展为主要道路,就必须把地坪线提高一米。公路的最大特点 就是没有角落,这是为了降低埋伏的风险。罗马人对道路的耐久性设定了标准,这 一成就远超过了罗马帝国灭亡后所取得的其它成就。 罗马人设计公路的方法本质上与现代使用的是相同。公路由几个不同层次构成,这从基层增加了公路的强度。最底层的通常是碎石子,中间层是掺加了石灰的混凝土,而上层则是铺路石或者掺有石灰的厚石板。每一层的厚度由当地的地质条件决定。 罗马帝国消亡后,它的道路系统一直处于无人修善的状态。到了中世纪末期, 全国的道路系统几乎处于瘫痪状态,唯一的路途就是没有铺石板的路。一到冬季就 泥泞不堪,夏天则尘土飞扬,根本无法通行。同时为了绕开贫穷的地区,更是导致 了道路弯弯曲曲,加大了通行难度。这种路况加上法律监管不严,意味着除非是疯 子或者是无可奈何的情况,没人愿意去走这些路。 这种情况直到1555年国会通过了所有地方政府有责任维修损坏道路的行动后有 所改善。这次行动还包括建立高速公路拯救员职位。没有薪金和材料再加上技术匮乏,所以这个告示明显地无人理睬且效率低下也就不怎么奇怪了。 …… 2.交通量分析 2.1、交通密度:

2.2、交通负荷: 3.交通密度 4.交通负载 5.土方工程 6.开挖 History of Road Design Firstly let me apologise for this page. It is largely text based due to the nature of it and if reading is difficult then I am sorry. This is due solely to the material covered and is the only page in the series. This is not typical as the rest have graphics or images to keep you amused. Secondly this page is very much a history of road building in the United Kingdom. The first road builders of any significance in Western Europe were the Romans, who saw the ability to move quickly as essential for both military and civil reasons. It is from the Romans that the term highway comes as all their roads were elevated 1m above the local level of the land. This was to minimise the risk of an ambush, as was the best known characteristic of the roads, their lack of corners. The standards set by the Romans in terms of durability far exceeded anything achieved after the fall of the empir e. The Roman approach to road design is essentially the same as that in current use. The roads were constructed of several different layers, increasing in strength from the bottom. The lowest layer was normally a rubble, intermediate layers were made of li me bound concrete and the upper layer was a flag or lime grouted stone slabs. The thickness of the layers was varied according to the local ground conditions. After the fall of the Roman Empire the road system fell into a state of disrepair and by the end of the middle ages, there was in effect no road

会计外文翻译

Master's thesis, University of London Information technology and accounting management with the use is the relevant value of information analysis and use, and various factors of production based on the value creation of corporate accounting and management contributions to the study of accounting will be the main content. No use of information technology, there is any enterprise information and accounting information to promote the implementation of value chain management will lose technical support, there is no theory of innovation value chain management, accounting, and information technology development, there is no power. In this paper, the meaning of information to start, leads to the meaning of accounting information, accounting information describes the development process, the second part of the analysis of the status quo of accounting information, analysis of its use in the problems, the third part of the proposed accounting information on the implementation of the strategic analysis. Keywords: accounting, information technology strategy I. Introduction (A) Background The development of accounting information in China has gone through more than 20 years, accounting information theory and practical application of talent, the accounting information system software has gradually matured, and, and the production, supply and marketing, human resources management, cost control and other aspects of the formation of an integrated management information system software. But the company found accounting information in the status of the development of enterprises is extremely uneven, a lot of strength and standardized management of large enterprises have been using the integrated accounting information system "ERP" is the management software, and the introduction of new ideas with the value of the supply chain management chain management system, and also the majority of the total business is still in the initial stage of the use of computerized accounting, or even manually. Enterprise management is still in the coexistence of traditional and modern, our corporate accounting information so early, the senior co-existence of the phenomenon will not surprise. Accounting information must be improved to facilitate the management of change. The essence of the value chain to value chain to implement the core business processes node changes, if companies choose the value chain as the core business process change, business management will enable a major step forward, it promotes corporate accounting development of information technology. (B) Significance

