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Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access published June 21, 2007 PIC Protein Interactions Calc

Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access published June 21, 2007 PIC Protein Interactions Calc
Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access published June 21, 2007 PIC Protein Interactions Calc

Nucleic Acids Research,2007,1–4

doi:10.1093/nar/gkm423

PIC:Protein Interactions Calculator

K.G.Tina,R.Bhadra and N.Srinivasan*

Molecular Biophysics Unit,Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore560012,India

Received January31,2007;Revised April17,2007;Accepted May9,2007

ABSTRACT

Interactions within a protein structure and interactions between proteins in an assembly are essential considerations in understanding molecular basis of stability and functions of proteins and their complexes.There are several weak and strong interactions that render stability to a protein struc-ture or an assembly.Protein Interactions Calculator (PIC)is a server which,given the coordinate set of 3D structure of a protein or an assembly,computes various interactions such as disulphide bonds, interactions between hydrophobic residues, ionic interactions,hydrogen bonds,aromatic–aromatic interactions,aromatic–sulphur interactions and cation–n interactions within a protein or between proteins in a complex.Interactions are calculated on the basis of standard,published criteria.The identified interactions between residues can be visualized using a RasMol and Jmol interface. The advantage with PIC server is the easy availability of inter-residue interaction calculations in a single site.It also determines the accessible surface area and residue-depth,which is the distance of a residue from the surface of the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/118153167.html,er can also recognize specific kind of interactions,such as apolar–apolar residue interactions or ionic interac-tions,that are formed between buried or exposed residues or near the surface or deep inside. INTRODUCTION

Analyses of atomic interactions in tertiary structures of proteins contribute richly to our understanding of sequence–structure relationships,structural basis of pro-tein stability and protein evolution.Studies on interac-tions between sidechains are commonly used in designing methods and identifying strategies for remote homology detection,protein fold recognition,protein structural comparisons and comparative protein modelling(1–6). For example,remote homology detection between pro-teins can rely on conservation of structural motifs involving interacting sidechains(1).Such studies also serve as guidelines in designing site-directed mutagenesis experiments(7)and in the understanding of the basis for residue conservation in homologous proteins(8). Interactions between subunits of multimeric proteins and interactions between interacting protein modules are also areas of intense study(9–13).Analyses on nature of sidechain–sidechain interactions across interacting inter-faces between protein modules have enlightened us on evolutionary conservation of protein–protein interactions and in distinguishing transient and permanent complexes (14–16).

Di?erent kinds of interactions have been noted in the stabilization of tertiary structures,quaternary structures and assemblies of proteins.Roles and importance of interactions between apolar residues and hydrogen bonds are very well known(2).Importance of interactions such as aromatic–aromatic,aromatic–sulphur,cation–p and ionic interactions in the structure and function of proteins is also well realized(17–20).Observations and analyses of less common features such as exposed cluster of hydro-phobic residues,partially buried salt bridges and interac-tions of buried charged residues are also of speci?c interest (21–24)

Here we report the development of a web-based service, PIC(Protein Interactions Calculator),to aid recognition and analyses of various kinds of interactions in tertiary structures of proteins and structures of protein–protein complexes.We have also integrated solvent accessibility calculations in PIC to aid recognition of interacting motifs that are exposed or buried.Further,the residue depth calculations are also made possible in PIC so that interactions deep inside the protein structure or near the surface can be recognized.Advantage of using residue depth parameter is that it can distinguish residues with no solvent accessible surface area in terms of how deep they are from the protein surface.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Organization of PIC

PIC server accepts atomic coordinate set of a protein structure in the standard Protein Data Bank(PDB) format.The user is prompted with selecting one or more of the following interaction types:Interaction between apolar residues,disulphide bridges,hydrogen bond

*To whom correspondence should be addressed.Tel:+918022932837;Fax:+918023600535;Email:ns@mbu.iisc.ernet.in

?2007The Author(s)

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/118153167.html,/licenses/ by-nc/2.0/uk/)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.

Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access published June 21, 2007

between main chain atoms,hydrogen bond between main chain and sidechain atoms,hydrogen bond between two sidechain atoms,interaction between oppositely charged amino acids(ionic interactions),aromatic–aromatic inter-actions,aromatic–sulphur interactions and cation–p interactions.The input coordinate set is accepted,under each section of the page,for recognition of interactions within a polypeptide chain.If an ensemble of NMR-derived structures is input then the?rst model in the?le is taken as a representative and is used by the PIC server. The output corresponds to the list of residues involved in interaction type of interest.An option is provided,using RasMol(25)interface and Jmol interface,for enabling visualization of structure in the graphics with interactions highlighted.It is possible to get the results by e-mail.It is also possible to download the output?les of the original programs.

A separate panel is available for identi?cation of various types of interactions between polypeptide chains when a multi-chain PDB?le is subjected to the analysis. All the said interactions could be explored for their occurrence across the inter-polypeptide chain interface. Thus this panel facilitates recognition of interactions between di?erent subunits in a multimeric protein structures or between proteins in a protein–protein complex structure.Figure1show ionic interactions between oppositely charged sidechains across the inter-face,formed between cyclin-dependent protein kinase and bound cyclin(26),recognized using PIC server.

Solvent accessibility calculations could be used to identify di?erent kinds of interactions between buried or between solvent exposed residues.Solvent accessibility calculations are performed using NACCESS program (Hubbard,S.J.and Thornton,J.M.,1993,NACCESS Computer Program,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University College London.).The exposed and buried residues are identi?ed by47%and 47%residue accessibility,respectively.Under this facility list of all the interaction types are displayed prompting the user to select list of interaction types of interest.For example,a user may prefer to identify interactions between apolar residues that are exposed.Figure2 shows interactions between solvent exposed apolar resi-dues,in crambin(27),recognized using PIC server. Depth of an atom in a protein is de?ned as the distance from the nearest atom in the surface of the protein structure.Mean depths of atoms of a residue de?nes the residue depth(28,29).Analogous to the panel on solvent accessibility,panel on residue depth enables the users to identify speci?c types of interactions near the protein surface or deep inside the core of the structure.Based on the analysis of residue depth parameter by Chakravarty and Varadarajan(28)we consider those residues with depths45A as close to the protein surface and others as deep https://www.sodocs.net/doc/118153167.html,ing this part of the PIC server it is possible to identify interactions between,say,aromatic residues near the protein structural surface.As calculation of residue depths takes a few minutes for most protein structures,results involving depth calculation are sent by e-mail to the user if a valid e-mail address is provided. Recognition of interactions

Various types of interactions are recognized from the atomic coordinates using the standard criteria that are published.We used mainly the criteria suggested by NCI server(30)to identify non-canonical interactions

in Figure 1.Interactions between oppositely charged amino acid side-

chains in the interaction interface of cyclic dependent protein kinase2

(CDKs)and cyclin identi?ed using PIC server.The folds of CDK2and

cyclin and the charged residues in the interface formed by the two

proteins are represented in di?erent colours.The ion pairs are

highlighted by black dotted lines.This?gure is produced using

SETOR

(35).

Figure2.Structure of crambin with solvent exposed and interacting

apolar sidechains,recognized using PIC.Interactions between apolar

sidechains is shown by green dots.Disulphide bonds are shown in

yellow.This?gure is produced using SETOR(35).

2Nucleic Acids Research,2007

proteins.The aromatic–aromatic,aromatic–sulphur and cation–p interactions are recognized between appropriate sidechains using the criteria proposed by Burley and Petsko(17),Reid et al.(18)and Satyapriya and Vishveshwara(19),respectively.Disulphide bonds are recognized using the distance criteria employed originally in the MODIP program(31).Hydrogen bonds are recognized using HBOND routine developed by Overington et al.(32)and described in Mizuguchi et al.

