备战2019年高考英语 纠错笔记系列 专题04 动词的时态和语态(含解析)

专题 04 动词的时态和语态
易错点 1 一般过去时和现在完成时的混用
1. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _____________ too busy.
A. was
B. had been
C. would be
been
D. would have
【错因分析】此题容易误选 B 或 D，认为前句用了 had hoped，这里是表示＂我本来希望去车站为她送行的， 但是我太忙了＂，忙是过去的一个事实，而 B 是过去完成时，表示过去的过去发生的动作；D 项的＂would have been＂是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是＂本来会做＂，均与语境不符，所以此处不能选 B 或 D。
【参考答案】A
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 1. 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，或者单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完 成时强调过去的事情对现在的影响。 I was an English teacher in No.1 Middle School for twenty years. （表示在过去一段时间里一直存在的状态，与现在没有联系。表明现在已不是英语老师了。） I have been an English teacher in No.1 Middle School for twenty years. （表明截止到现在在第一中学已任教二十年了，与现在有联系。） 2. 一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用或无时间状语。 He wrote many plays when he was at college. （有明确的表示过去的时间状语，表示写剧本是他过去做的事情。） He has written many plays. （没有时间状语，本句表明他是剧作家。）
1.（2018·北京卷·单项填空） —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around?
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—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.
A. start
B. have started
C. started
D. had started
【答案】C
2. I made many good friends in the past few years. （单句改错） 【解析】句意：在过去的几年里，我交到了许多好朋友。由时间状语 in the past few years 可知这里要用 现在完成时态。 【答案】made 前加上 have 【名师点睛】＂in/ during the past/ last＋years / months / days...＂是完成时态的时间标志之一， 而 in the past 则要与过去式连用。
1. 现在完成时的用法 ①现在完成时的＂完成用法＂ 现在完成时用来表示过去发生或完成的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，强调的是这个影响 或结果，常与 already（肯定），yet（否定，疑问），just，before，recently，still，lately 等时间状语 连用。 ②现在完成时的＂未完成用法＂ 指动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，并可能还要继续下去。这里的动词要用延续性动词。常 与 for（+时间段），since（+时间点）等时间状语连用。 2. 现在完成时的标志词 ①当句中有 never，ever，just，already，yet，before 等时，常用现在完成时。 ②当句中有＂for +时间段＂或＂since +时间点＂等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性 动词，若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。 3. 现在完成时的常用固定句型 ①since 句型：It + is/has been + 一段时间 + since...，在此句型中，主句常用现在完成时或一般 现在时，从句用一般过去时。 It is/has been ten years since he came here. 他来这儿已经十年了。
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②This / That / It is the first (second，third...) time (that) sb have done sth This is the first time I have been here. 这是我第一次来这儿。 ③在＂This / That / It is the + 形容词最高级+名词+（that）从句＂中，从句要用现在完成时。 This is the most wonderful novel I’ve ever seen. 这是我所看过的最精彩的一本小说。
易错点 2 一般过去时和过去进行时的混用
1.（2016﹒浙江）The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant ___________ in
his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly.
A. gave
B. gives
C. was giving
D. had given
【错因分析】有些考生看到 was worried about 就马上想到要用一般过去时，于是误选 A。根据句意可知， give 所表示的动作和 was worried 这一动作是同时发生的，指在担心的时候 give 这一动作正在进行，因此 要用过去进行时。
【参考答案】C
过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 1. 一般过去时表示已经完成的动作，过去进行时表示未完成、正在进行的动作。 I read a novel this morning. 上午我看了一本小说。(已经看完) I was reading a novel this morning. 上午我在看小说。(可能没看完) 2. 持续发生的动作用过去进行时，中间插入发生的动作用一般过去时。 I broke a glass while I was cooking dinner. 做饭时我打碎了一只玻璃杯。
2. Mr Smith ______________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished
it.
A. has written
B. wrote
C. had written
D. was
writing
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【答案】D 【名师点睛】有的同学可能由于受 last year 的影响而误选 B，但若选 B，则句子前半部分的意思则变 成了＂史密斯先生去年写了一本书＂，既然是＂写了＂，那么这与下文的＂但我不知道他现在是否写完了＂ 相矛盾。
易错点 3 一般过去时和过去完成时的混用
1. —Got your driving license?
