研究生英语综合教程(下)课文+翻译修改版

★愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。

Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happin ess 幸福隐藏的另一面

1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go someth ing like this: "I wish it had n't happe ned, but I'm a better pers on for it."

1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但岀人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他

们可能都会这样说：我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。”

2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid en dless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built- in huma n capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.

2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中：在最困难的境况中，人所具有的

一种内在的奋发向上的能力会迸发岀来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作岀积极回应的并不仅限于

最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。

3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What does n't kill you can actually make you

str on ger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the on ly possible outcome. In the wake of eve n the most terrifyi ng experie nces, only a small proportio n of adults become chr oni cally troubled. More com monly, people rebou nd-or eve n eve ntually thrive.

3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理：大难不死，意志弥坚。

创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会

受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来一甚至最终会成功发达。

4 Those who weather adversity well are liv ing proof of the paradoxes of happ in ess.We n eed more tha n pleasure to live the best possible life. Our con temporary quest for happ in ess has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life protected from bad feelings,free from pain and confusion.

4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证：为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我

们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气：一生

没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。

5 This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from

a meanin gful life. It is the dark matter of happ in ess,the in effable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they n ever an ticipated and to reth ink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profou nd and inten sely fulfilli ng jour ney that philosophers used to call the search for "the good life".

5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完

整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质一是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴

5望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他

们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义一或许对那种深刻的、给人

以强烈满足感的人生经历（哲学家们过去称之为对美好生活”的探寻）最有发言权。

6 This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound

conn ecti on to others through empathy. It is domin ated by happy feeli ngs but seas oned also with no stalgia and regret. "Happ in ess is only one among many values in huma n life," contends Laura King, a psychologist at the Uni versity of Missouri i n Columbia. Compassi on, wisdom, altruism, in sight, creativity sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities,

because sometimes only drastic situati ons can force us to take on the painful process of change. To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough. We also need to grow-a nd sometimes grow ing hurts.

6这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分

校的心理学家劳拉金认为：幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。’慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察

力及创造力一有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我

们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。（此

文来自袁勇兵博客）我们也需要成长-尽管有时成长是痛苦的。

7 In a dark room in Quee ns, New York, 31-year-old fashi on desig ner Tracy Cyr believed

she was dying. A few mon ths before, she had stopped tak ing the powerful

immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check. She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reactions that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdow n. The slightest moveme nt-tryi ng to swallow, fqr example-was excruciati ng. Eve n the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost un bearable.

7在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。

就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生

的事:停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统岀现严重问题。最轻微的动作一比如说

试着吞咽一对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。

8 Cyr is no wimp-diag no sed with juve nile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had en dured the symptoms and the treatme nts （drugs, surgery） her whole life. But this time,she was way past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help. Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.

8塞尔并不是懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍受着病症和治疗（药物、手术）的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，她的医生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么让疾病结束她的生命，要么她就得很快了结自己的生命了。

9 As her sleepless ni ghts wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts bega n to be in terrupted by new feeli ngs of gratitude. She was still in agony, but a new con scious ness grew stro nger each ni ght: an awesome sense of liberati on, comb ined with an all-e ncompass ing feeli ng of sympathy and compassion. "I felt stripped of everything I'd ever identified myself with," she said six mon ths later. "Everythi ng I thought I'd known or believed in was useless-time, mon ey, self-image, percepti on. Recog nizing that was so free in g."

9然而，在经历了若干个不眠之夜后，她想自杀的念头开始被新的感激之情所打断。虽然她仍然感到痛苦，但一种新的意识每一夜都变得更加强烈：一种令人惊叹的解脱感，结合着一种包

容一切的同情和怜悯的情感。我感到一切我曾经用来认同？自己身份的东西都被剥夺了，”六个

月后她这样说道，一切我认为我知道或相信的事物一时间、金钱、自我形象、对事物的看法一

都毫无价值了。意识到这一点真是让我感到解脱。”

10 Within a few mon ths, she bega n to be able to move more freely, tha nks to a cocktail of steroids and other

drugs. She says now there's no question that her life is better. "l felt I had been shown the secret of life and why

we're here: to be happy and to nurture other life. It's that simple."

