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L ATEX2 for Technion Graduate Students

L ATEX2  for Technion Graduate Students
L ATEX2  for Technion Graduate Students

L A T E X2for Technion Graduate Students

J OSEPH(Y OSSI)G IL M Y O THER S ELF

Department of Computer Science

Technion—Israel Institute of Technology

Technion City,Haifa32000,Israel

This is a live document.Check often in http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/yogi/howto.tex to?nd the latest version

Work done in part during a visit to the IBM T.J.Watson Research Center

Contact author

The topics discussed included:

1.T E X,L A T E X,and L A T E X2e.Tools of the trade,and tricks of the gurus.

2.Elementary typography,fonts and simple checklists

3.B IB T E X,bibliography and references to bibliography.

4.The Elements of style by White and Strunk,the Elements of Grammar

5.The structure of sentences,paragraphs,and sections.

6.Paragraph structure

7.Paper outline:Title,abstract,keywords,introduction,conclusions,discussion,and future research,

acknowledgements

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f16837928.html,rmative tables and?gures

9.Formulae,de?nitions and theorems

10.Reviewing papers

Each participant will be asked to attend at least75%of all meetings,prepare a summary of at least one topic.Weekly assignments included:

Make a complete bibliographic entry of these?ve articles.

Rewrite this sentence in10different ways.

Translate this document into L A T E X2.

Point out all typographic errors in this paragraph.

Tear apart this paragraph.

Rewrite this paragraph.

Identify the points made in each paragraph of a given section

Criticize the writing of another course participant

Lectures were interactive,and I will frequently make use of a monitor to demonstrate the process of thinking and editing a scienti?c document.

Outline The last paragraph in the introduction should serve as a mini table of contents.In Sec.??1,we do so and so.Section blah does that,while Section tralaha does this.Finally,section what-ever-its-number is gives the conclusions.

2Basics

2.1How to run L A T E X2

Running L A T E X2To compile an input L A T E X2?le

latex2e howto.tex

If this does not work,make sure that

/usr/local/lib/texmf/bin/sparc-solaris2.4

is in your path.Try to put it as early in the path list as possible.This should be done by including the following line in your.login?le.

set path=(/usr/local/lib/texmf/bin/sparc-solaris2.4$path) Dealing with L A T E X2Errors Do not loose heart.L A T E X2is easy and most bugs can be tracked down very quickly.At?rst it is easier and faster to ask someone for help.Shortly thereafter,you will?nd that you can deal with errors yourself.

Multiple Runs If L A T E X2produces warnings that some labels are unde?ned,you must run it again for the following reason.In the?rst run,L A T E X2produces a?le named howto.aux which includes de?nitions of the labels(as produced by the\label command).In the second run,L A T E X2reads this?le before processing the main input.This makes it possible to give forward references to labels.

In the second run,the.aux?le is reproduced,and this reproduction should be identical to the?rst.

If they are different,L A T E X2complains that“labels may have changed”.You should rerun it to make it happy.The chances that you would require a fourth run are in?ntisimal.

It is interesting to examine the L A T E X2de?nitions in the.aux?le:

more howto.aux

In extreme situations,a buggy.aux?le is produced,and L A T E X2is not able to run at all as a result.

In this case,you should remove the?le.aux?le.

rm howto.aux

and start over again.

Viewing The product of a L A T E X2run is a.dvi(device independent)?le.To view a.dvi?le xdvi howto.dvi

The default extension is.dvi,so for short,you could write:

xdvi howto

Usually,xdvi is not set up properly,to deal with A4paper.Therefore,the correct command to run is:

xdvi-paper a4howto

Alternatively,you can set up an alias or?x your.Xdefaults?le,but I am not going to tell you how you should do any of these simple UNIX tasks....

One problem you might have in viewing the?le is that you did not set the DISPLAY environment variable correctly.This should be done by a command of the sort

setenv DISPLAY machine-name:0

For example,if the name of your workstation is sg237s8you should write:

setenv DISPLAY sg237s8:0

Converting to PostScript To create howto.ps from howto.dvi.

dvips howto.dvi

Again,the default is to search for a.dvi?le,so the.dvi extension needs not be typed.

Viewing a PostScript?le To view texttthowto.ps on your display,use

ghostview howto.ps

Again,the default is to search for a.dvi?le,so the.dvi extension needs not be typed.

Printing To print a.dvi?le on a PostScript printer,use the-P?ag:

dvips-Pb617d2howto.dvi

This will send the material to the b617d2printer,which is a black and white printer,located at room 617in the6th?oor,and is a duplex printer.Another way of doing this is:

dvips-Pb617d2howto

for short.If you already generated a PostScript?le then you can send it to the printer.

lpr-Pb617d2howto.ps

Note that this time the extension has to be typed in.lpr does not have a default extension. Bibliography To run B IB T E X:

bibtex howto

Note that B IB T E X requires multiple runs,sometimes as many as three.

2.2Check list

Before showing your output to any other person,and especially before presenting it to an impatient advisor, make sure that your document is as perfect as it can https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f16837928.html,e the following check list:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f16837928.html,e L A T E X2,rather than L A T E X.

2.Spell check your document using ispell.Make sure that ispell produces a“clean”run!If it

doesn’t,repeatedly add the extra words to your personal dictionary.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f16837928.html,e lacheck UNIX utility to discover some L A T E X2input errors.Make sure that lacheck pro-

duces a“clean”run!

4.Can you?nd the typos in the following text?

In view of this painful possibility,I will not(as I might)appeal indignantly to my other writings as as a proof that I am incapable of such a deed:I will not(as I might)point to the strong moral

purpose of this poem itself,to the arithmetical principles so cautiously inculcated in it,or to its its

noble teachings in Natural History–I will take the more prosaic course of simply explaining how it

it happened.2

Hard to?nd?Check again!The words“as”and“its”are duplicated,a mistake usually happening with

a line break between the two https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f16837928.html,e my dup to eliminate duplicate words in sequence.

The complete path to the dup utility is:

/home/yogi/Bin/dup howto.tex

As an extra bonus,dup also checks that all words which follow a period are capitalized,and it tries to apply a number of other little checks to your document.

5.Capitalization is also an important issue.Every sentence should start with an uppercase letter.The

important words in titles are usually capitalized.This includes the?rst and last words and all other words except articles and prepositions.Proper nouns such us names of people or places should also be capitalized.Initials should be entirely in uppercase,e.g.,FBI.

6.The acronyms“i.e.”and“e.g.”must be followed by a comma.Not including a comma is not only a

grammatical error.It will also make T E X think that the last period in“e.g.”is a sentence end,adding funny extra space after it.l dup does try to this sort of errors.

7.One problem that dup cannot always detect is the correct use of articles.The inde?nite article a

should be used when followed by an initial consonant sound,including a pronounced h.For example:

a computer,a division,a house.

When the word starts with a vowel or a very weakly pronounced h(especially in British English),the article should be an.For example:an arch,an honor,an historian.The an article should be also used before a single letter(or initials)whose name starts with a vowel.For example,one should write An MS-DOS typical fault,an8-bit?eld,etc.

8.Make sure that the input?le uses indentation in such a way that reveals its logical https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f16837928.html,e my

format to apply smart indentation in the format suggested below.

/home/yogi/Bin/formathowto.new.tex Manually check howto.new.tex because format is quite dumb.

3Plain Text

In general,you should not worry yourself details of format of such things as space between paragraphs, line spacing,indentation and the such.It is a common mistake of novices to use low level commands such as\\,(forcing a line break),\hspace(forcing a horizontal space),\vspace(forcing a vertical space), etc.in their input to give it some desirable special appearance.You should resist the temptation to do so! Instead,you must search for the appropriate high-level,logical commands,which express the structure of your text,rather than any desirable visual appearance.For example,you should break a line explicitly, which is a physical operation.The correct logical operation is the start of a new paragraph,which is simply denoted by an empty line in the input.