—No. I ______ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn’t take the driving test last week.
A. was
B. am
C. have been
D. had been
【错因分析】问句中 Got your driving license? 为 Have you got your driving license? 的省略表达， 该句对选项无影响。决定选项动词时态的是答句中的 so I didn’t take the driving test last week，分 析句意可知，动作发生在后一动作之前，表示过去的过去，故应用过去完成时。 【试题解析】句意：——拿到你的驾照了吗？——没有。我太忙了而不能有足够的练习，因此我上周没有参 加驾照考试。结合语境可知，busy 这一动作发生在 didn’t take the driving test，表示过去的过去要用 过去完成时。 【参考答案】D
一般过去时与过去完成时的区别： 一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生、并且一下子就完成了的动作（即：非持续性动作），也可以表 示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。 1. 一般过去时的基本用法： （1）带有确定的过去时间状语时，要用过去时，注意在谈到已死去的人的情况时，多用过去时。 （2）表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时，这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过 上下文来表示。 （3）表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，常与 always，never 等连用。
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（4）如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do。 （5）有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话， 也要用过去时，这一点很容易出错，要特别注意！ 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示句子中描述的动作发生 在＂过去的过去＂。 2. 过去完成时的基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即＂过去的过去＂。可以用 by，before 等介词短 语或时间状语从句来表示，也可以用表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和 for，since 构成的时 间状语连用。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常 使用过去完成时。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 （5）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动 作之前。
2. —Did you have difficulty finding Ann’ house?
—Not really. She ______________ us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
A. was to give
B. had given
C. was giving
D. would give
【答案】B
【名师点睛】一些考生可能会在做本题时，看到 were able to 就想当然地认为这里应该用一般过去时，在 分析了语境之后，我们可以知道 give 发生在过去的过去，因此要用过去完成时。
易错点 4 一般现在时表示将来
1. You’d better write down her phone number before you ________________ it.
A. forget
B. are forgetting
C. forgot
D. will forget
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【错因分析】此题考生易误选 D 项，认为 forget 根据语境可以知道是将来可能会发生的动作，因此要用一 般将来时，而忽略了时间状语从句中＂主将从现＂这一原则。
【参考答案】A
2. He is very busy. I don’t know if he ________________ or not tomorrow.
A. come
B. comes
C. will come
D. is coming
【错因分析】此题容易误选 B，认为 if 引导的是条件状语从句，从句谓语要遵循＂主将从现＂原则，即要 用一般现在时表示将来意义。其实，句中 if 引导的不是条件状语从句（即 if≠如果），而是宾语从句（即 if ＝是否）。 【试题解析】句意：他很忙，我不知道明天他是否会来。if 在此表示＂是否＂，引导的是宾语从句，结合语 境可知，come 是将来发生的动作，因此要用一般将来时。 【参考答案】C
◆ 主将从现原则 ◆ 1. 在 if，unless 等词引导的条件状语从句中； 2. 在 when，till/until，as soon as，before，after，as，while，each time，the moment 等词引导的
时间状语从句中； 3. 在 no matter + wh-，however，whatever，whenever，even if/even though，so long as，on condition
that 等引导的让步状语从句中，若主句为一般将来时（或包含情态动词/祈使句），从句谓语动词常用一般 现在时表示将来；若主句为过去将来时，从句谓语动词通常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时态。 I will call you as soon as she arrives. 当她来的时候，我就打电话给你。 If it clears up, we will go to the park. 如果天晴的话，我们就去公园。 I will not let them in, whoever they are. 不管他们是谁，我都不会让他们进来。
3. That’s why I help brighten people’s days. If you ________________, who’s to say that another
person will?
A. didn’t
B. don’t
C. weren’t
D.