10在几个月内，得益于类固醇加其他药物的鸡尾酒疗法，她开始能够更加自如地活动了。她说，毫无疑问她现在的生活状况有了好转。我感觉我窥探到了生命的秘密以及我们生存的意

义，那就是快乐地生活，同时扶持他人。就这么简单！”

11 Her mind-blowing experienee came as a total surprise. But that feeling of

tran sformati on is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term "post-traumatic growth". His studies of people who have endured extreme events, like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath; they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have bee n shattered. A few are hau nted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder . But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people-perhaps eve n the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more Gratifying.

11她这种不可思议的经历完全是个惊喜。但是北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校心理学教授里奇？

特德斯基认为，这种转变的感觉从某些方面看却是很典型的。里奇特德斯基教授首创了创伤后

成长”一词。他对那些经历了诸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等极端事件的人群进行了研究，这些研究表明，在刚经历不幸后大多数人随即都会感到茫然和焦虑。他们一心想的就是，自己的生

活完全被毁了。有少部分人事后很久了还不断被记忆问题、失眠以及类似的创伤后应激障碍所折

磨。但特德斯基和其他学者发现，对很多人（可能甚至是绝大多数人）来说，生活最终会变得更加

丰富和更加令人满足。

12 Somethi ng similar happe ns to many people who experie nee a terrifyi ng physical threat.

In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that n ormally sta nds betwee n us and our percepti ons of the world is tor n away. Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world.

12许多经历过恐怖的人身威胁的人会遇到类似的情况。在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安

全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。我

们的日常生活轨迹（我们的习惯、自我认识和主观意念）全部被抛到九霄云外，只剩下对世界的原

始体验。

13 Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort. Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differe nces betwee n those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it. The people who find value in adversity are n't the toughest or the most rati on al. What makes them differe nt is that they are able to in corporate what happe ned into the story of their own life.

13尽管如此，要实际实现这些转变并完全接受新的现实，通常需要有意识地付岀努力。是否愿意并有能力承担这个过程，就是那些在灾难中成长和那些被灾难所摧毁的人之间主要的区别

之一。认为灾难有价值的人并不是最坚强或最理性的人。使他们与众不同的是他们能够将所遭遇

的事融入他们自己的人生历程中。”

14 Eve ntually, they may find themselves freed in ways they n ever imag in ed.Survivors say they have become more tolera nt and forgiv ing of others, capable of br inging peace to formerly troubled relati on ships. They say that material ambiti ons sudde nly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities.

14最终，他们可能会发现自己以从未想到过的方式获得了解脱。幸存者往往说他们变得更加宽容，也更能原谅别人，能够缓和原本糟糕的关系。他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋

友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识

生活。

15 People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frighte ning things they've bee n through. They are surprised by their own stre ngth, con fide nt that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. "People don't say that what they went through was won derful," says Tedeschi. "They were n't meaning to grow from it. They were just trying to survive. But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated."

15从灾难中成长起来的人尽管经历过恐怖的事情，但他们的恐惧感往往大为减少。他们对自己的力量感到吃惊，相信不管今后生活中将要遭遇什么，他们都能应付。特德斯基说：人们不

会说他们所经历的是美好的。他们并不是特意要通过这样的经历来成长。他们只是尽其所能生存

下来。但回顾起来，他们的收获远远大于他们所预料的。

16 In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time. They cycle through the same seque nce of sen sati ons as do trauma survivors: self-loss,

con fusi on and, fin ally, a new sense of mastery. For ultramarath on ers, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. After a day and ni ght of running without stopp ing or sleep ing, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are doing.