The default output is set by the document class,and in almost all cases is what you want.In fairness,it should be said the defaults are what you should have wanted,if you spent enough time in learning all the bits and ends of typography.For example,in most document classes,paragraphs are indented in,with the exception of a?rst paragraph in a section or a subsection.Also,the vertical spacing between paragraphs is usually slightly larger in between lines.

Use indentation in your input?le wisely,so that the logical structure would be apparent from the text layout.My suggestion is to start every sentence in a new line.If the sentence spans more than72characters, start the next line with an indentation.This gives you a visual clue on the number of sentences in each paragraph,which is usually4–6.

Most of your L A T E X input should be plain text,with scattered mathematical formulae.Just type your text in,paying little or no attention to details such as line breaks,spacing between words,etc.

In typing your text,take note that there are some characters do have special meaning.The alphanumeri-cal characters:A...,Z,a,...,z,0,...,9and most punctuation marks including the comma(,),the period(,), the semicolon(;),the exclamation mark(!),the question mark(?),etc.be typed directly into L A T E X2.Ta-ble3.1enumerates what we call formatting characters,used for placing ligatures and other symbols insider your text.(There are also some special characters which do not directly produce output;these will be the subject of the next section.)

Name Semantics

Period Sentence end

>$>$

Less than Spanish question mark(?)

‘N/A

Close single quote Quoting

"N/A

Hyphen Hyphenation

--{-}{-}

Em dash Punctuation mark

3.1Punctuation

The period(.)character,when followed by a space,denotes the end of the sentence.T E X places a little extra space between sentences3.There are however cases in which a period followed by a space is used to

denote an abbreviation,as in abbreviations of Latin words,including“vs.′’versus,“etc.”(etcetera),“et al.”(et alii).The space following the period has to be escaped in these cases.For example,a?gure caption “Runtime vs.input size”should be typed

Runtime vs.\input size

Similarly,do not write the abbreviation“etc.”simply as etc.,but rather as etc.\,unless it comes at the end of the sentence.

The“less than”(<)and“greater than”symbol do not appear in normal text.A weird exception worth noting is that electronic mail programs tend to add a>symbol in front of the word“From”if it is the?rst word in a line.

Take note that displayed mathematical equations are part of the sentence and should usually be followed by a punctuation mark.Here is a simple example:

Using Euler’s equation,

and the basic trigonometric equality,we obtain that

Never write three dots....Instead,use the\ldots macro.In mathematics,remember that a comma should precede and follow...,as in

Similarly,an operator should precede and follow\cdots:

3.2Quoting

L A T E X2distinguished between opening and closing quotes.Do not”quote”like this.Here is an example of correct“quoting”.Thus,opening quotes should be typed in L A T E X as‘‘,and closing ones as’’.Quotes should be used for quotations not as a substitute for an appropriate term,or loose presentation.Teletype font is the best way of marking verbatim text.

3.3Dashes

The great variety in dashes and hyphens take is a major source of confusion even for experienced authors. One common mistake is to place a space before or after a hyphen or a dash.The different variations are: Inter-word dash,entered as a single-character.This dash is used to connect two words together, in phrases such as multiple-inheritance,and object-oriented entered as multiple-inheritance and object-oriented.Note that there is no space before or after an inter-word dash.Also note that many such phrases have evolved to be a single word,including familiar terms such as“database”,“subtyping”,and even“email”4Do not let yourself be distracted by spell checkers which are not aware of this language evolution.Do load a specialized dictionary of jargon and terminology.

It is common and effective practice to factor out the second part of a conjugated phrase,as in“single-and multiple-inheritance”,entered as

single-and multiple-inheritance

Range speci?er,or an n-dash.The n-dash is used in phrases chapters I–III,pages11–87.

The n-dash is used in phrases chapters I--III,pages11--87.

Again,no space should be put before or after the dash.

The m-dash punctuation mark.The m-dash,entered as three is used to separate parts of a sentence—in cases where a weaker than a semicolon but stronger than a comma separator is desired.It is entered as three consecutive minus characters,or as a vertical bar(),with no spaces around it.Also, the of?cial name of our institution is written

The Technion—Israel Institute of Technology

and typed in as

The Technion---Israel Institute of Technology

or

The Technion|Israel Institute of Technology

Two other related variations are:

Minus sign in mathematical formulae.A unary or a binary minus in mathematical formulae is entered simple as a minus sign.Spaces do not matter in mathematical formulae.

Discretionary hyphen,entered as-T E X does a pretty good job in breaking lines at word boundary and in hyphenating words when this not possible.In the extremely rare cases in which the correct hyphenation is different than what T E X algorithm thinks,you may insert\-anywhere in a word to designate an optional hyphenation point.

The only case in which I found this to be necessary is in writing long URL addresses,as in http://-www.cs.technion.ac.il/?yogi/howto.tex,which is the web address of this document.

However,now I prefer to write this address as footnote5.

In summary,use dashes correctly.A double dash in the input is used to denote a range.A triple dash is used as punctuation—breaking a sentence into fragments.Note that there is no space before and after a triple dash.A single dash is used as a hyphen.

4Special Characters

Several characters of the ASCII alphabet have a special meaning for L A T E X2.Table4.1enumerates all these characters.

Name Semantics

Percent Comment

\\textbackslash

Open curly bracket Grouping

}\}

Hash sign Argument

?\textasciitilde

Dollar symbol Inline formula

_\_

Caret Superscript

&\&

Table4.1:Special characters Table:

4.2.1The document Environment

A L A T E X2document consists a preamble and a body.The preamble consists of global de?nitions.Some commands such as\usepackage can only be placed in the preamble.It is an error to include text intended for output in the preamble.

All document text is written inside the document environment:

%This is the preamble

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\title{The Principle of Reciprocation}

\author{Mother Nature}

\usepackage{times}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

No good deed goes unpunished!

\end{document}

Anything written after\end{document}is ignored.

4.2.2The abstract Environment

The article document class has an abstract environment:

begin abstract

The abstract gives a short account of the context and the main contributions of the paper.It should be informative enough

so that experts can quickly determine

the relevance of the results to their research.

Even though most abstracts span one paragraph,abstracts of two and even

more paragraphs do exist.Some publishers limit the abstract to150or so words. end abstract

Abstract

The abstract gives a short account of the context and the main contributions of the pa-per.It should be informative enough so that experts can quickly determine the relevance of the paper to their research.

Even though most abstracts span one paragraph,abstracts of two and even more paragraphs do exist.Some publishers limit the abstract to150or so words.

4.2.3Environments as Scope Delimiters

All environments delimit the scope of any commands and de?nitions made in them.

begin quote

it Love is all you need!

end quote

But love does not pay the rent.

Love is all you need! But love does not pay the rent.

In the rare cases that this effect is not desired,one can invoke an environment using a command-like syntax:

quote

it Love is all you need! endquote

But love does not pay the rent.Love is all you need!

But love does not pay the rent.

4.2.4Making your own commands

New users are usually advised against de?ning their own commands,since in most cases,there are ready made packages to implement specialized needs.Do not trouble your little head in making complex macros.

Most of these were invented and can be found in the L A T E X2companion.However,it is important to de?ne common symbols and terms as macros,to save typing,but much more importantly,to allow changes of notation.

A zoologist interested in spiders may therefore write:

\usepackage{xspace}

\newcommand{\spr}{spider\xspace}

\newcommand{\sps}{spiders\xspace}

\newcommand{\Spr}{Spider\xspace}

\newcommand{\Sprs}{Spiders\xspace}

...

\begin{document}

...

