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历年自考外刊经贸知识选读试题

历年自考外刊经贸知识选读试题
历年自考外刊经贸知识选读试题

全国2012年7月外刊经贸知识选读试题(课程代码:00096)

一、Choose one answer that best explains the underlined part of the following sentences.(每小题2分,共30分)

1. The company resumes its service in this region. ()A. continues B. consumes C. assumes D. presumes

2. The latest figures should neutralize the fears of inflation. () A. middle B. stop C. increase D. unclear

3. His door was opened on the first summon; and he appeared in person, unarmed, and in a peculiarly defenseless condition.()

A. concern

B. service

C. summary

D. call

4. It is the legitimacy of American power and American global leadership that has come to be doubted by a majority of Europeans. () A. fair B. justification C. right D. possibility

5. The proposed compromise would increase tobacco taxes to help pay for expansion of the child health program. ()

A. policy

B. regulations

C. concession

D. plan

6. Asia’s affectionate love with real estate has been prompted by easy money and accommodative local government polic ies. ()

A. helpful

B. preparatory

C. extensive

D. compositional

7. The deposits in credit institutions have reached enormous figures, and this plethora has caused disastrous results.()

A. decrease

B. reduction

C. excess

D. exaggeration

8. To the administration, Tokyo appears more “results-oriented”, prompting hopes that bargains can be reached with Japan to ease frictions on a range of issues. ()A. low prices B. great deals C. arrangements D. conclusions

9. The effect is amplified, MITI argues, because 35% of American exports to Japan are industrial commodities, whi ch are highly sensitive to the business cycle. () A. intended B. simplified C. exaggerated D. diversified

10. Sometimes the problem isn’t that we lack sufficient information. We have a precise picture of ourselves or a situation, but we capitulate the first time someone challenges us.() A. accustom B. succumb C. capture D. control

11. There are occasions in some big cities, when ingenuous questions out of the mouths of children can sometimes puzzle the experts. () A. innocent B. tough C. generous D. gentle

12. The current U.S. administration is adamant about restricting travel and exports to Cuba.()

A. permanent

B. unyielding

C. frantic

D. adverse

13. Great ideas can languish in our mind if we don’t spend time reflecting and digesting the messages we got during the past projects. () A. be neglected B. be disappeared C. be prospered D. be flourished

14. The emergence of Feminine Economy promotes the development of feminine tourist market. ()

A. emergency

B. contribution

C. appearance

D. merger

15. One official who is well aware of the confusion afflicting both local authorities and foreign investors is Jing Shuping, president of China International Economic Consultants Inc.()A. bothering B. affecting C. worsening D. deadening

二、Put the following phases into Chinese(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)

16.Dollar-denominated 17.client state

18.packing list 19.generalized system of preferences

20.debt service 21.tax-cut-induced boom

22.barrier-free market 23.fiscal packages

24.holiday fliers 25.fledgling industries

三、Put the following phases into English(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)

26.保税仓库27. 进口配额28. 商务顾问

29. 国际品牌30. 报复性制裁31.国内需求

32.硬通货33. 政府采购34. 特许经营权35. 反倾销

四、Read the following passages and answer the questions in English(本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分)

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Passage 1

Oil prices were flat Wednesday, ahead of a weekly report expected to show a rise in crude supplies over the past week.

At 9∶45 a.m., U.S. light crude for March delivery rose 3 cents to $41.61 a barrel. It touched a session high of $42.45 a barrel and a session low of $41.02. Concerns about oversupply helped push oil lower Tuesday. Oil tumbled $4.15 to $41.58 a barrel. The oil market was likely bouncing off a stock market rebound and a weaker U.S. dollar Wednesday. U.S. crude oil price has rebounded from below $33 a barrel over the past week as an economic stimulus package makes it way through Congress. The Energy Information Administration releases its weekly inventory data at 10∶30 a.m. Analysts surveyed by Platts expect an increase of 3.4 million barrels in U.S. crude stockpiles for the week ended Jan. 23.

Oil’s supply-demand picture remains weak, with a large stock build in the United States and extremely weak demand in China, the world’s second-largest energy consumer. Oil supplies in the U.S. have gone up significantly in the past several weeks. Last week, the Energy Department reported supplies of crude increased by 6.1 million barrels in the week ended Jan. 16, when analysts had been expecting an increase of only 1.9 million barrels. Crude prices have dropped more than $100 from a record peak above $147 a barrel in July last year, sunk by plummeting demand amid the recession.