16埃默里大学精神病学家格列高利？伯思斯在他的近作《满足》中指岀，极限耐力运动员每

次训练都要使自己的身体连续数天处于极限状态。他们和经历创伤的幸存者所经历的感觉过程一

样:自我失落，困惑，最后获得一种新的驾驭感。对于经常跑超过24小时的lOO英里比赛的超级

马拉松运动员来说，呕吐和产生幻觉是常事。在一昼夜不停歇不睡觉地跑步之后，竞赛者有时会

忘了自己是谁，忘了自己在干什么。

17 For a more com mon example of growth through adversity, look to one of life's biggest challe nges: pare nting. Having a baby has bee n show n to decrease levels of happ in ess. The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. Non etheless, over the long haul, rais ing a child is one of the most reward ing and meanin gful of all huma n un dertak in gs. The short-term sacrifice of happ in ess is outweighed by other ben efits, like fulfillme nt, altruism and the cha nce to leave a meanin gful Legacy.

17更普遍的在逆境中成长的例子要数生命中最大的挑战之一：为人父母。生育孩子一直被认

为会降低幸福程度。为了照顾婴儿而睡眠不足并且必须将自己的消遣撇到一边，意味着有了新生

儿的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面临婚姻的危机。然而，长远看来，养育孩子是所有人类活动中最

有意义、最值得去做的一件事情。短时间内牺牲了幸福，却有了更多的收获，比如满足感、无私以及有机会留下一笔意义深远的遗产。

18 Ultimately, the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity.

This perspective does not can cel out what happe ned, but it puts it all in a differe nt con text: that it's possible to live an extraord inary rewardi ng life eve n within the con stra in ts a nd struggles we face. In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization. "You're not going to be the pers on you thought you were, but here's who you are going to be in stead-a nd that tur ns out to be a pretty great life."

18总之，情感上的回报可以弥补灾难带来的痛苦和艰难。这种精神收获并不能抵消所发生

的苦难，但是它可以把这些苦难全部放在另一个不同的背景中来看待，..那就是即使我们面临约

束和挣扎，我们仍然可以生存得极有价值。金指出，我们所有的人都必须以这样或那样的形式经

历这种觉悟。你将不再是自己心目中曾经的你，取而代之的是一个新的你一而事实会证明生活

从此将非常美好。”

★商业体育已经成为7许多当代社会显而易见的部分。它们还呈现岀全球性的特征，随看

经利益跨越国界，继续在全球扩张。下文重点探讨商业化如何影响体育运动的开展形式及其Unit2 Commercializatio n and Cha nges in Sports 商业化及其对于体育的影响

「Throughout history sports have bee n used as forms of public en terta inment.

However,sports have n ever bee n so heavily packaged, promoted, prese nted and played as commercial products as they are today. Never before have decisi ons about sports and the social relati on ships conn ected with sports bee n so clearly in flue need by econo mic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves. Fun and "good games" are now defined in terms of gate receipts, con cessi ons reve nues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rati ng poin ts, and advertis ing pote ntial. Then, what happe ns to sports whe n they become commercialized? Do they cha nge whe n they become depe ndent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?

1在整个历史长河中，人们都是把体育当作某种形式的公众娱乐。然而，体育从未像今天这

样作为一种商业产品被如此盛大地包装、推广、呈现和开展，有关体育的决策以及与体育相关的

社会关系也同样从未如此显然地受到商业因素的影响。对许多人来说，账本底线已取代了球门线，

体育不再只是为了运动员们自身的兴趣而存在。今天，乐趣和好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、

特许权收人、媒体传播权的岀售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。那么，当体育变得商业化时，

它会怎样？当体育变得依赖于门票收人和媒体传播权的岀售时，它会发生变化吗？2.We know that

whe never any sport is con verted into commercial en terta inmen t, it success depe nds on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives un derly ing their

attachme nt to sports, their in terest in any sport ing eve nt is usually related to a comb in ati on of three factors: the un certa inty of an eve nt's outcome, the risk or finan cial rewards associated with participati ng in an eve nt ，and the an ticipated display of excelle nee or heroics by the

athletes. In other words, whe n spectators refer to a "good game" or an "excit ing con test", they are usually talk ing about one in which the outcome was in doubt un til the last min utes or sec on ds, one in which the stakes' were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or "heroic" performa nces. When games or matches con ta in all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.