Another\spr came along,and then there were two\sps

around,which made the situation pretty scary.

\end{document}

Which will result in

Another spider came along,and then there were two spiders around,which made the situation

pretty scary.

The\xspace command,de?ned in the xspace package,is designed to combat the annoying habit of commands of swallowing all subsequent spaces.Normally,when a command expands to a word,one should follow it by{}as in\LaTeXe{}.The\xspace command inserts a space,except when the subsequent character is a punctuation mark.

Here is a de?nition of a common symbol in mathematical writing:

\newcommand{\Dtu}{\Delta u}

This can be used later as:

\[\Dtu=f\]is a Poisson equation.For$f\equiv0$

we get a Laplace equation:\[\Dtu=0.\].

Which would produce the following output:

is a Poisson equation.For we get a Laplace equation:

If you try to use\newcommand to rede?ne an existing command,be it yours,or a L A T E X2builitin,you will get an error message.In the rare cases you wish to override existing commands,use\renewcommand.

The above de?nition of\Dtu will only work within math mode.If you wish to use it outside math mode,you will need to use\ensuremath,as follows:

\newcommand{\Dtu}{\ensuremath{\Delta u}}.

Experienced writers may de?ne macros as shorthand,as in:

\newcommand{\beq}{\begin{equation}}

\newcommand{\eeq}{\end{equation}}

which would make\beq...\eeq equivalent to

\begin{equation}...\end{equation}.

It is a good idea to write all the de?nitions in a separate?le and include it using the\input comand. Another alternative is to collect all commands in the preamble.This makes it easy to locate a de?nition and to quickly change a notation.

Here is a useful macro with a single argument:

\newcommand{\keyword}[1]{\texttt{\textbf{#1}}}

Take note how that the hash character(#)is used for denoting arguments to commands.With the above de?nition,one may write:

‘‘\keyword{static}

is a heavily overloaded keyword of C++’’.

“static is a heavily overloaded keyword of C++”.

4.3Non-breakable Space

There are three important cases in which?(tilde)to denote non-breakable space.

Before inlined mathematical formulae.

Let?$i=1,\ldots,n$,then it is

not so difficult to prove that?$i\le n$.

Let,then it is not so dif?cult to prove that.

Before citations.The\cite command is used for citations.So,you should always write

As Gil and Lorenz?\cite{Gil:Lorenz:96}...

Before references,i.e.,\ref.To give a label to a?gure,table,section,etc,write:

\section{\LaTeXe{}Do’s and Don’ts}

\label{do-sec}

The label command gives a name to the value of the last counter which L A T E X2used.

Then,to give reference to that section,you can write:

In Section?\ref{do-sec}we do blah blah.

Note that in referencing a section by number,the word“section”must be capitalized.The same applies to theorems,lemmata,?gures,tables,etc.

If you want to prevent a line break within a certain word,use the\mbox command.The following is a de?nition of a\CC command whose output is a non-breakable“C++”.

\newcommand{\CC}{{C++}\xspace}

5Organizing Your Article

5.1Sectioning

Articles are broken invariably partitioned into sections,which are sometimes partitioned into subsections. The\section and the\subsection commands,which take their title as an argument,are used in mak-ing these divisions.Fig.5.1gives a general schematic structure of a L A T E X paper,and the use of\section to break it into sections.

Also seen in the?gure is\paragraph command,which is yet another partitioning command,which in most document classes is formatted as a single paragraph with no numbering.The\appendix com-mand does not produce any output.However,sectioning commands that show up after it are numbered as appendices(A,B,...in the defaults article document class).

Students have the tendency of over-sectioning,so perhaps I should not tell you that there is also a \subsubsection command,standing in the hierarchy between\subsection and\paragraph.In fact,I even regret telling you about the\subsection command.6Try to let your text?ow smoothly; only break it apart if necessary.As a rule of thumb,a subsection should have four or even paragraph,and be introduced only if approved by your advisor.

Longer documents,such as dissertations,have chapters(\chapter).

Continue by de?ning the terms.What do you mean by2-dim?,what is upward planar.

5.2The Components of a Paper

Fig.5.1shows all the mandatory textual elements of a scienti?c article.

Title The Title should be informative,and not too fancy or cute.Too special a title might create an unpro-fessional impression.

Authors In this part,name the authors and their af?liations.Af?liations are necessary since they give both information to the readers,and credit to the fonders.Ordering of authors is signi?cant:usually it is alphabetical.Other ordering emphasizes the author listed?rst.

Abstract The abstract summarizes the paper in the domain’s speci?c language.Since the paper is judged ?rst according to the abstract,and can be rejected based on it alone,it should list the most innovative and dramatic points of the paper.

The abstract is searched by search-engines,for which purpose it can include a section of keywords, which determine the subject of the paper.The abstract may include speci?cations-indices in information-hierarchy trees managed by journals.

Introduction The introduction is intended for the reader who is familiar with the problem’s domain.In this section the writers convince the reader that the problem is worth-while and innovative,and the solution exceeds existing solutions.Failure in proving these points shall lead to rejection of the paper.

When no former solutions exist,the introduction should prove the problem to be of scienti?c interest. Outline The outline appears as the last paragraph of the Introduction,or as a separate paragraph.It de-scribes the different sections in the paper,and shows how they achieve the goals set in the introduc-tion.

The outline is a list of sentences of the form in Section2we show this,and Section3includes that.

Use the word we,even for a single author.To avoid boredom,use both passive and active forms,

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\title{The Ultimate Answer}

\author{Douglas Hitch and Adam Hiking}

\usepackage{times}

\maketitle

\begin{document}

\begin{abstract}The problem of life...\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

Ever through the years,mankind was bothered...

\paragraph{Outline}

\section{Life}...

\section{Universe}...

\section{Everything}...

\section{Conclusions and Open Problems}

We have shown that the answer is42.

All that remains is to find the right question.

\paragraph{Acknowledgments}

We thank Agatha Christie for comments made on an

earlier version of this document.

\bibliography{practice,book,crossref,latex}

\bibliographystyle{abbrv}

\appendix

\section{Proof of Goldbach’s Conjecture}

\end{document}

Figure5.1:The schematic structure of a L A T E X2article Figure

along with various different verbs such as describe,present,show,outline,review,discuss,prove, and also generalize and conclude.

Write Section instead of section,as well as Figure,Table,Theorem,Lemma and,rarely,Equation.

Use the word Section even when referring to a subsection,such as Section3.2.

A special case in which we use theorem(lowercase t)when naming a speci?c theorem,such as

Murphy Brown’s last theorem.

Concluding Section V arious names are used for the?nal section of a paper:Conclusions,Concluding Remarks,Discussion,Open Problems,Further Research and any combinations thereof.

Conclusions often summarize the paper.Including this part in a paper is done mostly for historical reasons:when papers used to describe scienti?c experiments,the Conclusions section named the conclusions of the experiments’results.

Nowadays,having the papers describe different subjects,the Conclusions Section should shed a new light on what has been stated in the introduction,based on the thorough understanding of the subject The Further Research Section lists the problems remaining open—the most dif?cult and interesting ones.

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

Use last names only.A full name gives special honor to authors.

5.3Lists

L A T E X2provides several important mechanisms for an hierarchical organization of your text.There are sevral ways to organize The?rst way is itemization:

Itemizing:

this is an item

another item

Itemization is created in commands as the following:

\begin{itemize}

\item{Itemizing:}

\item{this is an item}

\item{another item}

\end{itemize}

The second way is enumeration:

1.Enumeration:

2.this is an item

3.another item

Where the commands for creating this enumeration are:

\begin{enumerate}

\item{Enumeration:}

\item{this is an item}

\item{another item}

\end{enumerate}

The third way is using descriptions:

Description:

this is an item

another item

Where the commands for creating this enumeration are:

\begin{description}

\item{Description:}

\item{this is an item}

\item{another item}

\end{description}

Too deep an indentation is not recommended,usually use not more than two levels.