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haven’t
【答案】B
1. 当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时，时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来。 I’ll write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。 Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。 If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。 Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。
【注意】 ①除表示时间和条件的状语从句外，表示让步、相似、比例的从句也要用一般现在时表示
将来。 I’ll follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪儿，我就跟着去哪儿。 Whatever you say, I won’t pay. 无论你说什么，我都不会付钱。 Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 无论我们帮他与否，他都会失败。 I’ll have a good time whether I win or lose. 赢也好，输也好，我都将会玩好。 The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就会越胖。 ②另外，当主句为用将来时态时，定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来。 I’ll give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都给你。 You can have anything I find. 我找到的任何东西你都可以拿去。 Everyone who comes first will get a present. 每个先来的人都可得到一份礼物。
2. 按照英语习惯，一个句子中若主要动词已经表明了所谈论动作的时间，那么与之相关的其他动词就 不必再次指明同一时间，而往往使用一个比较简单的时态，如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等。
This discovery means that we will spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花 费。
This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花 费。
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3. 在 make sure(弄清楚)，make certain(弄清楚)，take care(注意，当心)，be careful(注意，当心)， mind (注意)，watch(注意)等后的 that 从句中通常也用一般现在时表示将来意义。
Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事。 We must take care that no one sees us. 我们必须注意别让人看见我们。 Make sure you come back soon. 你要保证快点回来。 Be careful that you don’t hurt her feelings. 当心别伤了她的感情。 Watch that the baby doesn’t go near the heater. 注意别让宝宝接近加热器。 Mind you read the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. 在答题前要注意仔细阅读考题。 In future, make sure you get here on time. 今后，要保证准时来这里。 Make sure that you get it down and his signature on it. 你一定要把它记下来，并让他在上面签 字。 Take care that you don’t presume on my feelings. 注意不要滥用我的感情。
【注意】 在 it doesn’t matter, I don’t care, I don’t mind 等结构(以及类似结构)后的
名词性从句也通常用一般现在表示将来意义。 I don’t mind what you do after you leave school. It doesn’t matter where we go on holiday. 我们去哪儿度假都行。 Does it matter who goes first? 谁先去这有关系吗？ I don’t care whether we win or lose. 我不在乎我们是赢还是输。 Don’t you care what happens to them? 难道你不关心他们出什么事了？
4. 在 I hope，I bet，see (to it) 等后的宾语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来意义，但有时也可直 接用将来时态。
I hope that you like（will like）it. 你希望你会喜欢它。 I bet it rains（will rain）tomorrow. 我打赌明天会下雨。 See (to it) that children don’t catch cold. 当心别让孩子感冒。 I’ll see that nobody disturbs（will disturb）you. 我将确保没人打扰你。
【注意】 see (to it) 后的 that 从句通常用一般现在时表将来，直接用将来的情形较少见。
5. 在 as，than 引出的比较状语从句中可用一般现在时表示将来，也可直接用将来时态。
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We’ll get there as soon as you do（will）. 你一到，我们就到。 We’ll probably drive faster than you do（will）. 我们开车很可能比你快。 6. 表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。 Are you on duty next weekend? 下周末你上班吗？ The train leaves at 12:00. 火车 12 点开出。 Where do we go now? 我们现在到哪里去？
【注意】 用于此用法时，句中通常有具体的时间状语。
7. 当主句为将来时态时，与之相关的 by the time 后接的从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。 By the time he comes, I will have left. 等他到时，我会已经离开。 The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema. 我们到电影院时电影会已经开始 了。
易错点 5 被动语态和主动语态的误用
1. —Do you like the material?
—Yes, it _____________ very soft.
A. is feeling
C. feels
B. felt
D. is felt
【错因分析】此题容易误选 D，想当然地根据＂这布料摸起来很柔软＂这一句意，认为＂布料＂应是＂被 摸＂，所以 feel 选用了被动语态。 【试题解析】因为 feel 在此为连系动词，而连系动词均为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，尽管有时其汉 语意思有被动意味，但要用主动形式表示被动含义。 【参考答案】C
2. While waiting for the opportunity to get _____________ (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty. （单句语法填空）
【错因分析】本题易误填 promoting。
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【参考答案】promoted
3. —Excuse me, is the book Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell available now? —Sorry, but it _________ (sell) so well that we don’t have any in store. （单句语法填空）
【错因分析】本题易误填 is sold。 【试题解析】句意：——玛格丽特﹒米切尔写的《飘》现在有货吗？——对不起，它那么畅销，我们没有任 何存货了。sell 在此处意为＂卖得……＂，sell well 表示＂畅销＂，不能用于被动语态。 【参考答案】sells
有些动词，如 act，add，brush，burn，clean，cook，count，cut，draw，drive，keep，lock，look， open，read，sell，smell，smoke，strike，wash，wear，write 等，其主动形式在一些具体场合表示被动 意义。这类句子的特点是：主语往往是＂物＂而不是＂人＂。另外，后面往往带有 well 这一类副词或者 修饰主语的形容词。
1. （2018·北京卷·单项填空）A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________
in the mountains for two days.