Demand is dependent on the ongoing economic uncertainty and whether the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, which produces about 40% of the world’s oil, will meet its pledge to cut output by 2.2 million barrels a day this month.

36. Why is the oil’s supply-demand picture still weak?

37. What helped to prevent the price of oil increase on Tuesday?

38. What has been the highest oil price in the United States last year?

Passage 2

American hopes that pressure from the U. S. will force Japan to suddenly dismantle its trade barriers are almost certain to evaporate in disappointment.

The fact is that Washington faces an obstacle far more formidable than a few power brokers in To kyo’s government offices. It must buck centuries-old, deeply ingrained Japanese customs. To move the Japanese government, Washington must move an entire nation.

So far, the U.S. has had only limited success despite congressional threats to retaliate. In an April 9 nationwide broadcast, Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone urged the Japanese to buy more imported goods and unveiled a long-awaited three-year plan to ease import restrictions. But this program was far short of what Washington hoped to see. White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan said the Japanese offered “few new or immediate measures.” While the plan did promise fewer curbs on imports of telecommunications gear, medicine and medical equipment, it offered no relief for American forest products—which are among the most contentious trade issues.

Nakasone gives every sign of being secure in his desire to reduce a Japanese surplus in trade with the U.S. that hit 36.8 billion dollars in 1984 and could soon top 50 billion. Yet to rely on any one Japanese political leader, no matter how popular he is at home, to reverse trade policies is to underestimate the culture and traditions that weigh heavily against a breakthrough.

Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan’s top elected leaders.

“The whole concept that we can turn this around right now is patently ridiculous,” says an American trader who has lived and worked here since 1952. “The vested interests are being shaken and slowly moved, but at a pace too slow for the eye to follow.”

39. What of the Japanese government is meant to be “moved”?

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40. Does the underlined word “top” in the fourth paragraph mean “increase by as much as” 50 billion?

41. Please paraphrase “a pace too slow for the eye to follow” in the last paragraph.

五、Read the following passages and decide whether the statements are true or false(每小题2分,共20分)Passage 1

The global economy is set for a year of recession and then low growth until 2012, economists at the World Economic Forum in

Davos have sai

D. They also warned that the downturn could persuade politicians to introduce trade barriers and steer investments only into their own economies. This would harm developing countries mostly. Meanwhile, there are growing calls for better financial sec tor regulation. Speaking at a panel taking stock of the state of the economy, Stephen Roach, Chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia and long-time prophet of the economic downturn, said one could not “overestimate the dangers the world economy faces in 2009”.

The global economy was likely to shrink this year for the first time since World War II, he said, and nobody on the panel or in the audience was prepared to contradict him. The general gloom was echoed by the IMF, which has predicted that world economic growth will fall to just 0.5% this year, its lowest rate for 60 years. Justin Yifu Lin, senior vice president at the World Bank, said there were “lots of downside risks; the current projection is a protracted recession and we have not reached the bottom yet”.

Demand from U.S. consumers, for many years the main driver of global growth, was in steep decline, and while on the supply-side China had seen its economy shrink during the last quarter of 2008. Indeed, wherever one goes in the congress centre in Davos, pessimism pervades all conversation—although one participant counseled that “irrational exuberance has been replaced by irrational despair”.

The biggest concern of all panelists, however, was the risk that the downturn could herald a return to protectionism. T his being Davos, the majority of participants are proponents of free trade, but it was striking that the representatives from developing and emerging economies were particularly worried about rising trade barriers. Panelists warned not just about the threat to free trade, but also the danger that Western governments could steer their nationalized or recapitalized banks towards investing only at home.

However, government spending alone was not enough to solve the problem.

Monetary policy and a coordinated global regulatory framework were keys to getting the global economy back on track.

42. It is probably that the economic recession could result in trade protectionism and barriers among different countries.()

43. Panelists and audience in the Worl d Economic Forum in Davos don’t agree that the year 2009 shrinks for the first time since World War II.()

44. According to Justin Yifu Lin, senior vice president at the World Bank, the economic recession has reached the bottom.()

45. The demand from U.S. consumers has been the engine for the global growth for a long time.()

46. Though it is a hard time, the participants in World Economic Forum in Davos are optimistic.()

47. Most participants in World Economic Forum in Davos support free trade.()

Passage 2

The job of the drug industry is to provide relief from ailments, and it usually does so with its medicines. The news on Monday January 26th that Pfizer, the world’s biggest drugmaker, is bidding for Wyeth, a large American rival, should p rovide a welcome tonic for some. The legion of lawyers and bankers who specialize in mergers and acquisitions, for example, may at last have something to do. Pfizer is offering $68 billion for its rival, belying the current economic gloom. The financial crisis and recession have put a brake on most deals, other than mergers between crumbling banks, as credit has dried up and confidence has shriveled.