建筑类型和设计-外文翻译

南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院(系):南京理工大学继续教育学院 专业:土木工程 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:学术论坛网 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 建筑类型和设计 厂房与人民息息相关,因为它提供必要的空间,工作和生活中。 由于其使用的分类,建筑主要有两种类型:工业建筑和民用建筑各工厂或工业生产中使用的工业大厦,而那些居住,就业,教育和其他社会活动的人使用的民用建筑。 工业楼宇厂房可用于加工和制造各类采矿业,冶金工业,机械制造,化学工业和纺织工业等领域。可分为两种类型的单层和多层的厂房,民用建筑,工业建筑是相同的。然而,工业与民用建筑中使用的材料,在使用它们的方式不同。 民用建筑分为两大类:住宅建筑和公共建筑,住宅建筑应满足家庭生活应包括至少有三个必要的房间:每个单位。一个客厅,一个厨房和厕所,公共建筑,可以在政治文化活动,管理工作和其他服务,如学校,写字楼,公园,医院,商店,车站,影剧院,体育场馆,宾馆,展览馆,洗浴池,等等,他们都有不同的功能,这在需要以及不同的设计类型。 房屋是人类居住。房屋的基本功能是提供遮风挡雨,但今天人们需要更他们的住房,一个家庭迁入一个新的居民区知道,如果现有住房符合其标准安全,健康和舒适。附近的房屋是如何粮店,粮食市场,学校,商店,图书馆,电影院,社区中心,家庭也会问。 在60年代中期最重要的住房价值足够空间的内部和外部。多数首选的一半左右1英亩的土地,这将提供业余活动空间单户住宅的家庭。在高度工业化的国家,许多家庭宁愿住尽量尽可能从一个大都市区的中心,“打工仔”,即使行驶一段距离,他们的工作。不少家庭的首选国家住房郊区住房的大量的,因为他们的主要目的是远离噪音,拥挤,混乱。无障碍公共交通已不再是决定性因素,在住房,因为大多数工人开着自己的车上班的人。我们主要感兴趣的安排和房间的大小和卧室数目。 在建筑设计中的一个重要的一点是,房间的布局,应提供有关它们目的,最大可能的便利,在住宅,布局可根据三类认为:“天”,“夜必须注意“和”服务“。支付提供这些地区之间容易沟通。”天“的房间,一般包括用餐室,起居室和厨房,但其他房间,如一项研究,可能会补充说,可能有一个大厅,客厅,通常是最大的,往往是作为一个餐厅,也或厨房,可有一个用餐凉亭。“夜”的房间,卧室组成。“服务”,包括厨房,卫生间,储藏室,厨房和储藏室的水厕。连接天与客房的服务。 这也是必须考虑的前景问题,从不同的房间,和那些在使用中最应该尽可能最好朝

道路与桥梁专业外文翻译中英对照

道路与桥梁专业外文翻译 中英对照 Jenny was compiled in January 2021

本科毕业设计(论文) 专业名称:土木工程专业(道路与桥 梁) 年级班级:道桥08-5班学生姓名: 指导教师: 二○一二年五月十八日 专业外文翻译

Geometric Design of Highways The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel. It is made of the roadbed, the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility. The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder, side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding. The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture. The road surface require being smooth, having enough intensity, good stability and anti-slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic. Highway geometry designs to consider Highway Horizontal Alignment, Vertical Alignment two kinds of linear and cross-sectional composition of coordination, but also pay attention to the smooth flow of the line of sight, etc. Determine the road geometry, consider the topography, surface features, rational use of land and environmental protection factors, to make full use of the highway geometric components of reasonable size and the linear combination. Design The alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is common to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves.