A. are trapping
B. have been trapped
C. were trapping
D. had been trapped
【答案】D
2. Visitors _______________ not to touch the exhibits.
A. will request
B. are requested
C. are requesting
D. request
【解析】分析 visitors 与 request 之间的关系是此题的解题关键。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是
一条规定，所以用一般现在时，而 visitor 与 request 之间是动宾关系，即 request visitors not to touch
the exhibits，究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此要用被动语态。
【答案】B
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一、被动语态的特殊结构形式 1. 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语 仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3. 当＂动词+宾语+宾语补足语＂结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4. 在使役动词 have，make，get 以及感官动词 see，watch，notice，hear，feel，observe 等后面不 定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 5. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如＂动词＋介词＂，＂动词＋副词＂等，也可以用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 二、主动形式表被动意义的用法 1. 谓语动词用主动表被动的五种情形 (1) 某些连系动词(如 look，sound，smell，feel，taste，prove 等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词 为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。 Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。 My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。 (2) 当 open，close，shut，lock，move 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式 表示被动意义。 The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。 The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超市的门是自动关的。 【注意】
该用法的不及物动词通常与 can’t, won’t 连用，注意它与用被动语态含义不同：
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The window won’t shut. 这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了) The window won’t be shut. 这窗户将不用关上。(窗户本身没问题，只是不用关) 有时可能用主动或被动形式皆可，只是强调重点稍有不同： Suddenly the door opened. 突然门开了。(不强调动作执行者) The door was suddenly opened. 门突然被打开了。(强调动作执行者) (3) 当 read，wash，clean，cook，cut，wear，carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时， 通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。 The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。 This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。
【注意】 该用法通常与 well，easily，slowly，quickly 等副词连用，并且在用于以上意思时通常不
宜直接使用被动语态形式。不过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态，只是含义稍有不同(用主动形 式表示主语的属性，用被动形式表示动作执行者所执行的动作)：
The sentences read clearly. 这些句子读起来很清楚。(即这句子没有歧义) The sentences are read clearly. 这些句子被读得很清楚。(指读的人读得好) 另外，以上用法有时也可能用于进行时态： The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮着。 Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何？
(4) 某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin，start，finish，end 等)，当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行 者时，可用主动形式表示被动意义。
When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始？ The play ended at ten o’clock. 戏 10 点钟结束。 (5) 有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。 Where is the new film showing? 这部新电影在哪里放映？ My skirt caught on a nail. 我的裙子被钉子钩住了。 Soon the house filled with people. 很快房子就挤满了人。 2. 非谓语动词用主动表被动的八种情形 (1) 不定式 to blame，to let 用作表语时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢？
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The house is to let. 此屋出租。 (2) 某些＂be+形容词+to do＂结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。 Your writing is impossible to read. 你的书写没法认。 Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你认为这水喝起来安全吗？ 【注意】
①这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，按理说其中的不定式要用被动形 式，但习惯上却要用主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有 awkward，convenient，dangerous， difficult，easy，hard，impossible，interesting，nice，pleasant，safe，tough，tricky， unpleasant 等。