(33).The hydrogen bonds are categorized as main chain–main chain,main chain–sidechain and sidechain–side-chain.Only standard hydrogen bonds are recognized in PIC as NCI server(30)is available for identi?cation of interactions such as C–H...O.Interactions between hydrophobic sidechains are identi?ed using a distance cut-o?of5A between apolar groups in the apolar sidechains.Though various interactions are recognized using the standard criteria,user has an option of changing the distance cut-o?in recognizing any of the types of interactions.

CONCLUSIONS

Analysing the interactions that stabilize tertiary and quaternary structures and protein–protein complexes is a common situation in structural biology.For example,a structure just solved using X-ray analysis or nuclear magnetic resonance may be subjected to such an analysis. In protein engineering and design experiments,a good understanding of the structural roles of various residues is essential before taking decisions on residues to mutate by site-directed mutagenesis and the replacing https://www.sodocs.net/doc/118153167.html,e of combinations of features available in PIC such as various kinds of interactions and solvent exposure or buried nature or depths of residues is also expected to aid recognition of common and uncommon structural fea-tures in a given protein structure.Analysis of such interactions in homologous protein structures(34)enables recognition of evolutionary constraints critical for the retention of fold of the protein family.

The PIC server is available at:http://crick.mbu.iisc. ernet.in/ PIC

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research is supported by the Department of Biotechnology(DBT),Government of India.K.G.T. and R.B.are supported by grants to N.S.by DBT. Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by Oxford University Press. Con?ict of interest statement.None declared. REFERENCES

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2.4 引言、正文、结语 (1)汉字字体字号选5号宋体,外文、数字字号与同行汉字字号相同,字体用Time New Roman 体。 (2)引言是论文内容的重要提示,作者在引言中应概述前人在该领域内所做的工作,并陈述论文在此基础上所取得的成果和突破。 (3)结语中应指出该论文的独创性成果及存在的局限,以方便他人在此基础上做进一步的研究。 (4)正文中的图、表按出现的先后顺序进行编号,图务必清晰、精确,图名、表名必须有中文表述,坐标图的横、纵坐标必须标明其对应的量及单位。 (5)论文中涉及到量的单位,务必使用国际标准单位;避免用同一个符号表示不同的量,凡是有变量含义的符号(包括表示量及其上、下角标的符号)一律用斜体,反之,用正体。 (6)表示矩阵、矢量的符号一律用黑体;量与其单位之间用“/”切分,是复合单位的应在“/”后加注括弧,如速度/(m ·s -1);量的符号务必使用单个字母表示。 (7)物理量值用阿拉伯数字表示;公元世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻用阿拉伯数字表示;计数的数字用阿拉伯数字表示;非物理量的量词前面的数字及仪器型号、样品编号、标准代号页应用阿拉伯数字表示。计量单位应统一使用法定计量单位表示,工程术语一律采用国家现行标准使用。 (8)文中的公式包括数学、物理和化学,采用WORD 中的公式编辑器编辑。 (9)标题分级见下例中所示,此分级编号只分至第三级,再分可用(1)、(2)……,(a )、(b )……等。 范例: 2 2.1 二灰、水泥粉煤灰3种

