第一章
一、概述
1.(1)英语:是语法型,重语法结构,注重以形显意,靠关联词,用显性连接
(2)汉语:是语义型,重语义结构,通过逻辑纽带或语序间接地表现出来,隐形连接。
2.英语的形式接应手段:除关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词之外,还有若干连词和为数众多的介词。英语的句子通常均有各种关联词来表示多种语法关系。
3.翻译特点(意合与形合):
(1)英语译为汉语:形合转为意合类似松绑(注意汉语意合表现力、句法特点)
(2)汉语译为英语:意合转为形合类似(注意符合英语句法结构),要求上下文中语义搭配合乎事理,强调的是语言结构内部意义关系的“意合”,即造句注重意念连贯,具体表现是关联词的大量省略,很多成分也经常隐去。
4.关于形合与意合的说明:虽然英语和汉语句法中有形合与意合的
特征以及两者相互转换的必要,但不能由此推断英语中的形合结构必须一律转换为汉语的意合,或汉语的意合一律转成英语的形合。因为每一种语言都有自身的伸缩性,形合与意合两种句法在英语和汉语中同样是存在的,只是在汉语中意合更为普遍,而英语中形合更为普遍。
二、例句
1.形合到意合的转换:
(1)I may be wrong and you may be right,and by an effort ,we may be nearer to the truth.也许我是错的,你是对的。我们做出努力,就会更接近真理。
(2)Now there is in America a curious combination of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living and genius delight in what one is able to accomplish with one’s own hands.现在美国有一个奇特的现象:一方面人们为上升到不在需要靠体力劳动谋生的地位而感到自
豪,而另一方面却又对能用自己的双手做成一件事情而感到由衷的高兴。(3)I committed myself to make up past mstakes to fight against corruption and injustices and to form a national goverment to carry out free election.我决心弥补过
去的错误,同贪污腐化和不公正现象作斗争,并成立一个全民政府以实行自由选举。
(4)What I wrote I turned over to Mr.Williams,and later in the day when I asked him if it was all right he said,“Yes,quite all right .It reads all right to me.”我把自己写的东西拿给威廉斯先生看,当天下午,我问他写得行不行,他说:“相当不错,我读起来还不错。
2.意合转为形合:
(1)Dazzling into his house , he went directly to the bedroom without eating anything . Since he seldom drank , he was a little uncomfortable after some drinking.他蹒跚着进了家门,连饭也没有吃,打算到屋里睡一觉。常年不喝酒,喝了酒有点昏。
(2)When he heard the news ,his eyes were filled with tears.听到这消息,它满眼是泪。
(3)Just tell me if you have a fancy for anything special to eat or pass the time with.When a housemaid or an old nurse becomes nasty , also let me know.什么吃的,什么玩的,只管告诉我;丫头老婆们不好了,也只管告诉我。
(4)Learning is more efficient when it is fun ,less efficient when it is drugery.学得有趣,效率就会高;学得很苦,效率就会低。
三、翻译
1.购买行为只是拥有一件东西的第一步。当你将这件物品转变为你自身的一部分之后,你才完全拥有了它。要使它成为自身一部分的最好办法就是去和它融为一体。下面这个例子或许会让这一要点更加清楚明白。假设你买了一块牛排,这样你就将它从肉店的冰箱里变成你的私人物品。但是直到你消耗了这块牛排并使它成为你血液中的一部分,你才真正占有了它。
2.一切都很顺心,我们有信心成功。
3.Want it ? buy it right now.
4.If you know your enemy and yourself well, you will never lose ,but if you know yourself but don’t know your enemy , lose half and win half,if you know neither of them, you will lose forever.
5.It was so late that we decided to stay overnight in the temple.