② 有时形容词后跟有名词，在名词后用作定语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。 It’s a difficult book to read. 那是一本难读的书。 It is a pleasant thing to remember. 这是一件值得记住的愉快的事。 ③ 有少数用于类似结构的形容词(如 fit，ready，free 等)，其中的不定式用主动式和被 动式均可。 The water is not fit to drink （to be drunk）. 这水不适合饮用。 The letters are ready to post（to be posted）. 这信已准备好可以寄了。 (3) 不定式用于某些动词(如 have，have got，get，want，need 等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的 逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动意义。 I have some letters to write. 我有一些信要写。 I want something to drink. 我想喝点什么。 I want to get something to read. 我想找点东西阅读。
【注意】 如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式，比较： I have something to type. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指自己打字) I have something to be typed. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指请人打字)
(4) 不定式用于某些双宾动词(如 give，show，buy，lend，get 等)的直接宾语后作定语时，如果不定 式的逻辑主语就是直接宾语前的间接宾语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
Give me some magazines to read. 给我几本杂志看。 He lent me some magazines to read. 他借给我一些杂志看。
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【注意】 如果不定式的逻辑主语不是直接宾语前的间接宾语，则应用被动式，比较： He will show you the path to take. 他将告诉你走什么道路。 He will show you the room to be used as the meeting-room. 但有时两者区别不大： Give me a list of the people to invite (to be invited). 把需要邀请的人员名单给我。
(5) 不定式用于修饰＂there be+名词＂中的名词时，可用主动式，也可用被动式，有时含义差不多。 There is too much work to do（to be done）. 要做的工作太多了。 但有时含义有差别(不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了 for sb，用被动式可视为其后省略了 by sb)。 There is nothing to do. 无事可做。(含有无聊之意) There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了。(指没有办法了) There is nothing to see. 没什么可看的。(即不值一看) There is nothing to be seen. 没看见什么。(指没东西看) (6) 涉及副词 enough 和 too 的主动表被动。在 too... to do sth 和... enough to do sth 这两个结 构中，若句子主语与其后不定式为 to do sth 被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(但也可 直接用被动式)。 The writing is too faint to read（to be read）. 这笔迹太模糊，看不清。 These boxes are not strong enough to use（to be used）as a platform. 这些箱子不够牢，不能 用作站台。 但在某些特别强调被动意义的语境中，可能用被动式更恰当。 He spoke in a voice too low to be heard. 他说话的声音太低，听不见。 He is too young to be sent to America for advanced study. 他太年轻不能送到美国去深造。 (7) be worth 后的动名词要用主动表被动。 In all, the book is worth reading. 总之，这本书值得一读。 This might be worth thinking about. 这可能值得考虑。
【注意】 与 worth 相似的 worthy 却不一样，其后不接动名词而接不定式(若接动名词则其前应有介词
of)，且要用被动式表示被动含义： This book is worthy to be read（of being read）. 这本书值得一读。
(8) 在 need，want，require 等少数表示＂需要＂的动词后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义：
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The plants want watering every day. 这些花草得天天浇水。 This wall requires repairing. 这面墙需要修理了。
【注意】 ① 以上结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表示被动意义： This sentence needs explaining [to be explained]. 这个句子需要解释。 ② 它们后接名词时也可表示被动意义： It needs no explanation. 它无需解释。 This plan requires careful consideration. 这项计划需要仔细考虑。
3. 介词短语用主动表被动的六种情形 (1) ＂beyond+名词＂ The rumor is beyond belief. 这个谣言难以置信。 The children were beyond control. 这些孩子不听管教。
【注意】 这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词，且该名词一般都具有动作意义，类似的结构还有 beyond
compare(无可比拟)，beyond description(难以形容)，beyond (all) doubt(毫无疑问)，beyond expression(无法形容)，beyond suspicion(无可怀疑)等。
(2) ＂in+名词＂短语 When was paper money in use in China? 中国什么时候开始使用纸币？ Please do not enter the classroom while a lesson is in progress. 上课时请勿进教室。
【注意】 这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词，且该名词一般都具有动作意义，类似的结构还有 in
action(在运转)，in sight(看得见)，in (good) repair(维修良好的)，in store(贮藏着)等。
(3) ＂in course of+名词＂短语 The new railway is in course of construction. 新铁路正在兴建当中。 The goods ordered are now in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。 【注意】
有些类似的短语有 the 表被动，无 the 表主动：
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in charge of 负责 in possession of 拥有
in the charge of 由……负责 in the possession of 被……拥有
(4) ＂on+名词＂短语 The building is on fire. 那幢房子正在燃烧。 Every article on view will be on sale. 每件展品都将出售。
【注意】 这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词，且该名词一般都具有动作意义，类似的结构还有 on
trial(在试用)，on display(在展出)，on show(在展出)，on exhibition(在展出)等。
(5)＂under+名词＂短语 The new music hall is under construction. 新的音乐大厅正在修建中。 Your proposal is under consideration. 你的提议正在考虑中。 【注意】