命令提示符用法

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命令行简介

一.命令行简介 命令行就是在Windows操作系统中打开DOS窗口,以字符串的形式执行Windows管理程序。 在这里,先解释什么是DOS? DOS——Disk Operation System 磁盘操作系统 目前我们常用的操作系统有windows 9x/Me,NT,2000等,都是可视化的界面。在这些系统之前的人们使用的操作系统是DOS系统。DOS系统目前已经没有什么人使用了,但是dos命令却依然存在于我们使用的windows系统之中。大部分的DOS命令都已经在Windows里变成了可视化的界面,但是有一些高级的DOS命令还是要在DOS环境下来执行。所以学习命令行对于我们熟练操作Windows系统是很有必要的。 不同的操作系统要用不同的命令进入命令行界面。 在Win9x/Me的开始菜单中的运行程序中键入"command"命令,可进入命令行界面。 在Win2000/NT的开始菜单中的运行程序中键入"cmd"命令,可进入命令行界面。 下面我用讲到的DOS命令都可以在Windows Me操作系统中执行。 那么,我们如何进入命令行窗口? 开始——〉运行——〉键入command命令——〉回车 进入了命令行操作界面(DOS窗口),在DOS窗口中只能用键盘来操作。如下所示: 二.符号约定 为了便于说明格式,这里我们使用了一些符号约定,它们是通用的: C: 盘符

Path 路径 Filename 文件名 .ext 扩展名 Filespec 文件标识符 [ ] 方括号中的项目是可选项,用户可以根根据需要不输入这些内容 { } 大括号表示其中的项目必选一项 | 竖线表示两侧的内容可取其一 … 表示可重复项 三.命令行的输入方法 在DOS窗口中通过输入英文命令加回车键这种方式来执行程序。 四.内部命令和外部命令 命令行程序分为内部命令和外部命令,内部命令是随https://www.sodocs.net/doc/118153167.html,装入内存的,而外部命令是一条一条单独的可执行文件。 内部命令都集中在根目录下的https://www.sodocs.net/doc/118153167.html,文件里,电脑每次启动时都会将这个文件读入内存,也就是说在电脑运行时,这些内部命令都驻留在内存中,用dir命令是看不到这些内部命令的。 外部命令都是以一个个独立的文件存放在磁盘上的,它们都是以com和exe为后缀的文件,它们并不常驻内存,只有在电脑需要时,才会被调入内存。 五.常用命令 DOS命令总共大约有一百个(包括文本编辑、查杀病毒、配置文件、批处理等),我们这里详细介绍二十个常用的DOS命令。 先介绍一下通配符的概念。

投稿文章格式要求

论文格式要求 1 板式 纸张大小:纸的尺寸为标准A4复印纸(210mm ×297mm ) 页边距:上3cm ,下3cm ,左3cm ,右3cm ,页眉2cm ,页脚2cm 2 论文撰写必须包括以下项目: 2.1 文章题目(一般不超过20字) 范例: 2.2 范例: (1.珠海市公路建设中心,广东 珠海 2.3 中文摘要、关键词(4~8个)、中图分类号 (1 )摘要应写成报道式摘要,按照目的、方法、结果、结论四要素来撰写。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容地短文,避免使用第一人称,应使用第三人称,摘要不分段,字数以200~300字为宜。 (2)关键词的选择应规范。第一个关键词为该文所属相应栏目名称,第二个关键词为该文研究成果名称,第三个关键词为得到该文研究成果所采用的方法名称,第四个关键词为作为该文主要研究对象的事物名称,第五个及以后的关键词为作者认为有利于文献检索的其他名词。 范例: 验,总结了疲劳方程及疲劳曲线,对比分析了3种添加剂稳定的冷再生基层混合料疲劳试验结果,并从疲劳曲线特征及疲劳破坏特征两方面,同普通半刚性材料的疲劳性能进行了比较分析。结果表明,石灰粉煤灰稳定的再生混合料杭疲劳性能最好,其次是水泥粉煤灰,7%水泥稳定的再生混合料杭疲劳性能较差;再生混合料的疲劳特性与普通半刚性材料存在较大差异,在较低 :道路工程;冷再生混合料;疲劳试验;:U416.26 文献标识码:A 2.4 引言、正文、结语 (1)汉字字体字号选5号宋体,外文、数字字号与同行汉字字号相同,字体用Time New