德国公认会计准则与国际财务报告准则下的盈余管理【外文翻译】

本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 外文题目Earnings Management under German GAAP versus IFRS 外文出处 European Accounting Review 外文作者 Tendeloo, B.V., and Vanstraelen, A 原文: Earnings Management under German GAAP versus IFRS Abstract This paper addresses the question whether voluntary adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is associated with lower earnings management. Ball et al. (Journal of Accounting and Economics, 36(1–3), pp. 235–270, 2003) argue that adopting high quality standards might be a necessary condition for high quality information, but not necessarily a sufficient one. In Germany, a code-law country with low investor protection rights, a relatively large number of companies have chosen to voluntarily adopt IFRS prior to 2005. We investigate whether German companies that have adopted IFRS engage significantly less in earnings management compared to German companies reporting under German generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), while controlling for other differences in earnings management incentives. Our sample, consisting of German listed companies, contains 636 firm-year observations relating to the period 1999–2001. Our results suggest that IFRS-adopters do not present different earnings management behavior compared to companies reporting under German GAAP. These findings contribute to the current debate on whether high quality standards are sufficient and effective in countries with weak investor protection rights. They indicate that voluntary adopters of IFRS in Germany cannot be associated with lower earnings management. 1. Introduction The International Accounting Standards (IAS), now renamed as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), have been developed to harmonize corporate accounting practice and to answer the need for high quality standards to be adopted in

会计职业道德的外文翻译学习资料

Under the financial crisis to rebuilding accounting occupation ethics question research literature review 徐珊珊 The financial crisis has become an indisputable fact, accounting occupation morals got be pounded badly, be placed in jeopardy of accounting integrity. The accounting personnel in the country, social interests and the interests of individual units, conflicts of interest, not the interests of the temptation of forgery, alteration in accounting information or collusion, lost the basic concept of legal system, in order to meet their own selfish desires and make the non moral behavior, these are serious impact on accounting occupation and the accounting information reliability. Therefore we must strengthen the accounting occupation morals construction, establish and perfect the accounting, auditing and relevant law laws and regulations, strengthen the audit organization and the supervision of public opinion, to strengthen the accountant occupation morals education and continuing education. The financial crisis, it is to point to a country or several countries and regions all or most of the financial indicators, sharp, and ultra-short-cycle deterioration. The accounting occupation morals is the accounting occupation activities that should be followed, reflect accountant occupation characteristics of occupation code of conduct and norms. The financial crisis as catalyst, which have been faced with the serious challenge of accounting occupation morals bottom line faced collapse, especially small and medium-sized enterprises in China faces sharp decline in the volume of trade and capital shortage of the double pressure, serious influence to the environment for the survival and development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The outbreak of the financial crisis that causes, causes the enterprise market risks increase, contradiction of supply and demand increasingly outstanding, market atrophy caused by poor liquidity, appeared the phenomenon of serious run

建筑外文翻译--建筑类型和设计

building types and design A building is closely bound up with people,for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in . As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities . Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used . Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center . In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms . Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.

道路设计外文翻译

道路设计外文翻译 摘要部分的翻译: 各种断面形状钢管混凝土的单轴应力应变关系 K.A.S. Susantha ,Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami* 土木工程学院,名古屋大学, Chikusa-ku ,名古屋464-8603, 日本 收讫于2000年5月31日; 正式校定于2000年12月19日; 被认可于2001年2月14日 ?? 摘要 一种预测受三轴压应力混凝土的完全应力-应变曲线的方法被提出,这种三轴压应力是由环形、箱形和八角形的钢管混凝土中的限制作用导致的轴向荷载加测向压力所产生的。有效的经验公式被用来确定施加于环形钢管混凝土柱内混凝土的侧向压力。FEM(有限元)分析法和混凝土-钢箍交互作用模型已被用来估计施加于箱形和八角形柱的混凝土侧向压版权所有2001 Elsevier科学技术有限公司。 力。接着,进行了广泛的参数研究,旨在提出一个经验公式,确定不同的筒材料和结构特性下的最大平均侧向压力。如此计算出的侧向压力通过一个著名经验公式确定出侧向受限混凝土强度。对于高峰之后的应力-应变关系的确定,使用了有效的试验结果。基于这些测试结果,和近似表达式来推算下降段的斜度和各种断面形状的筒内侧向受限混凝土在确认的混凝土强度下的应变。推算出的混凝土强度和后峰值性能在允许的界限内与测试结果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用于包括梁柱构件在内的纤维分析,以确定抗震结构设计中混凝土填充钢柱筒的极限状态的推算标准。? 关键词: 钢管混凝土;限制;混凝土强度;延性;应力应变关系;纤维分析 Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubes K.A.S. Susantha, Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami * Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan Received 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001 Abstract

