2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解C篇-(带答案精准校对加强版)

III. Reading Comprehension

Section B ( 22%)

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(C)

Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science—because other scientists might be able to make advances not foreseen by the data's producers—most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online. When Wolkovich, for instance, went hunting for the data from the 50 studies in her meta-analysis, only 8 data sets were available online, and many of the researchers whom she e-mailed refused to share their work. Forced to extract data from tables or figures in publications, Wolkovich's team could conduct only limited analyses.

Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository(库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects –but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and the contextual information called metadata; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.

But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to ‘shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve’. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.

Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the

practice is not purely altruistic(利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers –those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often – get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne, a biologist at George Washington University in Washington DC, thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. ‘I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,’ she says. ‘It's important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.

Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.

62. What do many researchers generally accept?

A. Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.

B. Open data sharing is most important to medical science.

C. Repositories are essential to scientific research.

D. It is imperative to protect scientists’ patents.

63. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?

A. Ambiguous.

B. Neutral.

C. Liberal.

D. Opposed.

64. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing?

A. The fear of massive copying.

B. The lack of a research culture.

C. The belief that research data is private intellectual property.

D. The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.

65. What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?

A. The ever-growing demand for big data.

B. The advancement of digital technology.

C. The changing attitude of journals and funders.

D. The trend of social and economic development.

66. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ________.

A. benefits sharers and users alike

B. saves both money and labor

C. makes researchers successful

D. is becoming increasingly popular

Keys: 62-66 ADCCA

III. Reading Comprehension

Section B ( 22%)

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(C)

A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source. Not a president's social media platform.

Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to sharpen their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.

Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 an d 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.

Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.

Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media．In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsib ility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.

So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.

63. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubt on ____________.

A. the justification of the news-filtering practice

B. people's preference for social media platforms

C. the administration’s ability to handle information

D. social media was a reliable source of news

64. According to the knight foundation survey, young people .

A. tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace

B. verify news by referring to diverse resources

C. have a strong sense of responsibility

D. like to exchange views on “distributed trust”

65. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is ______________.

A. readers’ outdated values

B. journalists' biased reporting

C. readers' misinterpretation

D. journalists' made-up stories

66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend

B. A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

C. The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media

D. The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests

Keys: 63-66 DBCB

III. Reading Comprehension

Section B ( 22%)

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(C)

Privacy is necessary for human society to function. The problem is not that the information exists but that it reaches the wrong people. Information on the Internet could bring great benefits to society, and to individuals, when huge datasets(数据集集) can yield information otherwise unavailable. But once the information is gathered, a precautionary principle has to apply. It is unreasonable to agree with John Perry Barlow, the Internet rights pioneer, when he wittily remarked that "relying on the government to protect your privacy is like asking a peeping Tom to install your window blinds"; but it does not help when it appears that everything the public sector does with the huge datasets it has will be overseen by the media.

Governments need to keep our trust; but technology wears away privacy in two ways. The first is simply smartphones. Most Britons-70%-now carry around with them devices which record and report their location, their friends and their interests all the time. The second is the ease with which two or more datasets can be combined to bring out secrets that are apparent in neither set on its own Now nearly 90% of the US population can be uniquely identified simply by combining their gender, date of birth and postal code. All kinds of things can be reliably inferred from freely available data: four likes on Facebook are usually enough to reveal a person's standard of spouse selection.

Underlying such problems is human psychology. No one forces anybody to reveal their preferences on Facebook. The latest spectacular breach (泄露) of privacy came when the exercise app Strava published a global map of the 3 trillion data points its users had uploaded, which turned out to reveal the location of secret US military bases around the world. But the chance to boast about where you have been and how fast you were moving is exactly what makes Strava popular.

Psychology, as much as technology, made this a massive security breach The users gave enthusiastic consent(允许), but it was fantastically ill-informed. Then again how could anyone give informed consent when not even the firms that collect the data can know how it will be used?

The protection of private data from unintentional disclosure(公开) is primarily a social or psychological problem. What’s needed is a chance of attitude among those who harvest and process the data. They need constantly to ask themselves -or to be asked by society- how this information could be used for harm, and how to prevent that from happening.

63. The underlined word “overseen”in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to“______”

A supervised B. disturbed C. overlooked D. underestimated

64. The Strava incident is recalled to indicate____________.

A. users should have stopped the app from publicly broadcasting their location

B. users should be reliably informed before giving consent for access to their data

C. users give away their personal data to satisfy their basic human desires

D. users have lost confidence in the government to protect their privacy

65. According to the writer, the key to solving privacy problems is_____.

A. for technicians to upgrade smartphone systems and instruct social media behavior

B. for data providers to give informed consent before using any app

C for the government to ban the unapproved in formation exchange between datasets

D. for the data collectors to ensure the appropriate use of data

66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A. Two datasets are better than one

B. It's the psychology, stupid

C. Technology: a two-edged sword

D. No privacy on the Internet, experts warn

Keys: 63-66: ACDB

III. Reading Comprehension

Section B ( 22%)

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or

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