The giant American drug company will finance the deal with a mixture of its shares, which have held up reasonably well as

markets have dived, cash from reserves and bank loans. Pharmaceutical companies are in a happier position than firms in other

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industries. They are known for large and reliable cash flows, even when economic misery is growing. Otherwise nervous bankers should not be too fearful of extending credit to Pfizer.

And yet, as the recession takes hold in America, which is by far the most important market for drug giants, growth appears to be slowing. Even drug sales may be hit in a recession if financially squeezed patients who lack insurance, or with less comprehensive health plans, cut back on their medicines. Pfizer is not insulated from the economic chill: it says that it will lay off 10% of its workers, several thousand people, and close five of its 46 factories around the world, in an effort to cut costs by $2 billion by 2011.

Nonetheles s, taking over Wyeth would cement Pfizer’s position as the world’s leading drugmaker. Pfizer’s revenues in 2008 were just over $48 billion. These would be boosted to over $71 billion in a combination with Wyeth. Pfizer clearly reckons that greater scale is an answer not only to the slower growth in the industry but also to the particular problems that it faces. “Big pharma” has long felt the competitive breath of generic drug companies. In the next couple of years the threat will intensify as billions of dollars worth of branded drugs are set to lose patent protection.

48. The news that Pfizer is bidding for Wyeth is not welcomed by lawyers and bankers who specialize in mergers and acquisitions. ()

49. Pfizer will finance the buying of Wyeth with cash borrowed from the banks.()

50. Pfizer is able to buy Wyeth because it was not affected by the financial recession.()

51. After the merger, Pfizer will become the largest drug maker in the world.()

六、Translate the following passage into Chinese(本大题12分)

52.Women make better business leaders than men in all but two areas of management, according to an Australian survey released on Monday. But men have the upper hand when it comes to focusing on the bottom line. Data collected from 1,800 Australian female and male chief executive officers and managers found women exhibit more strategic drive, risk taking, people skills and innovation, and equaled men in the area of emotional stability. But men came out on top when it came to command and control of management operations and focusing on financial returns. The survey found women were more likely to take a chance with their ideas and challenge the status quo.

全国2011年4月自考外刊经贸知识选读试题

一、单项选择题(本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分)

在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。

1. The authorities are willing to permit a run-down in the country’s international reserves over the next few years as means of accelerating the introduction of foreign technology. ( )A. speeding up B. speeding on C. speeding off D. speeding down

2. Another 20% worked well, but the remaining 60% should have been scrapped. ( )

A. scratched

B. renovated

C. stimulated

D. introduced

3. N ow Zhangjiagang is China’s seventh largest port and a tumultuous construction zone of half-built office buildings and hotels. ( ) A. tremendous B. numerous C. noisy D. orderly

4. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991 was especially noteworthy. ( ) A. determinating B. tolerating C. improving D. worsening

5. Balanced against that criticism is the positive reaction in Latin America to Mr. Clinton’s embrace of the free-trade agreement. ( )A. hug B. embarrassment C. acceptance D. balance

6. As Europe’s economy has soured, free-market ideas that are new to much of Europe face new challenges. ( )

A. increased

B. declined

C. sky-rocketed

D. tasted

7. At the summit meeting, America insisted that Japan should come up with specific measures that would enable it to meet new import targets. ( ) A. bring forth B. come across C. put off D. reach out

8. Fearful that rapidly modernizing Korean rivals will intrude on its foreign and domestic markets, Japan has fought to keep the Koreans from appropriating its technologies. ( )A. competitors B. representatives C. negotiators D. dealers

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9. International consultants who want to secure definite projects at lucrative fees are finding it harder and harder. ( )

A. luxurious

B. lubricative

C. penetrative

D. profitable

10. A separate, long-running dispute over oilseeds does still pose a threat. ( )A. possess B. present C. provide D. purchase

11. With barter, however, debtor nations can continue to import goods while, in effect, concealing export earnings from creditors. ( ) A. loaners B. borrowers C. owners D. believers