这类短语的名词前不用冠词，类似的还有 under arrest(被逮捕)，under attack(受到袭击)， under discussion( 在 讨 论 中 ) ， under examination( 在 检 查 或 调 查 中 ) ， under medical treatment(在治疗中)，under repair(在修缮中)，under review(在检查中)，under study(在研 究中)。
(6) 其他介词短语。除以上提到的几种情况外，还有一些介词短语也可表示被动意义，如 for sale(供 出售)，for rent(供出租)，at one’s service(听凭某人使用)，above reproach(无可指责，无可非议)， above suspicion(不受怀疑)，above criticism(无可指责)，within sight(看得见)等。
三、被动语态与系表结构的区别 当＂be+过去分词＂作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时， be 后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 1. 被动语态常由介词 by 引出动作的执行者，而系表结构中常用其他介词。 2. 被动语态中的过去分词多强调动作；系表结构的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。 3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词 be 只有 一般时态和完成时态。
I. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空 (A) 用一般过去时态或现在完成时态填空
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1. —I can’t find my glasses. ________________ you ________________(see) them?
—Yes. You ________________ (leave) them in the car yesterday.
【答案】Have；seen；left
2. —The tape recorder ________________ (be) out of order last week.
—We ________________ (have) it repaired the day before yesterday. It ________________ (be) in
good condition ever since.
【答案】was；had；has been
3. —How ________________ you ________________ (be) since I ________________ (see) you last?
—Very well, thank you.
【答案】have；been；saw
(B) 用一般过去时态或过去进行时态填空
4. The fireman ________________ (go) towards the fire, which ________________ still
________________ (smoke).
【答案】went；was；smoking
5. While my father ________________ (look) through the evening paper, he suddenly ________________
(let) out a cry of surprise.
【答案】was looking；let
6. I ________________ (not know) you ________________ (wait) for me here.
【答案】didn’t know；were waiting
(C) 用一般过去时态或过去完成时态填空
7. The boy ________________ (die). A bullet ________________ (pass)through his chest.
【答案】died；had passed
8. The task ________________ (be) much harder than we ________________ (expect).
【答案】was；had expected
9. He ________________ (not feel) so well, as he ________________ (catch) a bad cold.
【答案】didn’t feel；had caught
II. 单项选择
1.（2018·北京卷·单项填空）China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers
in the past few years.
A. are growing
B. have grown
C. will grow
D. had
grown
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【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从 9,000 公里增长到 25,000 公里。该句
时间状语为 in the past few years。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年里的情况，故该句应用
现在完成时态。B 选项正确。
2.（2018·江苏卷·单项填空）
Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we _______ more
convenient electronic communication tools by then.
A. have developed
B. had developed
C. will have developed
D. developed
【答案】C
3.（2017﹒北京·单项填空）—________________ that company to see how they think of our product
yesterday?
—Yes. They are happy with it.
A. Did you call
B. Have you called
C. Will you call
D. Were you calling
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词的时态。根据 yesterday 可知用一般过去时。句意：——昨天你给那家公司打电话询问他
们对我们的产品的印象了吗？——打过了，他们对产品很满意。
4.（2017﹒江苏·单项填空）He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he ________________.
A. was being followed
B. was following
C. had been followed
D. followed
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。根据题意可知，此处应该是他＂被跟踪＂，动词 follow 与主语 he 之间构
成被动关系，又因为 hurried 是过去式，故用过去进行时的被动语态，选 A 项。句意：他匆忙赶回家，从来
没有回过头去看看他是否被跟踪。
5.（2017﹒江苏·单项填空）He’s been informed that he ________________ for the scholarship because
of his academic background.
A. hasn’t qualified
B. hadn’t qualified
C. doesn’t qualify
D. wasn’t qualifying
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【答案】C
【解析】考查动词的时态。根据 has been informed 及句意可排除 B 项和 D 项；＂没有资格＂属于客观事实，
所以应用一般现在时。故选 C 项。句意：他被告知，由于他的学术背景，他没有资格获得奖学金。
6.（2017﹒天津·单项填空）I ________________ down to London when I suddenly found that I was on
the wrong road.
