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初一英语语法-名词专项练习

初一英语语法-名词专项练习
初一英语语法-名词专项练习

一、初一英语语法——词法

1、名词

A)、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但是有量锝表达.

但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,它有规则变化和不规则变化,还有某国人的单复数.

名词的分类;名词是表示某个人,事,物,地点,或抽象概念锝词,可以分为专有名词和普通名词. 专有名词是某些人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如;guangzhou,china.普通名词是一类人,物,或是一个抽象概念锝名词,如;bag,happiness等。

普通名词又分为以下四类;

A个体名词;表示某类人或物体中的个体,如map

B集体名词:表示由若干个个体组成的集合体如;class,family

C物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物如milk,water.

D抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质,感情等抽象概念如sadness

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词。物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数

复数的构成如下:

规则变化:

一)一般在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas ,licenses 二) x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。

如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs

十二)特殊形式的有child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, p oliceman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

不规则变化:

一)固定变化,如child-children foot –feet tooth –teeth man-men

Woman-women mouse-mice

二)单复数同行如;deer sheep fish 除人民币锝元角分外,美元,英镑等都有复数形式如:a dollar- three dollars a pound-four pounds

三)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数如:people,police ,cattle 本身就是复数,不能够说是a people ,a police ,a cattle ,但可以说是a person ,a policeman,a head of c attle ,the English ,the British ,the French ,the Chinese ,the Japanese 等名词表示国民的总称时,表示复数概念。如

The Chinese are brave .

以s结尾但是是单数的名词如:

Maths politcs,physics 等学科名词,是不可数名词,是单数

News ,the united states,the united nations 应视为单数

The united nations was organized in 1945

四)以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数如:

The Arabian nights

五)表示由两部分构成的东西,如glasses ,trousers 要表达具体数目,要借助数量词pa ir,;;a pair of glasses ,two pairs of trousers

六)另外还有些名词,其复数形式有时可以表示特别的意思,如waters 水域,fishes (各种鱼)

某国人的复数:单复数相同的:chinese-chinese Japanese –japanese

词尾加S的:American-Americans Russian-Russians German-Germans

将a 变为e Englishman-Englishmen

B)名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。

构成如下:

一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是之s结尾的与单数一样处理。

如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词

项目:人称代词物主代词指示代词反身代词

人称主格宾格形容词名词性反身代词

第一人称

单数 I me my mine myself

复数 we us our ours ourselves

第二人称

单数 you you you r yours yourself

复数you you your yours yourselves

第三人称

单数 she her her hers herself

he him his his himself

it it its its itself

复数 they them their theirs themselves

3、动词

A)第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:

一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三)

1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes

五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has

B)现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing。

如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying,

watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。

如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing,

have-having

三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。

如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning

四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。

如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

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