6Installing New Packages

Since so many other researchers use L A T E X2extensively,it is very likely that most of your customiza-

setenv TEXINPUTS.:/home/yogi/TeX:

This tells T E X to search for macro?les and packages?rst in the current directory,then in my macro directory/home/yogi/TeX and then in the standard system location of macro?les.The?nal colon(:) is crucial.It tells L A T E X2to continue the search for macro?les in the standard system path.Without it, L A T E X2will not be able to process even the most simple inputs.You may also want to create your directory with your own collected packages.Do no repeat the mistake of so many others in placing the packages in the same directory as the inputs.

If you are using the WinEdt/MikTeX combination on personal Windows system,you will need to do the following:Place the new package in the localtexmf directory,which is usually

C:\MikTeX\localtexmf\tex\latex

or

C:\Program Files\MikTeX\localtexmf\tex\latex

If the new package likes to reside in its own directory,just place it there.

Then you would need to tell MikTeX that a new package is installed in its path.To do so,you would need to run the following command from the DOS prompt.

initexmf--update-fndb

initexmf is usually found in one of the following two directories:

C:\MikTeX\texmf\miktex\bin+

C:\Program Files\MikTeX\texmf\miktex\bin+

You would need to be in that directory to run this command.

6.1The labels Package

Using the labels package,there is a much simpler way of de?ning labels and making references.A

in your input,the output will be:

Sec.2...

Similarly\Ref{Figure}{xy}might come out as

Fig.14...

Clear mindedness No need to remember to put the?before the\ref command.

The labels package is useful for environments as well:

\begin[boats]{Figure}{Boats used to cross the Atlantic}

...

\end{Figure}

Will produce

And then you can give reference to the?gure using the\Ref macro

In\Ref{Figure}{boats}we see the...

Will produce the output

In Fig.6.1we see the...

Similar trick works for tables,which are de?ned using the Table environment which takes two argu-ments,the label,and the caption.

The\newRef command can be used for changing the format of references.The following are prede-?ned in labels.sty,but can be overridden by the user.

\newRef{Lemma}{Lem.?\ref{Lemma:#1}}

\newRef{Theorem}{Thm.?\ref{Theorem:#1}}

\newRef{Definition}{Def.?\ref{Definition:#1}}

\newRef{Corollary}{Corr.?\ref{Corollary:#1}}

\newRef{Proposition}{Prop.?\ref{Corollary:#1}}

\newRef{Chapter}{Chap.?\ref{Chapter:#1}}

\newRef{Section}{Sec.?\ref{Section:#1}}

\newRef{Appendix}{App.?\ref{Appendix:#1}}

\newRef{Table}{Tab.?\ref{Table:#1}}

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7The sentence structure

7.1The Meat and the Bones

Every scienti?c sentence has words of four kinds in it:

...

Figure6.1:Boats used to cross the Atlantic.Figure:boats

Bones(or Objects)These are terms and nouns de?ning the entities of the domain of discourse.Most sentences of the paper shall discuss these objects,each contributing,in one way or another,additional information to the reader on these entities.The bones should be de?ned clearly and formally at the beginning of the paper,in order to avoid repetitive quali?cations in the sequel.The beginning of the paper should de?ne the bones;this would save repetitive,semi-de?nitions in the sequel.

In order to avoid repetitive Clear and formal de?nitions of the bones at the beginning of the paper eliminates repetitive and tedious inaccurate references in the sequel.De?nitions of bones at the beginning of the paper,if they are done in a clear and accurate manner,would save you tedious and vague references to the bones.An up front de?nition of terms saves tedious,vague and...Formal and clear...Repetitive,If you?nd yourself referring to the same term again and again,Repetitive references can be avoided by an up front clear de?nition of the bones.

De?ne the bones at the beginning.This will save you the tedious work of making repetitive quali?-cations which are invariably vague.

Use either the\emph macro,or a proper\begin{definition}...\end{definition}.

Sometimes,discovering the bones and is not easy,and is only done in the midst of your writing;

you hit a bone when you?nd yourself using the same phrase again and again.

Meat(or Attributes)Each sentence should reveal more information about the bones.The common way of doing so is by using attributes.Attributes supply the valuable information regarding the objects,and should have the main role in sentences.In choosing attributes,use a rich and accurate language,as oppose to the simple language that should be used when describing the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f16837928.html,e the most speci?c word.If a word has a mundane usage,it is not very speci?c.

When using the same term or verb(meat)several times,make sure that the meaning remains the same.

Only in rare cases the meaning can be different,but in these cases the differences must be made clear to the reader.

Connecting tissue These are noise words such as“the”,“are”,“hence”,“such”,etc.There are two kinds of connecting words:those which are used to bind together the nouns and verbs make it grammat-ically correct and expressive of some small coherent idea.The other kind of connecting words,are those used in connecting each sentence to the previous one,and,less frequently,in leading to the next sentence.These are noise words such as“usually”,“moreover”,“hence”,“such”,“therefore”,“however”,etc.They may be added at the beginning,somewhere in the middle or the end of the sentence.

Makeup This are fancy words,which usually add nothing to the content.Avoid these as much as you can.

7.2Tips

Here is a list of rules and tips which I collected while working with many of my students:

1.Conjugations associate to the left;hyphens denote multiple conjugations,as in:“pre-and post-

conditions are the essential ingredients of programming by contract”.

2.“Few”means several.“A few”means a small number.

3.New terms must be emphasized.Frequently,a term is emphasized twice:When?rst mentioned,

and again when de?ned in greater detail.The author may choose which one of these occurrences to emphasize,when they are close to each other.When these two occurrences are near,it is common to emphasize only one of them.

建筑工程的模型建立

建筑工程的模型建立 1.将重点方案、复杂节点、施工组织设计与BIM模型进行挂接,通过BIM模型的可视化模拟及分析,对方案、施组进行可行性模拟分析,优化方案和施组设计。 一、建筑工程分类 一类(1)40层及以下、各类跨度的房屋建(2)高度240米及以下的构筑物(3)建筑面积20万平方米及以下的住宅小区或建筑群体二类以上的工程。二类(1)28层及以下、单跨跨度36米及以下的房屋建筑工程;(2)高度120米及以下的构筑物;(3)建筑面积12万平方米及以下的住宅小区或建筑群体。三类(1)14层及以下、单跨跨度24米及以下的房屋建筑工程;(2)高度70米及以下的构筑物;(3)建筑面积6万平方米及以下的住宅小区或建筑群体。 二、建筑工程的模型建立 (1)准备数据:从AutoCAD制作的校园平面图中提取建模要用到的建筑轮廓线,并将其保存为*.dxf的格式,该数据格式后期可以直接导入Multigen Creator。(2)制作纹理:利用数码相机拍摄建筑物的数字影像,然后利用Photoshop图像处理软件对其进行纠正、缩放、匹配处理,为了能够在Vega中实现实时渲染和漫游时纹理不发生变形和丢失,将纹理文件转化为Vega中支持的文件格式RGB、RGBA、INT、INTA、BMP或JPG,纹理的大小修改为Vega规定的像素长度——2n。(3)虚拟校园三维模型的建立:将AutoCAD制作的校园平面图导入Creator

中,并在此基础上建模。(4)Creator对模型数据的加工处理:主要是对以上步骤所建立的各种模型进行数据层次结构的组织、LOD模型的制作等。(5)三维仿真系统的驱动:应用Vega开发平台进行二次开发,建立数字城市三维景观系统,实现系统的三维漫游和分析等功能。