A. was driving
B. have driven
C. would drive
D. drove
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。be doing...when...是固定句式，表示＂正在做……这时突然……＂。句意：我正
开车去伦敦，这时我突然发现自己走错路了。
7.—I wonder what makes you a good salesperson.
—I ________________ as a waiter for three years, which contributes a lot to my today’s work.
A. serve
B. served
C. have served
D. had served
【答案】B
8.Now the world’s attention ________________ the stocking markets, as they have great influence
on the world’s economy.
A. is fixing on
B. is being fixed on
C. has fixed on
D. had been fixed on
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态语态。句意：现在世界关注的焦点都在股票市场上，因为它们对世界经济已经产生了很大
的影响。attention 与 focus 之间为被动关系，由 Now 可知要用现在进行时。
9. —Where’s my driving license? Maybe I left it at home.
—My Goodness! I ________________ you would always take it along.
A. was to think
B. thought
C. have thought
D. have been
thinking
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的时态。由对话语境可知，此处表示＂我原以为你会随时带着＂，而现在知道你没有带着，
所以用一般过去时。
10. Professor Baker, who ________________ the research of wild animals all his life,
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________________ to give a speech in our school next week.
A. has devoted to；is supposed
B.is devoted to；will be supposed
C. has been devoted to；is supposed
D. had devoted to；will be supposed
【答案】C
11. —Take this medicine three times a day, Tom.
—Do I have to take it? It ________________ so terrible.
A.is tasting
B.is tasted
C. tastes
D. has
tasted
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。taste 在此用作系动词，用一般现在时的主动形式表示被动意义。
12. In a room above the store, where a party ________________, some workers were busily setting
the table.
A. was to be held
B. has been held
C. will be held
D.is being held
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。根据主句内容＂一些工人正忙着摆放桌子＂以及时态可看出，晚会在过去
即将被举行，所以选 A。
III. 单句语法填空 1. As a child, I lived in a poor family, the worst impression is that I _______________ (feel) hungry all the time. 【答案】was feeling 【解析】考查时态。根据时间状语 all the time 可知此处要用进行时态，表示＂一直＂，这里是过去的事 情，所以用过去进行时。 2.Her mother was excited.＂Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,＂ Jane _______________ (inform). 【答案】was informed 【解析】考查一般过去时的被动语态。因 Jane 与动词 inform 之间为被动关系，再结合前面的 was excited，
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(完整版)中考易错题汇编：动词时态和语态

易错题汇编：动词时态与语态 一．The twins, Who their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground. A. will finish B. finish C. have finished D. had finished 【考点】考察时态 【答案】D 【解析】句义：已经完成了他们的家庭作业，这对双胞胎被允许在操场上打羽毛球。根据句义可知他们完成作业是在被允许到操场上打羽毛球之前。而他们被允许打羽毛球已经使用了一般过去时，所以完成作业应该使用过去完成时。故D 正确。 【举一反三】--- Peter, do you know who____ my dictionary ? ---Sorry , I don’t know . I didn’t do it . A. has taken away B. was taking away C. had taken away D. is taking away 【答案】A 试题分析：句意：--皮特，你知道谁把我的字典拿走了吗？--对不起，我不知道，我没有拿。这里拿走发生在过去，强调对现在造成的影响，不知在什么地方，故用现在完成时。 二. ---Hi, let’s go skating. --- Sorry, I’m busy right now. I _______ in an application form for a new job. A. fill B. have filled C. am filling D. will fill 【考点】考察时态 【答案】C 【解析】句意：—喂，我们五滑冰吧！—对不起，我现在很忙，我正在填写一份新的工作申请表。根据句意可知本句是在叙述说话时正在进行，正在发生的事情，所以使用现在进行时。故C正确。

高中英语时态和语态专项练习题

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1.(2014·湖南“五市十校”高三联合检测)Anyone who knows about the world-famous scientist Stephen Hawking can see that, within his small and weak figure, he ________(carry) a big heart. 答案：carries 解析：考查时态。句意：任何一个了解世界著名的科学家史蒂芬·霍 金的人都知道在他弱小的身躯里藏着一颗博大的心。根据“Anyone who knows about the world-famous scientist Stephen Hawking can see that”可知，此句表示的是客观事实， 故应用一般现在时。 2. (2014·沈阳高三质量监测)I ________(dream) of becoming a professional photographer ever since I was ten. 答案：have been dreaming 解析：考查动词的时态。根据句中的“ever since I was ten”可知此处表示“从十岁以来一直梦想做某事”，即从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现 在的动作，故用现在完成进行时。 