2我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。尽管观众对于体育的拥护背后潜藏着多种动机，但他们对体育比赛的兴趣通常与三种相结

合的因素有关：比赛结果的不确定性，参加一项比赛相关的风险或经济回报，以及预期中的运动员的卓越、英勇表现。换句话说，当观众提及一场不错的比赛”或一场激动人心的比赛”时，这

场比赛，通常在比赛即将结束的最后几分钟甚至儿秒钟时，结果仍然扑朔迷离；或者比赛涉及高

额奖金，因而运动员们都全身心地投入比赛。或者比赛展示了许多出色的或者英雄式”的表现。

只要运动比赛包含所有这三方面因素，人们就会长时间记得并讨论这场比赛。

3. Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports.

In spite of the in flue nce of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate en dorseme nts and the sale of televisi on rights.

3商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。尽管观众会对其产生影响，但在历史上，运动项目保持了它们的基本结构。创新也是在这一框架内进行的，并不会完全废除这

项运动的基本设计。例如、奥运会的商业化导致了某些赛事规则的微小变化但其每项运动的基本结构还是和商家赞助及电视转播权出售之前基本一致。

4. Commercializati on seems to affect the orie ntati ons of sport participa nts more tha n it does the format and goals of sports. To make money on a sport, it's necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audie nce is not easy because it's made up of many people who don't have tech ni cal kno wledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get take n in by hype. During the eve nt itself they ofte n focus on thi ngs they can easily understand. They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical dan ger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expressi on or who are willing to go beyond and their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being; and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.

4看来，与运动的结构和目的相比，商业化更多的是影响运动参与者的取向。若要通过一项运动盈利，就必须吸引广大观众买门票或在电视上观看比赛。吸引和娱乐广大观众并非易事，因

为这些观众中有很多人没有技木性的知识，因而不懂得运动员和教练采取的复杂竞技技巧和策略。由于缺乏这些技术性知识，人们容易受到运动或赛事之外的东西的影响，容易受到天花乱坠

的宜传的迷惑。在比赛期间，他们经常关注那些他们容易理解的事情。他们喜欢那种运动员冒险

并明显面临身体危险的情境，他们喜爱那些搜长戏剧化表现或者愿意超越正常的生理极限以致威胁到自己的安全和健康的运动员。他们喜欢看到运动员不惜代价，立志求胜。

5. For example, whe n people lack tech ni cal kno wledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a sin gle slam dunks tha n about the con siste ntly flawless defe nse that

enabled a team to win a game.Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced un til they are smooth and flawless.Without dan gerous jumps, n aive spectators get bored. They like athletes who project' excit ing or con troversial pers on as,a nd they ofte n rate performa nces in terms of dramatic expressi on lead ing to dramatic results.They want to see athletes occasi on ally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going bey ond them.

5比如，当人们缺乏篮球方面的技术知识时，他们更津津乐道于某一个灌篮，而不会关注球队取胜必需的因素：自始至终配合得天衣无缝的后防。同样，那些对滑冰技术知之甚少的人，他们更感兴趣的是三连跳或四连跳，而不是那些精心设计并训练直至流畅、完美的舞步。没有惊险

的跳跃，无知的观众会感到厌倦。他们喜欢那些表现得激动人心或有争议性的运动员。他们往往

根据戏剧化的表现是否导致戏剧化的结果来评价比赛。他们想看运动员在超越自己极限时偶尔的

突然失败，而不是多年来稳操胜券，熟知自己极限而不去超越它的运动员。

6. When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audienee, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation In fact, the people in sport may eve n refer to games or matches as "show-time", an iey may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that en terta in spectators who don't know en ough to appreciate the strategic and tech ni cal aspects of the game or match.