建筑工程施工房屋建筑管理及创新 高志磊

建筑工程施工房屋建筑管理及创新高志磊 发表时间:2019-06-06T16:32:37.040Z 来源:《建筑学研究前沿》2019年3期作者:高志磊 [导读] 当今社会,我国经济水平不断提高,人民的物质生活水平也越来越好,在追求温饱得到解决时,人民注重高质量的精神生活。对于住房要求自然也在不断提高。 潍坊市文化艺术中心山东潍坊 261061 摘要:当今社会,我国经济水平不断提高,人民的物质生活水平也越来越好,在追求温饱得到解决时,人民注重高质量的精神生活。对于住房要求自然也在不断提高。这也为建筑行业带来了很多商机和利润。在这其中,建筑工程的质量问题不可小觑。一些建筑企业开始寻找更先进的管理手段对建筑施工质量进行管理,而施工管理就是一种方法一个科学有效的管理方案能够使管理人员如虎添翼,能够更好地处理施工过程中出现的各种复杂问题,对任何突发因素都能进行有效掌控。此文就如何提升施工管理成效进行了如下研究。 关键词:建筑工程;施工;房屋建筑管理;创新 1建筑工程施工管理存在的问题 1.1管理方法手段过于落后 高投资、大规模、长周期是现代建筑的显著特点。如果对工程质量不能进行有效的监督和控制,一定会在短期或长期出现质量安全问题。施工管理虽已经在许多城市建筑施工中得到了试验,但并没有取得理想的效果。究其原因,应该归咎于施工管理这一事物在我国发展起步较晚,还不够完善。没能形成系统的制度体系,缺乏可以参考的经验。建筑工程质量管理人员在工作时,仍旧实施传统的方式方法,毫无新意。如,签订工程合同中包括的施工操作规范、施工范围等内容应该由施工管理人员进行监督,使建筑工程的质量得到保障,但在实际工作中,由于外部各种因素以及自身因素等,造成监督不力,从而为整个建筑工程的安全问题埋下隐患。 1.2工程项目经常性变更过多 现代建筑在施工时所需要的知识涵盖方方面面,内容复杂且环节众多。因此,在施工之前做好万全的准备是十分必要的。根据工程用途选择不同的建筑材料,制定适宜的施工进度等都是需要认真规划考虑的方面,只有这样才能保证施工的质量不受影响,按照计划完成任务。但是想法和实践往往不能匹配,施工过程会遇到很多意料不及的事情。如果前期准备不充分,导致管理人员对潜在的有利或者不利因素分析不到位,导致整个施工过程十分被动,不得不在遇到问题是停止进度,来思考合适的解决办法或是相应的对策。如此反复很容易对施工质量和进度带来影响,也会使施工质量管理不能发挥作用。 2房屋建筑管理创新策略 2.1创建完备的管理体系 科学合理的管理制度体系对于建筑施工管理工作意义重大。当下建筑行业施工工作出现的主要问题体现在责任到人制度不够完善、能力考核制度不够完善、成本预算不到位等方面。想要解决这一系列问题,管理制度体系的改革也应该围绕这些问题展开。首先,有关单位应明确施工过程中主要的责任人,力求做到责任到人,每一环节都能找到相应的负责人,不至于出现出了问题却无人承担责任解决问题等情况。其次,相关企业还应就对工程成本和质量做到心中有数,一旦出现材料或工程行为不符合规范等情况就要及时处理,以免为将来的安全问题埋下隐患。最后,管理人员在工作时应该将使用安全材料的观念深入到每一个工作人员的思想当中。不能为了节省成本而使用一些质量不过关材料,置工程质量的安全问题与不顾。 2.2制定周密的成本质量管理方针 成本管理与质量管理是施工管理工作核心要素。首先,在成本管理方面,工作人员要从计划、控制与分析这三个角度出发。管理人员应该依据施工要求及建筑用途对施工成本进行科学合理的预算,确保资金的合理配置。在成本规划方面,管理人员应该从现有的成本入手,对成本所带来的经济效益进行全面的分析规划,制定出适合工程所需要的成本方案。其次,在质量管理方面,管理人员应该全程跟踪管理,在施工的各个阶段都要处理好细节问题,任何一个环节都不能落下。工程事故频繁发生使得工程质量安全问题已经处于风口浪尖的位置。房屋建筑的安全问题是全社会的责任,安全问题不光会给施工人员带来灾难,也会对社会造成不利影响。 2.3引入高效的施工控制手段 上文中已经指出,工程控制宽松是这个行业存在的较为普遍的一个问题。为了解决这个问题,高效的施工控制手段是一个有效的解决方案。为实现高效的工程控制,施工准备、施工中、施工结束后这三个阶段是重中之重,工作人员应该对这三个阶段引起足够重视。在施工准备阶段,设计图纸自然是重头戏。设计图纸是每一个建筑的“母亲”,但就目前情况而言,建筑从业人员对于设计图纸并没有较强的管理意识,在发现施工图纸存在问题时,施工人员往往只注重自身的工作,而认为图纸问题与自身工作毫不相干,进而不去提出图纸所存在的问题。这些纰漏都会对建筑的质量和施工进度带来不利影响。为解决这个问题,工作人员应保证图纸的质量,进行详细周全的检查,经过多道检查工序,从而保证图纸不会存在问题。而在施工过程当中,相关人员应对施工中的造价影响因素进行适度的细化分类。如,施工人员应该根据材料、进度、质量等方面,将工程造价的工作内容细化成若干个模块,来保证工程造价的效果更好实现。在工程结束以后,对于工程质量的验收步骤不可省略。对于工程质量安全存在问题的地方要进行返工,确保建筑的安全性。 2.4提高计算机应用水平 在互联网的时代,计算机能做的事情太多,它们高超的计算水平,精确的数据统计能力无一不为人类的工作提供着便利。建筑行业也不例外,利用现代化的设备可以为建筑施工管理提供许多便利。预结算、资料、流程处理、信息处理等方面计算机都能高效完美地完成。BIM技术的计算机信息管理就是在互联网时代出现的产物,它的工作流程是:第一步。根据建筑需求特点建立BIM信息中心,将项目全方位的信息连续打通和无缝对接,将零散的数据信息进行统一整合管理,第二步,商家根据自身需求在同一BIM信息中心处理数据,同时把本专业的信息加到BIM中,以供其他专业共享协同作业。这样既能使信息及时性有效交互,也能提高工作效率,同时提高了整个工程的质量。 2.5强化绿色施工与安全文明施工管理 在施工过程中,绿色施工和安全文明施工也是值得重视的一个问题。近年来环境问题已经成为全社会关注的热点问题,国家也提出

房屋建筑施工方法与技术措施(正式)

编订:__________________ 单位:__________________ 时间:__________________ 房屋建筑施工方法与技术 措施(正式) Deploy The Objectives, Requirements And Methods To Make The Personnel In The Organization Operate According To The Established Standards And Reach The Expected Level. Word格式 / 完整 / 可编辑

文件编号:KG-AO-6573-88 房屋建筑施工方法与技术措施(正 式) 使用备注:本文档可用在日常工作场景,通过对目的、要求、方式、方法、进度等进行具体、周密的部署,从而使得组织内人员按照既定标准、规范的要求进行操作,使日常工作或活动达到预期的水平。下载后就可自由编辑。 一、工程概况: 本工程为东方红林业局住宅楼,总建筑面积为xxm2,砖混结构,共六层,由建筑照明和防雷接地两部分组成,共计两处进户,其近户电缆型号为YJV22×4 ×70mm2,穿SC-80钢管埋地进户,进至总配电箱,然后分别分到其他集中电表箱,为其全楼供电,配电方式为三项五线制,即TN-C-S系统。 二、施工方案、施工内容、施工程序: 在电气施工过程中,首先做好施工现场临时用电的架设安装,并注意现场安全施工操作,然后进行住宅楼内电气工程施工 施工程序可分为:

1、电气配管隐蔽工程; 2、管内穿线工程; 3、电气器具及配电箱安装工程; 4、防雷重复接地隐蔽; 5、等电位安装; 6、通电试验验收工程; 三、施工方法: 1、配管 (1)室内配线为铜芯塑料绝缘导线穿难燃塑料管,沿墙、楼板等处暗设,在接头处管用大一号管径套接,弯曲半径不得小于管外径的10倍。UAN超过下列长度,中间应加装拉线盒,两个拉线点之间距离应符合以下要求:30无弯曲,20m一个弯,15m二个弯,8m三个弯。 (2)孔洞与灯具位置的眼子,要用木楔堵住,要防止造物或灰浆进入空洞内。 2、穿线

to与for的用法和区别

to与for的用法和区别 一般情况下, to后面常接对象; for后面表示原因与目的为多。 Thank you for helping me. Thanks to all of you. to sb.表示对某人有直接影响比如,食物对某人好或者不好就用to; for表示从意义、价值等间接角度来说,例如对某人而言是重要的,就用for. for和to这两个介词,意义丰富,用法复杂。这里仅就它们主要用法进行比较。 1. 表示各种“目的” 1. What do you study English for? 你为什么要学英语? 2. She went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 3. These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 4. hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算,作最坏的准备。 2.对于 1.She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 2.She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3.表示赞成同情,用for不用to. 1. Are you for the idea or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个想法? 2. He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 3. I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4 for表示因为,由于(常有较活译法) 1 Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。 2. France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5.当事人对某事的主观看法,对于(某人),对…来说(多和形容词连用)用介词to,不用for.. He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6.for和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用,表示适宜,适合。 Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练,他们会胜任这项工作的。 Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. for表示不定式逻辑上的主语,可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 1.It would be best for you to write to him. 2.The simple thing is for him to resign at once. 3.There was nowhere else for me to go. 4.He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.

graduate的用法和短语例句

graduate的用法和短语例句 graduate有毕业;获学位;逐渐变得信等意思,那么你知道graduate的用法吗?下面跟着一起来学习一下,希望对大家的学习有所帮助! graduate的用法: graduate的用法1:graduate用作动词表示“从…毕业”用from,表示某科的毕业生用in,表示所获学位或成绩情况多用as或with。 graduate的用法2:graduate为非延续性动词,现在完成时的肯定式不与表示一段时间的状语连用。 graduate的用法3:graduate在美式英语中可指任何学校的毕业生,在英式英语中只指大学毕业生,尤指学士学位获得者。 graduate的常用短语: 用作动词(v.) graduate from( v.+prep. ) 从…毕业 graduate的用法例句: 1. My first job was as a graduate trainee with a bank. 我的第一份工作是在一家银行做大学毕业实习生。 2. Children graduate to the kindergarten, then pre-school,

and then school. 孩子们先上幼儿园,然后上学前班,再接着上小学。 3. In practice a graduate tax is an administrative nightmare. 毕业税具体操作起来不啻一场行政噩梦。 4. Graduate status is the minimum requirement for entry to the teaching profession. 研究生学历是从事教学工作的最低要求。 5. Chicago has 6 graduate and professional schools of high repute. 芝加哥有6所颇负盛名的研究生院和专业院校。 6. About 40% of all students entering as freshmen graduate within 4 years. 所有入学新生中约有40%在4年内毕业。 7. Now he needs only two credit hours to graduate. 现在他只需再修两个学分就可以毕业了。 8. I'm fixing to go to graduate school. 我打算去读研究生。 9. a graduate in history 历史学学士 10. Overcame childhood dyslexia to graduate second in his high - school class.

ANSYS 房屋 框架结构模型 命令流 APDL

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房屋建筑物及其安全管理的基本概念和定义(正式版)

文件编号:TP-AR-L7760 In Terms Of Organization Management, It Is Necessary To Form A Certain Guiding And Planning Executable Plan, So As To Help Decision-Makers To Carry Out Better Production And Management From Multiple Perspectives. (示范文本) 编订:_______________ 审核:_______________ 单位:_______________ 房屋建筑物及其安全管理的基本概念和定义(正 式版)

房屋建筑物及其安全管理的基本概 念和定义(正式版) 使用注意:该安全管理资料可用在组织/机构/单位管理上,形成一定的具有指导性,规划性的可执行计划,从而实现多角度地帮助决策人员进行更好的生产与管理。材料内容可根据实际情况作相应修改,请在使用时认真阅读。 房屋建筑物安全管理制度的建立是一项系统工 程,准确定义该系统的概念与范畴有助于系统的准确 建立与实施。 房屋建筑物是房屋建筑施工活动的直接产品,因 此,为了明确房屋建筑物的概念,首先要明确房屋建 筑施工活动在建筑业中的位置。 我国的国家标准《国民经济行业分类》 (GB/T4754—2002)将编号为E的“建筑业”分为房 屋和土木工程建筑业、建筑安装业、建筑装饰业和其 他建筑业四个大类,见表1-1。

表1-1中,序号为48、49和50的建筑安装业、建筑装饰业和其他建筑业三个大类,都是序号为47的房屋和土木工程建筑业大类的配套行业,其产品基本不能独立存在,因此应根据房屋和土木工程建筑业大类对建筑施工活动的产品(即各类建筑物)进行分类。 房屋和土木工程建筑业大类在表1-1中又分为房屋工程建筑和土木工程建筑两个中类。这两个中类的主要区别有: (1)从立项审批程序、规划设计、施工工艺难度和维修保养等角度,房屋工程建筑的产品与土木工程建筑的产品有显著区别; (2)从行政主管部门分工的角度,房屋工程建筑和土木工程建筑分别由不同部门管理;

(完整版)介词for用法归纳

介词for用法归纳 用法1:(表目的)为了。如: They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做? That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了? He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下,英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如: 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误:He went there for seeing his uncle. 正:He went there to see his uncle. 但是,若一个动名词已名词化,则可与for 连用表目的。如: He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意:若不是表目的,而是表原因、用途等,则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2:(表利益)为,为了。如: What can I do for you? 你想要我什么? We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗? Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等),当双宾语易位时,通常用for 来引出间接宾语,表示间接宾语为受益者。如: She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意,类似下面这样的句子必须用for: He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思,在一些及物动词后误加介词for: 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误:They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正:They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注:advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词,但含义不同:advertise sth=为卖出某物而打广告;advertise for sth=为寻找某物而打广告。如:advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响,而此处误加了介词for。类似地,汉语中的“为人民服务”,说成英语是serve the people,而不是serve for the people,“为某人的死报仇”,说成英语是avenge sb’s death,而不是avenge for sb’s death,等等。用法3:(表用途)用于,用来。如: Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4:为得到,为拿到,为取得。如: He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。

房屋建筑管理工作手册A版定稿版

房屋建筑管理工作手册 A版 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】

深圳市花样年物业管理有限公司 S h e n Z h e n F a n ta s i a P r o p e r t y M a n a g e m e n t C o.,L T D 编号:HYNPM-WI/FW 版本:A 房屋建筑管理工作手册 编制:日期: 审核:日期: 批准:日期: 说明:红色印章为受控文件 括号内数字为文件分发号 文件受控章 声明:本手册未经许可,不得翻印。 责任单位:品质部 房屋建筑管理工作手册目录 WI/FW000