Roman 体。 (2)引言是论文内容的重要提示,作者在引言中应概述前人在该领域内所做的工作,并陈述论文在此基础上所取得的成果和突破。 (3)结语中应指出该论文的独创性成果及存在的局限,以方便他人在此基础上做进一步的研究。 (4)正文中的图、表按出现的先后顺序进行编号,图务必清晰、精确,图名、表名必须有中文表述,坐标图的横、纵坐标必须标明其对应的量及单位。 (5)论文中涉及到量的单位,务必使用国际标准单位;避免用同一个符号表示不同的量,凡是有变量含义的符号(包括表示量及其上、下角标的符号)一律用斜体,反之,用正体。 (6)表示矩阵、矢量的符号一律用黑体;量与其单位之间用“/”切分,是复合单位的应在“/”后加注括弧,如速度/(m ·s -1);量的符号务必使用单个字母表示。 (7)物理量值用阿拉伯数字表示;公元世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻用阿拉伯数字表示;计数的数字用阿拉伯数字表示;非物理量的量词前面的数字及仪器型号、样品编号、标准代号页应用阿拉伯数字表示。计量单位应统一使用法定计量单位表示,工程术语一律采用国家现行标准使用。 (8)文中的公式包括数学、物理和化学,采用WORD 中的公式编辑器编辑。 (9)标题分级见下例中所示,此分级编号只分至第三级,再分可用(1)、(2)……,(a )、(b )……等。 范例: 2 2.1 3种

Elsevier期刊投稿模板及投稿经验

General-Template

[Title Page] Article Title Authors Author affiliations Correspondence information: Corresponding author name, affiliation, detailed permanent address, email address, telephone number (Check the Guide for authors to see the required information on the title page)

Put the title of your abstract here using both upper and lower case letters, Times New Roman, 12 pts, bold, centered, double spaced A. Author a, B. Author b, C. Author a,* a Department, University, Street, Postal-Code City, Country b Laboratory, Institute, Street, Postal-Code City, Country Abstract This general template helps you on preparing manuscript for part of Elsevier Journals. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Here comes self-contained abstract. Please read the Guide for Authors of your target journal for the requirements of Abstract. Pay special attention to the word count. PACS(optional, as per journal): 75.40.-s; 71.20.LP Keywords: Keyword 1.D; Keyword 2.B (Read the Guide for Authors for the requirements for Keywords, including number, thesaurus, and classification indications) * Corresponding author. Tel.: +xx xxx xx xx; fax: +xx xxx xx xx. E-mail address: xxxxx@xxx.xx

SCI 论文投稿全过程(Elsevier在线投递)

1.投稿前询问(p r e s u b m i s s i o n i n q u i r i e s)为了节省时间,一些杂志要求作者在投稿前先询问杂志编辑对论文内容是否感兴趣。询问时提交的材料包括重要性介绍(可用coverletter内容)和论文摘要。编辑也许会很快邀请您递交完整的论文(这并不意味着发表的任何承诺),或许告诉您这篇论 文不适合在该杂志发表。如果确认论文重要,即使编辑有否定的回复,作者也可以继续向该杂志投稿。 2.投稿信(coverletter) coverletter主要向编辑介绍论文题目、主要内容,突出论文的创新性和价值,希望发表在个该杂志的什么栏目或类型,为什么要发表这篇论文,声明没有一稿两投。还可以简要指出目前该领域的发展方向,说明该杂志什么领域的读者群对这篇论文感兴趣。 例如:“Wewouldliketosubmitourmanuscript“xxxxxxxx(manuscripttitle)”foryourreviewandconsiderationforpublicationinthexxx(journalname)Journala sa“xxxx(papertype)”.Thismanuscriptdescribesoriginalwork,。 3.准备论文(preparationformanuscript) 多数杂志要求双倍行距,每一部分最好另起一页,具体格式依据各杂志“投稿须知(Instructionsforauthors)”中的要求而定。论文修改定稿之前要仔细阅读所投杂志的“投稿须知”,规定了杂志的范围、论文类型、提交方式、审稿过程、格式要求、版权转让等信息。 标题页(titlepage):包括题目(title)、作者(author)、单位(institution)、通讯作者信息(correspondingauthor)、大标题(runninghead)、统计数据(字数、页码、图表数)、资金来源(grantorsupport)等。