3. (2014·成都高中毕业班诊断性检测)—Will you be available at three o'clock tomorrow afternoon? —No. I ________(attend) a lecture then. 答案：will be attending 解析：考查时态。句意：——明天下午三点你有空吗?——没有。那时我正听讲座呢。时间状语then指的是问句中提到的“at three o'clock tomorrow afternoon”，表示将来某一时刻正在做某事，所以用将来进行时。 4. (2014·陕西高三教学质量检测)—Why is the road so crowded? —The two new underground lines ________(build). 答案：are being built 解析：考查时态和语态。句意：——路上怎么这么拥挤?——两条新地铁线路正在修建中。语境叙述的是与现在相关的动作，地铁线路正在被修建，故用现在进行时的被动语态。 5. (2014·湖南“五市十校”高三联合检测)—Can he get the first prize for running in this sports meeting? —Impossible now. He ________(expect) to do so, but he has just hurt his leg.

高考英语专题历年真题汇编动词的时态和语态-三年高考

专题七动词的时态和语态 2017年高考题 【2017·天津卷】8. I ________down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. A. was driving B. have driven C. would drive D. drove 【2017·江苏卷】27. He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _______. A. was being followed B. was following C. had been followed D. followed 【2017·江苏卷】31.He’s been informed that he _______ for the scholarship because of his academic background. A. hasn’t qualified B. hadn’t qualified C. doesn’t qualify D. wasn’t qualifying 【2017·北京卷】33. People______ better access to health care than they used to, and they’re living longer as a result. A. will have B. have C. had D. had had 【2017·北京卷】29. In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _______ yet. A. haven’t invented B. haven’t been invented C. hadn’t invented D. hadn’t been invented 【2017·北京卷】24. —______ that company to see how they think of our product yesterday? —Ye s. They are happy with it. A. Did you call B. Have you called C. Will you call D. Were you calling 2016年高考题 1.【2016·北京】21. Jack ________ in the lab when the power cut occurred. A. works B. has worked C. was working D. would work 2.【2016·北京】2 3. —Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for? —The new Star Wars. We ________ here for more than two hours. A. waited B. wait C. would be waiting D. have been waiting 3.【2016·北京】25. I ________ half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend. A. read B. have read C. am reading D. will read 4.【2016·北京】30. The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________ with success in the end. A. rewarded B. were rewarded C. will reward D. will be rewarded 5.【2016·江苏】22.More efforts, as reported, ______in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform. A.are made B. will be made C. are being m ade D. have been made 6.【2016·江苏】29.Dashan, who_________crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition. A.will be learning B. is learning C. had been learning D. has been learning 7.【2016·天津】3. When walking down the street, I came across David, when I _____ for years. A. didn’t see B. haven’t seen C. hadn’t seen D. wouldn’t see 8.【2016·浙江】9. Silk ______ one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC. A.had become B. was becoming C. has become D.is becoming 2015年高考题 1.【2015·北京】2 2.--Did you enjoy the party?--Yes,we___by our hosts. A.were treated B.would be treated. C.treated D.had treated 2.【2015·北京】26.in the last few years,China ___ great achievements in environmental protection. A.has made B.had made C.was making D.is making 3.【2015·北京】27.—Did you have difficulty finding Ann' house? —Not really.She___us clear directions and we were able to find it.easily? A.was to give B.had given C.was giving D.would give 4.【2015·北京】30. —Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.—All right. I____ him later. A. will call B. have called C. call D will be calling 5.【2015·重庆】1.—Is Peter coming?—No, he____ his mind after a phone call at the last minute. A.changes B. changed C. was changing D. had changed 6.【2015·重庆】13. In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat____ cut.