6当一项体育运动变得依赖于娱乐广大观众时，对于运动中什么才是重要的，运动参与者们往往会改变观念。这一改变常常意味着重心从所谓的美学取向向英雄主义取向转变。其实，运动

员可能甚至把运动或比赛称为表演秀”并把自己称作表演者兼运动员。这并不意味着美学取向

不复存在了，但是这确实意味着与英雄主义行为相比，它们常常退居其后。英雄主义行为吸引着

那些没有足够的知识欣赏运动或比赛的策略和技术的观众。

7. As the n eed to please n aive audie nces becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about dan ger, in juries, play ing with pain,

and courage. Some athletes, however, realize the dan gers associated with heroic orie ntati ons and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports. For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs. These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the dan ger of moveme nt rather tha n the beauty of moveme nt. However, some skaters seem to be willi ng to adopt heroic orie ntati ons if this is what will please audie nces and gen erate reve nues. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions sig ns of true commitment and dedication to their sport.

7取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向。这就是为什么美国橄榄球比赛的电视评论员喋喋不休地谈论危险、受伤、带伤比赛和胆量。不过，有些运动员意识到了与英雄主

义取向随之而来的危险，并试图在他们的运动中放慢偏离美学取向的步伐。比如，一些前花样滑

冰运动员已经呼吁限制滑冰项目中三连跳的数量。这些滑冰运动员担心，他们的体育项目在商业

上的成功正越来越依赖于动作的危险性，而不是动作的美感。然而，另外一些滑冰运动员似乎愿

意采取英雄主义取向，只要这样能取悦观众，获得收入。这些运动员用体育道德规范去评价自己

和他人，他们还学会把英雄主义行为看成是真正地投入及为运动献身的标志。

Commercializati on also leads to cha nges in the orga ni zati ons that con trol sports. When sports beg in to depe nd on gen erati ng reve nues, the con trol of sport orga ni zati ons usually shifts further and further away from the players. In fact, the players often lose effective control over the con diti ons of their own participati on in the sport. These con diti ons come un der the control of general managers ，team owners ，corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, market ing and publicity staff, professi onal man ageme nt staff, accou ntan ts, and age nts.

8商业化同样会导致那些控制体育的组织发生变化。当体育开始依赖于创造收入时，体育组织的控制权就会离运动员越来越远。事实上，运动员常常对于自身的体育参与环境失去有效控制。

这些环境越来越受控于下列人员：总经理、运动队老板、企业赞助商、广告商、传媒人员、营销

和宜传推广人员、专业管理人员、会计师以及经纪人。

9..The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are inten ded to coord in ate the in terests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize reve nues.This means that orga ni zati onal decisi ons gen erally reflect the comb ined econo mic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved. The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not eve n conn ected with sports. Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decisi on-mak ing processes eve n whe n decisi ons affect their health and well-bei ng.

9那些控制商业体育的组织通常非常复杂，这是因为它们企图协调上述所有人的利益，但它们的首要目标还是盈利最大化。这意味着组织决策通常反映的是许多人的混合利益，而他们与体

育或相关运动员没有直接联系。影响这些决策的力量根植于各种不同的资源，其中许多甚至与体

育没有关联。因此，许多商业体育中的运动员发现自己被逐岀了决策过程，即便这些决策影响到

他们的健康和幸福。

★ Un it3 Oslp 奥斯陆

1.1 remember on my first trip to Europe going alone to a movie in Cope nhage n. In Denmark you are give n a ticket for an assig ned seat. I went into the cin ema and discovered that my ticket directed me to sit beside the only other people in the place,a you ng couple locked in the sort of passi on ate embrace associated with dockside reunions at the end of long wars. I could no more have sat beside them tha n I could have asked to join in-it would have come to much the same thing- so I took a place a few discreet seats away.

