外文翻译
Title of dissertation : Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Muffler
INTRODUCTION
When the social competition becoming more and more intense , people eagerly need a quiet environment for rest and living . As one main source of environment noise , automobile noise must be controlled strictly . Additionally , Fast living rhythm makes people more dependent on automobile and spending more time on it ,witch indicates that automobile has really become another rest place , As a result ,the reduction of automobile noise is more important to build a quiet rest condition in the automobile . There for , the automobile noise control is very necessary both to the outside environment and inside condition of automobile One important component of automobile noise is the exhaust noise of engine that controlled mainly by installed exhaust muffler . Muffler has two different effects on engine , one is to reduce the sound pressure of exhaust gas witch is defined as noise attenuation performance of muffler , the other is to depress the power and economy performance as the result of increasing exhaust resistance and back pressure witch is defined as power lost of muffler . The purpose of muffler design is to reduce its power lost possibly as well as keeping the necessary noise attenuation performance .Most of the muffler design methods developed earlier have dealt primarily with one-dimension-plane wave theory , designers' experience and experiment . One dimensional theory can not provide accurate analysis result because of the propagation of higher order modes of sound wave when higher analytic frequency is desired or the muffler is complicated . For the complicated project , neither it nor experience of designers can work efficiently with experiment , so these methods are of long design period and large design cost . As a contrast , three dimension numerical method can more accurately calculate the acoustic characteristic of complicated model on computer , also has the capability to easily analyze deferent designs in shorter time and find the best one to guide the experiment , so the process of product development is speeded and more resources is saved . In the present paper , the acoustic characteristic of muffler elements often adopted are studied
in SYSNOISE , a noise analysis software , and then , the muffler of DY110－9 motor cycle is analyzed particularly for attenuation performance , and several improved design are brought forth , in witch a new design method of muffler is developed .
1. MUFFLER TEST
First , the experiment is carried out to measure the dynamic and static acoustic performance of the muffler . In order to proceed the test in ordinary condition , a discrete sine-wave- sweep- frequency signal generator (fig . 1) is designed , and a sound generator for measurement is also made . It is proved by the test that this kind of signal generator can weaken the influence of disturbance noise , as a result , the precision of measurement in ordinary condition is improved .
图1
2. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BASIC MUFFLER ELEMENTS
FEM is applied respectively to study the performance of basic muffler elements such as Simple Expansion Can (SEC) , Helmholtz Resonator and Tuners , witch results are compared with theoretical solution to illuminate their characteristics . For a Simple Expansion Can , Fig 2 shows the TL contrast of numerical result ,theoretical results and test , witch validates SYSNOISE .
3. V ALIDATION OF MODEL AND IMPROVEMENT
This muffler's model shown in fig 3 is established in the pre-processor of FEM software ANSYS , and acoustic performance is analyzed in SYSNOISE . The prediction result is shown in fig 4 together with the test result . The consistence with each other validates the software selected for calculation .On the validation of the test , the muffler performance is analyzed deeply with the method of modal analysis and sound pressure map , then combined the control means of atmosphere stand wave in
long duct , several practical solution for improvement are brought forward . The improved result is shown in fig 5 .
图2
图3
4. CONCLUTION
In the present paper ,several conclusion can be obtained from the improvement analysis of this muffler :
1 . For the first time , the notion that melodiousness should be considered as one item of noise subjective evaluation is put forward . A new frequency band for melodiousness evaluation is also defined ,witch is applied in the following part to determine the target of muffler improvement design .
2 . In order to measure the muffler acoustic performance in the ordinary condition , test scheme is aimed at eliminating disturbance and improving test precision ,and necessary test instruments are made . In the present paper , it has been proved that even if proceeded in ordinary condition , as long as the proper test scheme considered more factors possibly , satisfied results can be obtained .
3 . The method of modal analysis and sound pressure map analysis is applied to investigate muffler performance for the first time , witch so successfully find the reason for straight through frequency of muffler that it can provide reasonable support for the improvement design of muffler .
4 . The control method of long duct atmosphere stand wave is for the first time applied in the muffler improvement design of muffler . the relative success makes it another method to control straight through frequency of muffler .In the present paper , together with the method of noise and vibration control ,FEM and BEM analysis are applied to develop a new muffler design method . This method is supplemented each other with experiment, and it is of some practical application value and popularized future .