Fantasia A/0 1/1

001名词、术语解释 WI/ FW 001

Fantasia A/0 1/1 1、土建维修 指对房屋的基础、主体结构、门窗、屋面、楼面和地面、装饰装修部分及道路场地 等进行养护、修理。 2、精装修 业主或使用人为提高装修档次、或改变功能对房间进行的二次装饰、装修。 3、土建小修工程(日常养护) 凡以及时修复小损小坏,保持房屋原来完损登记为目的的日常养护工程为小修工程。 小修分零星养护和计划养护。 4、土建中修工程 凡需牵动或拆换少量主体构件,但保持原房屋的规模和结构的工程为中修工程。中修 工程一次费用在该建筑物同类结构新建造价的20%以上,中修后的房屋70%以上必须符合 基本完好或完好的要求。主要适用于一般损坏房屋。 5、土建大修工程 凡需牵动或拆换部分主体构件,但不需全部拆除的工程称为大修工程。大修工程一次 费用在该建筑物同类结构新建造价的25%以上,大修后的房屋必须符合基本完好或完好的 要求。主要适用于严重损坏房屋。

房屋建筑技术标

房屋建筑技术标 Document number:WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT

目录 第一章技术标综合说明 (01) 第二章施工总体部署 (02) 第三章分部分项施工技术方案 (12) 第四章施工总进度及保证进度主要措施 (47) 第五章工程质量保证措施 (50) 第六章安全施工保证措施 (62) 第七章文明施工措施 (73) 第八章环境保护措施 (76) 第九章附件 (79) 附件一、施工现场总平面布置图 附件二、施工进度计划表 附件三、公司(营业执照、资质证书、安全生产许可证、诚信手册) 附件四、公司历年来获得的荣誉证书 附件五、现场管理人资质证书 第一章技术标综合说明 首先感谢贵院对本公司的信任,诚意邀请本公司参加金卫幼儿园(绿地园区)工程的投标。本公司作为房屋建筑工程总承包二级、建筑装修装饰工程施工二级、金属门窗工程施工二级、市政公用工程施工三级、防腐保温工程施工三级、机电设备安装工程施工三级的施工企业对承建贵工程具有极大的兴趣,对与贵方的合作充满诚挚的意愿。我们诚恳地表示,我们完全接受招标文件中提出的有关质量、工期、安全和文

明施工、安装配合、总包管理等各项要求,并落实各项方案和措施,与业主、监理单位、设计院、设备供应方一起以高度的责任感共同建设好贵工程。 我公司认真学习和研究了工程招标文件、有关图纸资料,并踏勘了施工现场,在分析了本工程的特点、难点和各种影响施工的因素后,我公司对以高质量、高速度全面完成该工程的建设任务充满了信心。现将本工程施工组织设计呈送贵方,供你们审阅。 一、工期目标 确保本工程以180个日历天完成全部竣工施工任务。如有幸中标,所报工期即为合同工期,并做到一接到通知,第二天立即进场。我公司一定精心组织施工、周密安排,千方百计做好开工前的施工准备工作,让业主放心满意。 如因我公司原因造成工期拖延,愿接受合同总价每天万分之五的罚款。 二、质量目标 确保金卫幼儿园(绿地园区)工程达到一次验收合格与区优质结构工程。针对本工程特点,我公司将以先进的技术、科学的管理落实措施,确保本工程达到质量目标。 如果达不到上述质量承诺,我公司愿接受按合同总价的5%给以罚款。 三、安全目标 实现无工伤、火灾、交通管线、设备等事故,创上海市标化合格工地。 四、施工现场管理目标 确保施工现场管理达到“区现场文明、标化工地”标准,争创上海市“市级文明工地”标准。

graduate的用法和短语例句

graduate 的用法和短语例句 graduate 有毕业;获学位;逐渐变得信等意思,那么你知道graduate 的用法吗?下面跟着一起来学习一下,希望对大家的学习有所帮助! graduate 的用法: graduate 的用法1: graduate 用作动词表示“从…毕业” 用from,表示某科的毕业生用in,表示所获学位或成绩情况多用as或with。 graduate 的用法2: graduate 为非延续性动词,现在完成时的肯定式不与表示一段时间的状语连用。 graduate的用法3: graduate在美式英语中可指任何学校的毕业生,在英式英语中只指大学毕业生,尤指学士学位获得者。 graduate 的常用短语: 用作动词(v.) graduate from( v.+prep.) 从…毕业 graduate 的用法例句: 1.My first job was as a graduate trainee with a bank. 我的第一份工作是在一家银行做大学毕业实习生。 2.Childre n graduate to the kin dergarte n, the n pre-school, and the n school.

孩子们先上幼儿园,然后上学前班,再接着上小学。 3.In practice a graduate tax is an administrative n ightmare. 毕业税具体操作起来不啻一场行政噩梦。 4.Graduate status is the mi nimum requireme nt for entry to the teach ing professi on. 研究生学历是从事教学工作的最低要求。 5.Chicago has 6 graduate and professional schools of high repute. 芝加哥有6所颇负盛名的研究生院和专业院校。 6.About 40% of all students entering as freshmen graduate with in 4 years. 所有入学新生中约有40%在4年内毕业。 7.Now he n eeds only two credit hours to graduate. 现在他只需再修两个学分就可以毕业了。 8.I 'm fixi ng to go to graduate school. 我打算去读研究生。 9. a graduate in history 历史学学士 10.Overcame childhood dyslexia to graduate second in his high - school class.

房屋建筑管理制度

房屋建筑管理制度 第一章总则 第一条为了确保房屋安全与使用寿命,确保员工得人身安全,特制定本制度,公司所有人员等均应遵守本制度。 第二章组织机构与管理职能 第二条安全生产部负责公司内建筑物、构筑物大修、维修管理工作。主要职责有: (一)负责公司内建筑物、构筑物固定资产得管理,分类编号,健全台帐卡片,做到帐物一致。 (二)负责组织对公司内房屋建筑物得技术状态管理、技术鉴定及组织实施工作。 第三条各使用单位负责各单位建筑物、构筑物得技术状态管理,负责包括房屋、构筑物、车间内电气线路、上水、排水系统、采暖系统、门窗、道路、天车轨道等得维修预检与月度维修计划得编制,上报主管部门。 第三章管理内容及要求 第四条计划管理 (一)安全生产部负责公司年度、月度大维修计划得编制。 (二)年度大修计划,应在上年年底前编制完成,上报公司领导批准后委托其它单位组织执行; (三)各单位提出得维修项目,应及时报安全生产部。

(四)由于生产需要而临时增加大维修内容时,采用先施工,后追补计划得方法处理. 第五条各使用单位维修预检人员对房屋建筑得日常维护管理: (一)及时清理厂房屋面积雪、屋面雨水管道、排水沟等,并运走垃圾; (二)定期维护门窗; (三)定期维修天车轨道与厂房地面轨道; (四)及时维护电气线路、给水、消防水及各类高低压动力管道及设施. 第六条建筑物、构筑物得管理使用规定 (一)未经公司批准,任何单位与个人不得改变与损坏建筑物、构筑物得基础、承重墙体、梁、柱等承重结构;不得拆改与破坏公共设备设施及公用管线。 (二)各单位使用得属于固定资产得建筑物、构筑物,不准自行调剂,确因工艺变动或生产需要时,须经公司领导批准后方能进行,固定资产同时转帐。 (三)建筑物、构筑物因管理使用不当,发生损坏,由责任单位向工程项目部提出书面报告;危及安全得应同时提出问题,进行事故分析。破损建筑物、构筑物由安全生产部负责技术处理。 (四)各使用单位负责建筑物、构筑物得使用与保护,

常用介词用法(for to with of)

For的用法 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。 尽管for 的用法较多,但记住常用的几个就可以了。 to的用法: 一:表示相对,针对 be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar) to This injection will make you immune to infection. 二:表示对比,比较 1:以-ior结尾的形容词,后接介词to表示比较,如:superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior 2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词,如equal,similar,equivalent,analogous A is similar to B in many ways.