期刊论文格式要求

投稿格式要求 1 板式 纸张大小:纸的尺寸为标准A4复印纸(210mm ×297mm ) 页边距:上3cm ,下3cm ,左3cm ,右3cm ,页眉2cm ,页脚2cm 2 论文撰写必须包括以下项目: 2.1 文章题目(一般不超过20字) 范例: 2.2 范例: 曾石发 ,徐江萍 (1.珠海市公路建设中心,广东 珠海 2.3 中文摘要、关键词(4~8个)、中图分类号 (1)摘要应写成报道式摘要,按照目的、方法、结果、结论四要素来撰写。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容地短文, 避免使用第一人称,应使用第三人称,摘要不分段,字数以200~300字为宜。 (2)关键词的选择应规范。第一个关键词为该文所属相应栏目名称,第二个关键词为该文研究成果名称,第三个关键词为得到该文研究成果所采用的方法名称,第四个关键词为作为该文主要研究对象的事物名称,第五个及以后的关键词为作者认为有利于文献检索的其他名词。 范例: 摘要:通过冷再生混合料疲劳试验方法,对 3种添加剂稳定的冷再生基层混合料进行了疲劳试验,总结了疲劳方程及疲劳曲线,对比分析了3种添加剂稳定的冷再生基层混合料疲劳试验结果,并从疲劳曲线特征及疲劳破坏特征两方面,同普通半刚性材料的疲劳性能进行了比较分析。 应力比下,其具有更为优越的疲劳性能,并且其疲劳寿命劝应力比变化的敏感程度要低于普通

半刚性材料。 关键词:道路工程;冷再生混合料;疲劳试验;杭疲劳性能;基层 中图分类号:U416.26 文献标识码: A 2.4 引言、正文、结语 (1)汉字字体字号选5号宋体,外文、数字字号与同行汉字字号相同,字体用Time New Roman 体。 (2)引言是论文内容的重要提示,作者在引言中应概述前人在该领域内所做的工作,并陈述论文在此基础上所取得的成果和突破。 (3)结语中应指出该论文的独创性成果及存在的局限,以方便他人在此基础上做进一步的研究。 (4)正文中的图、表按出现的先后顺序进行编号,图务必清晰、精确,图名、表名必须有中文表述,坐标图的横、纵坐标必须标明其对应的量及单位。 (5)论文中涉及到量的单位,务必使用国际标准单位;避免用同一个符号表示不同的量,凡是有变量含义的符号(包括表示量及其上、下角标的符号)一律用斜体,反之,用正体。 (6)表示矩阵、矢量的符号一律用黑体;量与其单位之间用“/”切分,是复合单位的应在“/”后加注括弧,如速度/(m ·s -1);量的符号务必使用单个字母表示。 (7)物理量值用阿拉伯数字表示;公元世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻用阿拉伯数字表示;计数的数字用阿拉伯数字表示;非物理量的量词前面的数字及仪器型号、样品编号、标准代号页应用阿拉伯数字表示。计量单位应统一使用法定计量单位表示,工程术语一律采用国家现行标准使用。 (8)文中的公式包括数学、物理和化学,采用WORD 中的公式编辑器编辑。 (9)标题分级见下例中所示,此分级编号只分至第三级,再分可用(1)、(2)……,(a )、(b )……等。 范例: 随着我国公路建设事业迅速发展,道路通车里程的迅速增加,道路的养护、改造任务也越来越重,以往对破旧沥青路面的改造方法是:挖除、外运然后再重新铺筑新路面,这样既浪费沥青资源也不利于环保。…… 2 2.1 试验拟定水泥、二灰、水泥粉煤灰3种添加剂。 2.1.1添加剂的分类…… (1)……

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