12. However, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo still face a struggle in persuading bottlers across the nation to take the products. ( )

A. dissuading

B. persisting

C. encouraging

D. discouraging

13. Tractors and other agricultural machines greatly facilitate farming. ( ) A. communicate B. subsidize C. grade D. ease

14. Y ou can use credit cards but it’s best to take some currency as well. ( ) A. coupon B. money C. coin D. dime

15. Lead values moved up to their best level since April last year in the absence of a settlement at Australia’s broken hill lead-zinc-silver mines. ( ) A. without B. with C. as D. through

二、将下列词组译成中文(本大题共10小题,每小题1 分,共10分)

16. exclusive contract 17. preferred status

18. spot market 19. Bank for International Settlements

20. means of production 21. punitive import tariff

22. GDP 23. trade reprisal

24. fledgling industries 25. countervailing duty

三、将下列词组译成英文(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)

26. 双边条约27. 试销市场28. 原材料29. 收盘价

30. 最惠国待遇31. 技术转让32. 高工资经济

33. 人均收入34. 经济特区35. 自由贸易区

四、简答题(本大题共6小题,共18分)

Passage 1

The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately 11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus rose sharply from US $1.4 billion in 1981 to US $4.4 billion in 1982 and US$3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also bec ause a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years—China became a net grain exporter in 1984—and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton.

36. What do “per annum” and “approximately” mean?

37. Why did the more than 50% rise in imports of 1978 place undue strain on China’s national economy?

38. What is “a net grain exporter”? Does it mean one who has never done any import?

Passage 2

Korea, once known as the “Hermit Kingdom”, is plainly on the move. As with “Japan, Inc.” before it, the new label “Korea, Inc.” may be no more than a trendy buzzword. But South Korea aims to forge just such a national economic machine, using the might of its established giants backed by centralized planners who can mobilize the countr y’s banks and industrial infrastructure. The heady dreams of actually rivaling Japan may never come within reach; Korea’s economy, while large by Asian standards, is barely one-fifteenth the size of its island neighbor. And it faces a gantlet of other obstacles, ranging from an unwieldy bureaucracy and a volatile political climate to a chronic shortage of investment capital and heavy commitments to military spending. Still, the comparisons with Japan, Inc. are more than empty flattery; in fact, they signal Korea’s gathering clout.

39. What is a “Hermit Kingdom”?

40. What are the disadvantages of Korea’s economy when compared with Japan’s?

41. What does “gathering clout” mean in the passage?

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五、正误判断题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)

Passage 1

In order to produce goods and services, businesses need to buy the required raw materials and equipment. Many firms need to order components or equipment to their own specifications which will later be used to produce a finished product. Firms need reliable suppliers who must be:

Stable. Firms that can not supply goods in time to the purchasing company may mean delays and holdups for customers. Thus the purchasing company should check the financial background of its suppliers.

Able. The purchasing company must investigate whether potential suppliers are able to make the goods required. This may mean looking at the firm’s equipment and staff expertise if a large or important order is being considered. Some purchasing depart ments may ask for evidence of the firm having done similar work for other organizations before placing an order. Trade di rectories and specialist magazines are a useful starting point in this research.

Clear. What is required will usually be made clear in a specification. The specification or “spec” w ill give the exact technical details of what is needed in terms of size, shape, color and performance of the items to be purchased. The supplying firm mus t then meet this specification exactly.

An important problem all purchasing companies have to deal with is whether to use one or two or several suppliers. By using several suppliers it is argued that competition between them will force prices down. And delays or disruption at one supplier will not affect too much. Arguments against this are that researching various suppliers is time-consuming and expensive, and low prices might mean reduced quality. Using fewer suppliers for larger orders can mean that the purchaser receives greater attention and disc ount for bulk purchases. The suppliers will be more i nvolved in the firm’s business, too.

42. Being “stable” means sticking to the same supplier with reliable financial background. ( )

43. Supplying firms with rich experience, good equipment and staff expertise can only be found in specialist magazines. ( )

44. A “clear” supplying firm must initially give the purchaser its specifications clearly and in exact technical detail. ( )

45. Having more than one supplier might bring lower price but searching for them might be time-consuming. ( )

46. According to the passage, there exist different opinions whether or not a purchasing company should use more or fewer suppliers for large orders. ( )

Passage 2

Donegal is located in the windswept wilderness. It might seem an odd place to find o ne of Europe’s most dynamic companies. But a small assembly unit making a muscular stimulation product for leisure and healthcare is blazing a trail. BMR Teoranta—the company title in Irish—has quietly established a market for itself, making products for muscular therapy and body toning using the brand name Slendertone which it bought in 1989.