Key Words : exhaust muffler NVH transmission lose modal analysis
消声器的数值仿真分析
引言
在社会竞争日益激烈的条件下，人们迫切地需要一个安静的休息和生活环境，作为主要环境噪声源的汽车噪声，一定要严格控制。此外，由于生活节奏的加快，人们对汽车的依赖越来越大，停留在汽车上的时间越来越长，这说明汽车已成为人们另一个休息场所，汽车噪声的降低对于营造车内安静的休息环境更为重要。因此，无论是车内还是车外，汽车噪声的控制是完全有必要的。发动机的排气噪声是汽车噪声的重要组成部分，该噪声的控制方法主要是加装排气消声器。消声器对原发动机主要产生了两方面的作用：其一，降低了排气噪声，这一作用又称为消声器的消声性能；其二，增加了排气阻力，提高了排气背压，从而降低了发动机的动力性和经济性，这一作用又称为消声器的功率损失。消声器设计的目的就是要在保证必要的消声性能的前提下，尽量降低消声器的功率损失。以往的消声器设计主要根据一维平面波理论、设计者的经验和试验，而在计算复杂消声器或分析频率较高时，由于高次模式波的出现，一维平面波的分析结果并不准确。对于复杂的消声器，一维平面波理论和经验设计都不能有效地支持实验工作，因此，这些方法的设计周期长、设计成本耗费大。同试验设计的方法相比，三维数值仿真的方法可以在计算机上更为准确地计算复杂模型，并可以在较短地时间内对多个设计方案进行分析计算，找到最佳的方案，为试验提供更为准确的参考，从而节省了资源的耗费，加快了产品开发的进程。本文利用商用噪声分析软件SYSNOISE，首先研究了基本消声结构的消声性能和规律，然后对DY110－9 型摩托车配装的消声器进行了性能分析和改进设计，从中探索了一种消声器设计的新方法。
1 消声器的测量实验
为在一般条件下进行消声器的测量，设计了如图 1 所示的离散型正弦波扫频信号发生器并自制了测量用声源。实践证明，这种信号发生器消弱了干扰噪声对测量的影响，提高了在一般条件下测量的精度。
图1
2 基本消声结构的性能分析
对于基本的消声结构，如简单扩张腔、赫尔姆霍茨共振腔和协调器，本文利用有限元的方法分别研究了它们的消声性能，在与理论解进行对比的基础上阐明了其消声规律。图2 是一简单扩张腔的数值解、理论解和实验结果的对比图，该图验证了SYSNOISE 计算软件的有效性。
3 消声器模型验证及改进设计
该消声器的计算模型是在有限元计算软件 ANSYS 的前处理器内建立的，如图3 所示。消声性能的计算分析是在噪声分析软件SYSNOISE 内完成的。计算结果与实验结果如图4 所示。计算与实验的结果基本吻合，证实了所建模型的有效性。在实验验证的基础上，运用模态分析和声压分布图相结合的方法，深入分析了该消声器的消声性能，并结合长管道空气驻波的控制方法提出了几种切实可行的改进方案，改进结果如图5 所示。
图2
图3
4 结论
通过该消声器的改进设计，得到以下结论。
1、本文首次提出了用音乐性作为噪声主观评价的指标的设想，并为此定义了新频程。在随后消声器的改进中，尝试了用新频程确定消声器改进设计的
目标。
2、为在一般条件下进行消声器的测量实验，设计了旨在排除干扰、提高测量精度的实验方案，并自制了必需的试验设备。实践证明，即使不再消声室中测量消声器，只要设计得当，考虑周全，也可以测得满意的实验数据。
3、本文把模态分析的方法用于消声器消声性能的分析，结合声压分布图的分析，准确无误地找到了消声结构产生通过频率地原因，为消声器的改进设计提供了科学依据。
4、本文首次把长管道内驻波的控制方法用于消声器的改进设计，取得了较好的成功，为消声器内通过频率的消除找到了新的方法。本文综合运用了有限元和边界元的分析方法，结合噪声与振动的控制理论和方法，探索了一种新的消声器设计方法。该方法同实验相辅相成，具有一定的使用价值和推广前景。
关键词：排气消声器，噪声、振动及声振粗糙度，传递损失，模态分析
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(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
营销-外文翻译
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is