1记得我第一次去欧洲旅行的时候，我在哥本哈根独自一人去看电影。在丹麦，电影票是对号入座的。（此文来自袁勇兵博客）我走进电影院，发现在我的票对应的座位旁，只有一对年轻情侣。这对情侣如胶似漆地拥抱在一起，

如同一场持久战争结束后码头上亲人的团聚。我很不情愿

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

Unit5 An Alpine Divorce 1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other. This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own. 1约翰?伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。这本来应该没什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。 2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa; but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman. The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble. 2毋庸置疑，对于任何一个男人，这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。但是如果你考虑一下:每个人仅有机会结识几百个人而已，在这几百个人之中熟知的只有那么干几人甚至更少，在这十几个人之中又最多只有一两个知心朋友;别忘了，居住在这世上的人有多少个百万，因此显而易见:自地球存在以来，这合适的男人极有可能从来就没有遇到过他那个合适的女人。。从概率上来讲，这样相遇的机会微乎其微，这也正是离婚法庭存在的原因。婚姻充其量不过是一种妥协，而如果恰好两个个性上互不妥协的人结合了，那就肯定会有麻烦。 3.In the lives of these two young people there was no middle distance. The result was bound to be either love or hate, and in the case of Mr. and Mrs. Bodman it was hate of the most bitter and egotistical kind. 3对于两个这样的年轻人来说，生活没有什么中间点，其结局注定要么是爱，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫妇而言，他们到头来有的是那种最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。 4.In some parts of the world, incompatibility of temper is considered a just cause for obtaining a divorce, but in England no such subtle distinction is made, and so until the wife became criminal, or the man became both criminal and cruel, these two were linked together by a bond that only death could sever.' Nothing can be worse than this state of things, and the matter was only made the more hopeless by the fact that Mrs. Bodman lived a blameless life, while her husband was no worse than the majority of men. Perhaps, however, that statement held only up to a certain point, for John Bodman had reached a state of mind in which he resolved to get rid of his wife at all hazards. If he had been a poor man he would probably have deserted her, but he was rich, and a man cannot freely leave a prospering business because his domestic life happens not to be happy. 4在这世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能够成为离婚的正当理由，但是在英格兰，并没有如此微妙的区分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且为人残暴，否则两者的婚姻关系将一直维系下去，直至死神将他们分开。没有什么比这种事情更糟糕的了，而更令人绝望的是伯德曼太太为人无可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而，也许上面的表述只能说在某种程度上是正确的，因为约翰?伯德曼已经忍无可忍，下定决心不管付出什么代价也要摆脱他的妻子。如果他是个穷人，也许他会抛弃她，但是他很富有，而一个人不能因为家庭生活碰巧不幸就轻易放弃一份蒸蒸日上的事业。 5.When a man's mind dwells too much on one subject, no one can tell just how far he will go.

Assembly-line workers at Ford 研究生英语应用教程-翻译训练

Assembly-line workers at Ford and Chrysler no longer chat about whether they'll spend their $5,000-to-$10,000 year-end profit-sharing windfalls on a family vacation or a motorboat. This year there's little profit to share. Many also stand to lose $10,000 to $20,000 in reduced annual overtime pay. And their white-collar bosses aren't doing much better. Ford's 6,000 executives won't be getting any bonuses. The people who sell the cars and make most of their money from commissions are suffering much the same fate. All these workers are in effect paying to keep their job--and it's a trend that's accelerating far beyond the auto industry. Suddenly, everyone from $1 million-a-year investment bankers to middle managers and department-store clerks is facing a reduction of 10% to 100% in bonuses, profit sharing, stock options and commission payments. Some workers are even taking cuts in base salaries. Many employers and economists believe this newfound flexibility in pay may help keep unemployment a bit lower than it has been in previous downturns. But even as it cushions the blow, it is also spreading the pain to far more Americans. Robert Reich, Labor Secretary in the first Clinton Administration and now a professor of economics and social policy at Brandeis University, observes that "the biggest problem people will face this time around will be not the loss of jobs but the loss of income."