模型论文建筑模型论文

模型论文建筑模型论文 城镇住宅建筑节能综合评价模型 摘要:根据对城镇住宅建筑节能的分析,建立了综合评价城镇住宅建筑节能的指标体系,分析了城镇住宅建筑节能综合评价指标的内涵及确定标准,运用灰色关联度分析法,构建了城镇住宅建筑节能评价指标体系的简化节能评价指标,进而基于人工神经网络方法,构建了城镇住宅建筑节能的综合评价模型,不仅有利于掌握既有城镇住宅建筑的节能效果,而且更有助于指导新建住宅建筑节能工作的开展。 Abstract: Based on the analysis of urban residential building energy conservation, this paper established a comprehensive evaluation index system of urban residential building energy efficiency, analyzed the comprehensive evaluation index content and determined the standards of urban residential building energy efficiency, using the gray relational grade analysis, constructed the simplified evaluation index system of energy-saving targets of urban residential building energy efficiency evaluation, and then based on artificial neural network, built urban residential building energy efficiency evaluation model, which not only was belpful to control the energy saving effect of urban

建筑工程施工房屋建筑管理及创新 王立甲 赵辉

建筑工程施工房屋建筑管理及创新王立甲赵辉 发表时间:2019-07-09T16:23:41.730Z 来源:《建筑模拟》2019年第21期作者:王立甲赵辉[导读] 房屋建筑非常重要,它是人们日常生活的主要场所,房屋建筑的质量关系着人民的生活和安全,房屋建筑的进步也能够给促进社会的发展和民众的进步。 王立甲赵辉 泰和隆丞装饰工程(沈阳)有限公司辽宁沈阳 110000 摘要:房屋建筑非常重要,它是人们日常生活的主要场所,房屋建筑的质量关系着人民的生活和安全,房屋建筑的进步也能够给促进社会的发展和民众的进步。现阶段的建筑工程中存在着很多的问题,只有了解目前施工房屋上存在的问题,才能够采取一些措施来加强管理,从而促进建筑工程的进步。笔者从事建筑工程工作多年,对建筑工程施工房屋建筑管理及创新也有一定的探究。 关键词:建筑工程;施工房屋建筑;质量控制;管理及创新 房屋建筑既能够反映城市发展的水平,也能够反映人民群众的生活水平和生活质量,房屋建筑业水平具有非常重要的作用,但是目前整个社会和整个行业都没有对建筑工程管理给予足够的重视,对于建筑工程的质量问题和安全问题都有很大的忽视。很多的建筑工程都存在多多少少的质量问题,比如房屋渗漏等,这些质量问题给人们的生活和工作都带来了极大的影响,甚至会成为极大的安全隐患。针对这种现状,建筑工程业的从业人员一定要重视工程管理工作,及时解决房屋建筑过程中存在的问题。 1建筑工程施工及管理现状 1.1房屋建筑施工技术需要创新 现阶段,随着科学技术的进步和信息化时代的到来,房屋建筑的施工技术需要紧跟时代的步伐,技术创新已是大势所趋。房屋建筑施工应该在应用传统技术的基础上,与新技术相结合,使现代建筑技术更上一层楼。技术创新不仅包括建筑技术的成本节约,同样包括建筑工程经济效益的提高以及建筑工程的发展符合环境保护的需求。 1.2建筑房屋工程施工遇到阻力 一些建筑单位在当前的发展过程中并没有从根本上重视技术和管理的创新,多数企业只是从成本出发,思考如何减少工程成本,从而提高经济效益,却没有想到从技术创新入手,提高自己的企业竞争力。所以公司中的管理人员对创新都没有过多兴趣;单位中的技术人员水平较低,多数为年岁已高或是进城务工人员,这些人员创新观念不足,或是已经掌握了传统的技术,不愿改变,也不愿花费过多时间学习一门新技术;对于新技术的应用,建筑单位中各个部门都有其自身的发展特色,如果不能和时代接轨,就不能发挥出科学技术的作用,当然,应用时也不是所有的科学技术都适合于现阶段的建筑工程发展,还存在一部分不适应状况;一些新技术被引进建筑工程中,建筑工程本身的管理体系就不是很完善,在融入新技术,依然难以得到提高。比如建立岗位责任制和创新奖惩制度,如果之前没有建立起相应的责任制度,就还是需要先完善,再创新。 1.3监督管理体制不够完善 一个企业的发展离不开完善的管理体制,但是因为一些企业本身管理体制就不完善,所以工程施工时安全事故时有发生,安全事故一旦发生就会给企业带来较大的经济损失。作为一个发展较好的企业,需要考虑到劳动力因素、成本因素以及科技因素,无论哪一方面没有做到位,都会最终影响企业的发展。 1.4人员缺乏系统的培训 一些企业在发展过程中考虑到经济成本的因素,不会对员工进行培训,即使部分员工专业素质较低,他们依然按照以往的技术经验进行施工,导致房屋建筑工程的质量无法得到保障,现阶段,科学技术的发展为施工质量打下了坚实的基础,但由于没有落实人员培训管理制度,就导致施工人员的培训制度无法贯彻落实,最终阻碍建筑单位的发展。 2建筑工程施工房屋建筑管理 2.1转变观念,顺应需要 建筑行业的管理必须要企业、个人的共同努力,首先是企业要加强对单位里的每个员工管理,要求每一个员工都要树立正确的安全管理观念,也要让每个员工明白自己的职责和肩负的责任,让企业里的每个员工共同进步,从而带动整个行业的进步。为了企业的进步,必须解决实际中存在的问题,比如任人唯亲、官僚主义等问题,建筑工程管理和创新需要企业根据市场发展趋势和社会的实际需求来进行。每个部分按照自己的分工,各司其职,大家都做好自己的事情,尤其是企业中和建筑工程部门相关的部门,比如财务部门、技术安全部门等,都要团结协作,和谐共存。还要让整个行业拥有强烈的竞争意识,让他们既能够提升高质量的完成建筑任务,又能够提升经济效益。 2.2适应市场发展的趋势 市场的变化日新月异,市场的竞争力也在不断增大,企业需要一直提升自身的竞争力,这样才能够在适者生存的大环境下更好地发展和进步,建筑行业想要能够更快更好地发展,还是需要企业不断适应市场发展的趋势,促进自身的进步。建筑行业管理改革体制需要做到把信息化和产业化与建筑业结合,伴随着社会的发展,建筑行业也开始大兴,我们需要对以往的管理模式进行调整,加入信息化,通过信息化的融入,让企业拥有更高级的管理技能,而且可以帮助企业改变原有的运营方式和运营理念,而且要让建筑行业变得更加透明化,无论是建筑材料的购买和工程业务的进展都要更加公开化,当账目和人员安排都更透明之后,建筑工程中会出现的问题也在不断减少。 2.3注重成本控制 成本管理是工程管理的关键环节,想要管理好房屋建筑施工情况,还是要建立完善的成本控制体系,想要真正做好成本管理,就一定要把公司利益放在首位,工程的成本一定要控制在合理的范围内,是要依据公司利益来设定的,建筑工程的成本一定要着眼于整体的成本,很多公司都是因为只谈工程成本,最后以至于成本过大,给整个公司的成本带来了巨大的压力。建筑工程中的成本需要建筑团队先根据建筑环节作出成本预算,再有公司的专业团队核对预算,在跟建筑团队的人商量之下,再次对预算表进行修改和调整,之后每个月都按照预算表严格执行,这样就能保证成本不超过预算。总的来说,有效的成本控制能够精密地把握每个施工项目的预算与盈亏状态,最终有利于施工项目顺利进行,并不干扰企业的切身利益。 3建筑工程施工管理的创新

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