企业会计准则外文翻译文献

企业会计准则外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 外文: On February 15, 2006, the Ministry of Finance issued 1 item of basic accounting standards and 38 specific guidelines, the new set of accounting standards system. Standards issued, the community gave wide attention, the securities industry, business circles, academic circles gave height the opinion, think this is the second in 1993 accounting reform after another is of great significance to the accounting reform, marking China's convergence with international financial reporting standards of enterprise accounting standards system formally established, to improve the China's socialist market economic system, improve the level of opening up and accelerate China's integration into the global economy has important significance. Also expressed their concerns and worries, mainly reflected in the following aspects: a fair value is difficult to "fair", and is very likely to become the profit manipulation tools; two is the enterprise may to adjust earnings manipulation debt restructuring, debt restructuring will once again become the darling of the securities market; three is the new standard published may induce "fair" phenomenon, which

会计信息质量外文文献及翻译

会计信息质量在投资中的决策作用对私人信息和监测的影响 安妮比蒂,美国俄亥俄州立大学 瓦特史考特廖,多伦多大学 约瑟夫韦伯,美国麻省理工学院 1简介 管理者与外部资本的供应商信息是不对称的在这种情况下企业是如何影响金融资本 的投资的呢?越来越多的证据表明,会计质量越好,越可以减少信息的不对称和对融资成本的约束。与此相一致的可能性是,减少了具有更高敏感性的会计质量的公司的投资对内部产生的现金流量。威尔第和希拉里发现,对企业投资和与投资相关的会计质量容易不足,是容易引发过度投资的原因。 当投资效率低下时,会计的质量重要性可以减轻外部资本的影响,供应商有可能获得私人信息或可直接监测管理人员。通过访问个人信息与控制管理行为,外部资本的供应商可以直接影响企业的投资,降低了会计质量的重要性。符合这个想法的还有比德尔和希拉里的比较会计对不同国家的投资质量效益的影响。他们发现,会计品质的影响在于美国投资效益,而不是在日本。他们认为,一个可能的解释是不同的是债务和股权的美国版本的资本结构混合了SUS的日本企业。 我们研究如何通过会计质量灵敏度的重要性来延长不同资金来源对企业的投资现金 流量的不同影响。直接测试如何影响不同的融资来源会计,通过最近获得了债务融资的公司来投资敏感性现金流的质量的效果,债务融资的比较说明了对那些不能够通过他们的能力获得融资的没有影响。为了缓解这一问题,我们限制我们的样本公司有所有最近获得的债务融资和利用访问的差异信息和监测通过公共私人债务获得连续贷款的建议。我们承认,投资内部现金流敏感性可能较低获得债务融资的可能性。然而,这种可能性偏见拒绝了我们的假设。 具体来说,我们确定的数据样本证券公司有1163个采样公司(议会),通过发行资本公共债务或银团债务。我们限制我们的样本公司最近获得的债务融资持有该公司不断融资与借款。然而,在样本最近获得的债务融资的公司,也有可能是信号,在资本提供进入私人信息差异和约束他们放在管理中的行为。相关理论意味着减少公共债务持有人获取私人信息,因而减少借款有效的监测。在这些参数的基础上,我们预测,会计质量应该有一

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

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