中英文翻译与文献
Monolithic integrated circuit history
The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages.
SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements.
MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;
Therefore, the special-purpose monolithic integrated circuit's development has formed the SOC tendency naturally. Along with the microelectronic technology, the IC design, the EDA tool's development, can have the big development based on the SOC monolithic integrated circuit application system design. Therefore, to the monolithic integrated circuit the understanding may from the monolithic microcomputer, the monolithic micro controller extend to the monolithic application system.
At present the monolithic integrated circuit seeps each domain which lives to us, which domain was nearly very difficult to find not to have monolithic integrated circuit's trail. Missile's navigation equipment, on the airplane each kind of measuring appliance's control, computer's network communication and the data transmission, the industrial automation process's real-time control and the data processing, the widespread use's each kind of intelligent IC card, the civil luxury car's safety system, the videocorder, the camera, the completely automatic washer's control, as well as program control toy, electronic pet and so on, these cannot leave the monolithic integrated circuit. Say nothing of automatic control domain robot, intelligent measuring appliance, medical instrument. Therefore, monolithic integrated circuit's study, the development and the application will accomplish one batch of computer application and the intellectualized control scientist, engineer. The monolithic integrated circuit widely applies in the instruments and meters, the domestic electric appliances, the medical equipment, domains and so on aerospace, special purpose equipment's intellectualized management and process control, approximately separable following several categories.
Monolithic integrated circuit has the volume on smart instrument measuring appliance's application the to be small, the power loss is low, the control function is strong, the expansion is flexible, merits
and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely apply in the instruments and meters, the union different type's sensor, may realize such as physical quantity and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, angle, length, degree of hardness, element, pressure surveys. Uses the monolithic integrated circuit control to cause the instruments and meters digitization, the intellectualization, the microminiaturization, and the function compares uses the electron or the digital circuit is more formidable. For example precise measurement equipment (dynamometer, oscilloscope, each kind of analyzer).
May constitute various control system, the data acquisition system in industrial control's application with the monolithic integrated circuit. For example factory assembly line intellectualized management, elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, with computer networking constitution two-stage control system and so on.
May say like this in domestic electric appliances' application , present's domestic electric appliances basically have used the monolithic integrated circuit control, praises, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air conditioner, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipment from the electricity food, to arrive at the electronic weighting equipment again, all kinds of gate, omnipresent.
Modern of monolithic integrated circuit has the correspondence connection generally in the computer network and correspondence domain's application the , may carry on the data communication very conveniently with the computer, for provided the extremely good physical conditions application between the computer network and communication facility's, present's communication facility has basically realized the monolithic integrated circuit intelligent control, from the handset, the telephone, the small program controlled
switch, the building automatic correspondence ringing system, the train wireless communication, arrived at the mobile phone which again in the routine work found at everywhere, the colony mobile communication, radio intercom and so on.
Monolithic integrated circuit's monolithic integrated circuit's is also quite widespread in medical equipment domain application the in medical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind of analyzer, guardianship meter, ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on.
Certain special-purpose monolithic integrated circuit design uses in each kind of large-scale electric appliance's modulation using the realizing the specific function, thus carries on the modular application in each kind of electric circuit, but does not request to use the personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integration monolithic integrated circuit, looked that resembles the simple function, micro shrinks in the pure electronic chip (is different with magnetic tape unit's principle), needs complex being similar in computer's principle. For example: Music signal saves by the digital form in the memory (is similar to ROM), reads out by the micro controller, transforms (is similar for the simulation music electrical signal to sound card). in the large-scale electric circuit, this kind of modular application reduced the volume enormously, simplified the electric circuit, reduced the damage, the error rate, also facilitates in the replacement. in addition, the monolithic integrated circuit in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domains and so on national defense aerospace has the very widespread monolithic integrated circuit founded the modern electron system time.
The monolithic integrated circuit and embedded system the embedded system stems from computer's embedded application, the early embedded
system for the general-purpose calculator after the re-equipping inserts to the object system's in each kind of electronic system, like ships' autopilot, turbine observation system and so on. The embedded system first is a computer system, next it is inserted to the object system, realizes in the object system object functions and so on request data acquisition, processing, condition demonstration, output control, because inserts in the object system, embedded system's computer does not have computer's absolute form and the function. The monolithic integrated circuit is completely defers to the embedded system request design, therefore the monolithic integrated circuit is the most typical embedded system. The early monolithic integrated circuit is only according to the embedded applied technology request design computer single chip integration, therefore famous monolithic integrated circuit. Afterward, the monolithic integrated circuit to satisfy embedded strengthens its control function and the periphery interface function unceasingly using the request, particularly prominent control function, therefore internationally rectified names the monolithic integrated circuit for the micro controller (MCU, Microcontroller Unit).