研究生英语综合教程下册课文原文

课文原文1-7 Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness 1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it." 1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击,没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是,很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生,但因为它我变得更完美了。” 2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved. 2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事,可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理,这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中,人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出?积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上,大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。

研究生英语精读教程_课文翻译

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工程硕士研究生英语基础教程 课文翻译

Unit 1 我的第一份工作 汽车清洁工 [1] 我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔堆斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元，“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。 [2] 我把父母的工作道德观带入了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。那时我16岁，学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗，抛光等事，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毂盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约7英亩地的汽车。 [3] 一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。他当场就解雇了我。 [4] 我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。大约有两周的时间，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作干得很愉快。

[5] 走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。最后，汽车专卖店的店主给我打来了电话。“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话，这工作就归你了。” [6] 后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯菜斯(罗尔斯—罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。最后他真雇了我。 [7] 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活别人都赶不上。 出纳员 [1] 第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我l0岁。不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢”的重要性。 [2] 起初我的报酬是糖果，后来我每小时得到50美分。每天放学后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期则从上午8点干到下午7点。我父亲帮我在银行立了一个账户。看着存款数增加比我当时本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 [3] 祖母是一位严厉的监工，从不给我任何特殊照顾。她像鹰一样注视着我的一举一动，不过却放手让我应付象在午餐高峰时干活这样压力很大的场面。她的信任教会了我如何对待责任。

熊海虹主编研究生英语综合教程下-B翻译

Unit 1 To have a mind to do a thing is to foresee a future possibility; it is to have a plan for its accomplishment; it is to note the means which make the plan capable of execution and the obstructions in the way--or,if it is really a mind to do the thing and not a vague aspiration it is to have a plan which takes account of resources and difficulties. ——John Dewey 用心去做一件事，就是要预见未来的可能性，要为成功制定一个计划，要找到实施计划、避开障碍的方法——或者是一颗真正做事的心，而不是一个模糊的愿望，是考虑了所有资源和困难的计划。 ——约翰·杜威The Good Mind Is Flexible 优秀的头脑是灵活的 Edgar Dale埃德加?戴尔 1For many years we have talked about education in a changing society but have done little to educate for uncertainty. Perhaps the best insurance we can offer for this uncertainty is the presence of a good mind. To develop a good mind the student must learn how to learn and develop a taste for learning. The world of tomorrow needs flexible individuals, intellig ently mobile individuals, individuals who can land on their feet when their jobs become technologically obsolete, individuals who can cope with the unexpected. 1 多年来，我们一直在讨论日新月异的社会中的教育问题，却没有采取切实行动来教育人们如何应对变化。或许面对变化，我们的最佳保障是拥有优秀的头脑。要培养优秀的头脑，学生需要掌握学习方法，培养学习兴趣。未来的世界所需要的人才应该具备很强的适应能力，而且他们灵活而机敏，当其所从事的工作技术上落伍时，他们依然能够于逆境之中站稳脚跟，而且他们有能力应对突发的意外。 2To educate for flexibility we must distinguish between training and education. To train is to emphasize fixed responses, to stress immediate goals to the neglect of long-term growth . To educate, however, is to foster limitless growth, lifelong learning, to develop the good mind. 2 要培养灵活的头脑，我们需要区别什么是训练，什么是教育。训练就是加强固定的反应，重视即时目标，而忽略长远发展。教育则旨在促进无限的成长，鼓励终生的学习，培养优秀的头脑。 3Mark Twain's story about the cat is in order here. He said that a cat that jumps onto a hot stove will never jump on a hot stove again. Nor, he added, will she ever jump on a cold one. The cat can be trained but, contrary to what cat-lovers may say, cannot be educated.

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client — a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。 They want to hire a “key player” from another company. 他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。 Every company also hires from ranks of newbies, 然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。 and what they're looking for is exactly the same. 他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。 “We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. “我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。 If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them.” 假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。” It's just a bit risker.只是这样有点儿冒险。 “It's an educated guess,”“这是一种有根据的猜测，” says my hiring manager client.我的人事经理客户说。 Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. 作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，