Mr. Kevin McDonnell, the chairman, chief executive and owner of 95 per cent of the company, is a little vague about the sourc e of his success. Part of it, he says, must be the strong work ethic in the area. He points out that half his employees are from Galswegian families with their Scottish attitudes of thrift and industry. Mr. McDonnell bought the company for $300,000 and BMR sales ar e now growing at around 50-60 per cent a year.

The medical products business, where growth is less dramatic, but margins are attractive, is seen as the source of the compan y’s future earnings. In the US alone, the market for muscular stimulation products has jumped from $88m to more than $200m this year.

Many BMR products are not available over the counter but through catalogues. The company is looking at special advertising on video shopping channels. In the US companies like BMR are prohibited from selling medical products over the counter. In Europe this situation is slightly different. BMR, for example, is starting to sell its consumer range in Carrefour superstores in France and its range is available in pharmacies. However, under a European Union ruling similar to US laws, companies that sell such products will have to reequip their factories to meet new health standards. “I know it sounds a bit smart, but our products have always been see n as industry standard,” says Mr. Kevin McDonnell.

The company spends £1,000,000 a year on research and development, quite a large sum for a company of its size.

47. A big company would normally set its manufacturing site in a more prosperous area than Donegal. ( )

48. The brand name of this product for muscular therapy is BMR Teoranta in Irish. ( )

49. Mr. McDonnell attributed the success of his company to his management and industry.( )

50. It can be inferred that US laws for selling health products are stricter than the corresponding laws in Europe. ( )

51. If you want to buy a BMR product in France, you may go to the pharmacies. ( )

六、翻译题(本大题12分)

Y et in its current dour mood, Europe risks almost overlooking the revolutionary step forward it has taken in creating the wor ld’s largest and wealthiest barrier-free market—and on a continent where, for centuries, economic battles have led to some of history’s

6

bloodiest wars. Moreover, a failure to reinforce the single market by pushing forward with European integration could lead to an unraveling of what the internal market program has achieved, some observers say.

将下列词组译成中文

1.exclusive contract

2. current account

3. clearing agreement

4. per capita income

5. barrier-free market

6. carbon tax

7. real estate 8. test market 9. intellectual property right

10. business cycle 11.brain trust 12. spot market

13. debt restructuring 14. Bank of International Settlements 15. certificate of origin

16. free trade 17. liquid assets 18. technology transfer

19. preferential tax rate 20. the service sector 21. market share

22. raw material 23. capital market 24. foreign-exchange reserves

25. bilateral pacts 26. intellectual property 27. free trade

28. (OPEC)29. hard currency 30. consumer goods

31. coupon 32. fiscal packages 33. visible trade

34. Gross Domestic Product 35. trade balance 36. countervailing duty

37. consumer goods 38. export quota system 39. convertible currency

40. futures 41. in surplus 42. Comecon

43. preferred status 44. the state apparatus 45. productive forces

46. exclusive contract 47. state-run enterprises 48. the wet market

49. franchisee 50. import quota system 51. vested interests

52. wholesaler 53. a hermit nation 54. buzzword

55. insolvency 56. take title 57. market regulation

58. public tender 59. countervailing duty 60. consortium

将下列词组译成英文

1. 供应过剩

2. 收盘价

3. 初级产品

4. 市场份额

5. 双边条约

6. 产地证明

7. 中国出口商品交易会8. 资本货物9. 优先权

10. 直接投资11.商品市场12.可兑换货币

13.外汇储备14.贸易逆差15.商业活动中心

16.证券投资17.以美元标价的18.独家经销合同

19.有价证券20.进口配额21. 战略性储备

22. 服务贸易23. 供应过剩24. 清算协议

25. 利息付款26. 特别提款权27. 证券投资

28. 生产力29. 合资企业30. 技术转让

31.最惠国待遇32.企业家精神33.人均收入

34.贸易制裁35.资本市场36.(企业等的)总部

37.有价证券38.批发商39.市场力量

40.新兴工业41. 海关税42. 易货贸易

43. 外汇储备44. 优惠税率45. 证券市场

46. 收盘价47. 经纪业48. 可兑换货币

49. 主要供应商50. 汇率51.反通胀政策

52.贸易制裁53.产地证明书54. 市场动力

55. 转让人56. 现货市场57. 经常项目

58. 收盘价59.出口配额制60.服务贸易

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外刊经贸知识选读复习自考

外刊经贸知识选读复习自考

《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 一、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一 税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture

15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待 遇MFN treatment(Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关 系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银 行IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and D evelopment) 25. 国际开发协 会IDA(International Development Association) 26. 国际金融公 司IFC(International Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组 织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation an

第14课 初级商品市场外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译

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第 2课中国吸收外国直接投资 The Curtain Goes up 竹幕卷起 一、课文翻译 中国政府允许外国在沿海投资― 从而差生了不同的法则并引起困惑。 1. 满怀信心的中国卷起大部分竹幕,向世界宣布“对外开放”,几乎所有的城市都张挂起邀请外商来投资作正当生意的招牌。 2. 广东省和福建省的4个经济特区、14个沿海开放城市(都是以前的通商口岸)和海南岛(总共十九个“开放”区)为外国投资者制定了税收和其他方面的鼓励政策。每一个省会都在尽力吸引外资。 3. 所有这一切的基础是从1979年中期国务院决定在南方建立4个经济特区开始,尔后逐步形成的。此后首次出台一项合资企业法(尽管充满漏洞),继之就是“补偿贸易”程序----两者都是为吸引外资到这4个经济特区而制定的。第二年合资企业税法颁布实施。 4. 尽管商人们努力与拥有10亿人口的潜在市场做生意而与官僚主义作斗争,但中国领导人对于深圳----这个经济特区的典范----前进的步伐变得越来越不耐烦了。 5. 1984年4月,在中国高层领导人访问了深圳、珠海和厦门经济特区之后,国务院宣布沿整个海岸的14个城市再加上海南岛对外开放投资,从此把真正的竞争因素引入中国经济发展的计划中。接着,备受公众注目的《关于经济结构改革的决定》出台,吸收外国技术和外资的竞争骤然开始。 6. 对于外商来说,进入拥有10亿消费者市场的前景不再是白日梦。中国人---尤其是农村人口---正变得富有,他们希望其生活水平有明显的改善:他们渴望拥有彩电、冰箱、卡车、洗衣机和更好的收音机、自行车和衣服。即使是地方厂商也注意到国内市场潜在的巨大销售量。 7. 最近,中国沿海城市经济技术开发集团---19个“开发区域”政策制定和协调机构领导人、国务委员谷牧宣布整个沿海对外开放投资。从字面上理解,这并没有多大意义,因为还没“开放”的沿海地区还不能满足外商的需求。事实上,经济特区中的汕头,14个沿海城市中的一些城市,再加上海南岛,甚至不具备履行中央政府授予的职责所需的行政支持或基础设施。 8. 谷牧说,中国沿海城市经济技术开发集团的良好根基实际上是指已经正式开放的19个区域。他说,把具有新工业的经济特区的经验应用到这14个城市和海南岛的战略是长远的。与此同时,这一经验也与内地一起分享。 9. 中央政府提高工业技术水平的决心清楚地反映在决定开放14个沿海城市上。此外,中国现在正准备用142亿美元的外汇储备(1984年6月外汇储备是165亿美元)购买外国技术。中国银行也说,新的更为灵活的贷款政策将使“数千家”国内企业能够借用外汇来进口设备而用人民币偿还。 10. 改善工业设备的需求是巨大的:官方数字表明,1980年20%的中国资本设备已经落后西方10-20年,另外的20%----尽管技术落后----操作良好,但其余60%该报废或更新。据报道,15个沿海区域总的工业产量是全国产量的1/4。 11. 尽管为外资和技术转让而开放19个区域和城市的原因是显而易见的,但是优惠体制将怎样操作却无从知道。这主要是因为这19个区域的激烈竞争,再加上大多数地方当局在制定决策和处理对外事务方面缺乏经验。然而,在经济特区和沿海城市之间,甚至沿海城市之间都存在重大差异。 12. 在几乎是白手起家的经济特区里,外商可对中国认为有用的项目进行投资,不论是生产出口品还是建造个人居住的房地产都行。这些可以是合资企业、合作企业或外商独资企业。因为经济特区中每一个工厂或企业都是新建的,所以进口资本货物和消费品(烟、酒除外)可以免除海关税,只收取统一的15%税率的所得税。

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