Monolithic integrated circuit constitutes the modern electron system will become mainstream electron system the monolithic integrated circuit will be the component level computer system, it may insert to any object system, realizes the intellectualized control. Slightly to miniature machinery, like wristwatch, hearing aid. The integrated device level's low end, lowers to several Yuan, several Yuan, causes the monolithic integrated circuit to popularize sufficiently to many civil electrical appliances, the electronic toy. The monolithic integrated circuit constitutes the modern electron system penetrated into various each household, is changing our life, like in family sound, television, washer, microwave oven, telephone, burglary protection
system, air conditioner and so on. The monolithic integrated circuit innovated the original electronic system, after like the microwave oven uses the monolithic integrated circuit control, but carries on the clock establishment, the procedure memory, the power control conveniently; After the air conditioner uses the monolithic integrated circuit, not only the remote control parameter establishment is convenient, the running status transforms automatically, but may also realize the frequency conversion control. After at present many domestic electric appliances like VCD, DVD only then the monolithic integrated circuit appears, only then possibly realizes its function.
The embedded system has led entire electronic industry the present electron primary device industry besides the microprocessor, the embedded system component, mostly is revolves the modern electron systems assembly the primary device industry, for example satisfies the pressed key which the man-machine interaction uses, LED/LCD demonstrated that the actuation, the LED/LCD display unit, the pronunciation integrated device and so on, satisfies the data acquisition channel request the digital sensor, ADC, the data acquisition module, the signal recuperation module and so on, satisfies the servo to actuate the control DAC, the solid relay, to step-by-step electrical machinery controller, the frequency conversion control unit and so on, satisfies the correspondence request each kind of main line driver, the level switch and so on. world electron primary device under the embedded system leads, along satisfies the embedded application fully the modern electron system request development. This causes the original classical electron system's world to be getting more and more small. In the electronic system's each kind of jobholders should change the modern electron system's broad road as soon as monolithic integrated circuit will accomplish the new generation electron outstanding the 50s, the radio world has accomplished several
generation of outstanding people, then the now monolithic integrated circuit world will accomplish the new generation electron outstanding person.
The monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter intellectualized electron domain , if treats as the classical electron system a deathly stiff electronic system, then the intellectualized modern electron system has “the life” the electronic system. The monolithic integrated circuit application system's hardware archit ecture gives the electronic system “the stature”, the monolithic integrated circuit application system's application procedure entrusts with it “the life”. For example, when design intellectualization instrument monitor's demonstration function, may when starting display system self-checking result, not when come on the line demonstrated each kind of readiness for action, the instrument moves when demonstrated the movement process, after end of job, might demonstrate the current result, the self-checking result, the primary data, each kind of processing report form and so on. When unattended, may assign each kind of automatic movement function. The electron system's intelligence changes into the without limits boundary, does not need the hardware source the addition to be able frequently to realize each kind to renovate the function. This is also one of current many domestic electric appliances function massive addition factors.
The monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter calculates the mechanic to control domain in the 21st century is the universe enters Computer Age the century, many people are not are making the computer are using the computer. In uses in computer's people, is engaged in the embedded system application the talented person enters truly to computer system's internal software and hardware system, can comprehend computer's intellectualized essence truly and grasp the intellectualized design the knowledge. Obtains from the study
monolithic integrated circuit applied technology raises one of now computer application software and hardware technology talented person's best paths.
The monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter most charming electronic world the alone charm the monolithic function to cause you to realize computer's true meaning, you may use the monolithic integrated circuit to begin to design the intelligent toy personally, may design the different application procedure to realize the different function. Both has the hardware to manufacture and has the software design, also moves the brain, to begin. The primary level potential intelligence toy, programs with the macro instruction. Intermediate level potential some intelligence controller, like computer mouse, intelligent vehicle, each kind of remote-control model. The high-level level potential robot, like the robot soccer game, the develop industry control unit, the network service and so on, and uses the assembly language or the higher order language design application procedure. Electronic industry future which form regarding the monolithic integrated circuit and the embedded system, will provide the broad world for the electronic amateur, was radio the world the same year to be broader than, to be richer, is more lasting, has the charm the electronic world. Joins in the monolithic integrated circuit world to come, will cause your life to profit.
单片机历史
单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末，经历了SCM、MCU、SOC三大阶段。
SCM即单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel公司功不可没。
MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，主要的技术发展方向是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关，因此，发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel 逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面，最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。
Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。
单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决；因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SOC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SOC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此，对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。
目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置，飞机上各种仪表的控制，计算机的网络通讯与数据传输，工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡，民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统，录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。因此，单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。
单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域。
单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。
用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管理，电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统，与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。
可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。
现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。
单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。
某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单的功能，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机的原理），就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如：音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。
在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。
此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。
嵌入式系统源于计算机的嵌入式应用，早期嵌入式系统为通用计算机经改装后嵌入到对象体系中的各种电子系统，如舰船的自动驾驶仪，轮机监测系统等。嵌入式系统首先是一个计算机系统，其次它被嵌入到对象体系中、在对象体系中实现对象要求的数据采集、处理、状态显示、输出控制等功能，由于嵌入在对象体系中，嵌入式系统的计算机没有计算机的独立形式及功能。单片机完全是按照嵌入式系统要求设计的，因此单片机是最典型的嵌入式系统。早期的单片机只是按嵌入式应用技术要求设计的计算机单芯片集成，故名单片机。随后，单片机为满足嵌入式应用要求不断增强其控制功能与外围接口功能，尤其是突出控制功能，因此国际上已将单片机正名为微控制器(MCU，Microcontroller Unit)。
单片机是器件级计算机系统，它可以嵌入到任何对象体系中去，实现智能化控制。小到微型机械，如手表、助听器。集成器件级的低价位，低到几元、十几元，足以使单片机普及到许多民用家电、电子玩具中去。单片机构成的现代电子系统已深入到各家各户，正改变我们的生活，如家庭中的音响、电视机、洗衣机、微波炉、电话、防盗系统、空调机等。单片机革新了原有电子系统，如微波炉采用单片机控制后，可方便地进行时钟设置、程序记忆、功率控制；空调机采用单片机后不但遥控参数设置方便，运行状态自动变换，还可实现变频控制。目前许多家用电器如VCD、DVD只有单片机出现后才可能实现其功能。
目前电子元器件产业除了微处理器、嵌入式系统器件外，大多是围绕现代电子系统配套的元器件产业，例如满足人机交互用的按键，LED/LCD显示驱动、LED/LCD显示单元、语音集成器件等，满足数据采集通道要求的数字传感器、ADC、数据采集模块、信号调理模块等，满足伺服驱动控制的DAC、固体继电器、步进电机控制器、变频控制单元等，满足通信要求的各种总线驱动器、电平转换器等。
世界电子元器件在嵌入式系统带动下，沿着充分满足嵌入式应用的现代电子系统要求发展。这就使原来经典电子系统的天地愈来愈小。电子系统中的各类从业人员应尽早转向现代电子系统的康庄大道。
如果说五十年代起，无线电世界造就了几代精英，那么当今的单片机世界将会造就出新一代电子精英。
若将经典电子系统当作一个僵死的电子系统，那么智能化的现代电子系统
则是一个具有“生命”的电子系统。单片机应用系统的硬件结构给予电子系统“身躯”，单片机应用系统的应用程序赋予其“生命”。例如，在设计智能化仪器显示器的显示功能时，可在开机时显示系统自检结果，未进入工作时显示各种待机状态，仪器运行时显示运行过程，工作结束后可显示当前结果、自检结果、原始数据、各种处理报表等。在无人值守时，可给定各种自动运行功能。
电子系统的智能化为无止境境界，常常不需硬件资源的增添就能实现各种翻新功能。这也是当前许多家用电器功能大量增设的因素之一。
21世纪是全人类进入计算机时代的世纪，许多人不是在制造计算机便是在使用计算机。在使用计算机的人们中，只有从事嵌入式系统应用的人才真正地进入到计算机系统的内部软、硬件体系中，才能真正领会计算机的智能化本质并掌握智能化设计的知识。从学习单片机应用技术入手是当今培养计算机应用软、硬件技术人才的最佳道路之一。
独具魅力的单片机能使你体会到电脑的真谛，你可以用单片机亲自动手设计智能玩具，可以设计不同的应用程序实现不同的功能。既有硬件制作又有软件设计，既动脑、又动手。初级水平可开发智能玩具，用宏指令编程。中级水平可开发一些智能控制器，如电脑鼠、智能车、各种遥控模型。高级水平可开发机器人，如机器人足球赛，开发工业控制单元，网络通信等，并用汇编语言或高级语言设计应用程序。围绕单片机及嵌入式系统形成的电子产业的未来，将会为电子爱好者提供广阔的天地，一个比当年无线电世界更广阔、更丰富、更持久、更具魅力的电子世界。投身到单片机世界来，将使你一生受益。
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1318349224.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
统计学中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
材料英文文献翻译
The development of plastic mould China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy, non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table. Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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外文翻译中英对照版
VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1318349224.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1318349224.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008